Bronchiectasis, lower respiratory disorders
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This document discusses the management of patients with bronchiectasis. It begins by listing the objectives of describing the pathophysiology and risk factors of bronchiectasis, discussing clinical manifestations, and using the nursing process for patient care. Bronchiectasis is defined as the chronic, irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles, usually caused by airway obstruction, infections, genetic disorders, or idiopathic factors. Common clinical manifestations include chronic cough, copious purulent sputum, finger clubbing, hemoptysis, and repeated infections. Diagnostic tests include sputum examinations and CT scans. Medical management focuses on chest physiotherapy, smoking cessation, antimicrobial therapy, and bronchodil
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Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung condition that affects the alveoli and is usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection. It affects hundreds of millions of people globally and causes millions of deaths each year. Symptoms include cough, fever, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, chest x-rays. Treatment depends on the cause but often involves antibiotics, oxygen, fluids. Prevention methods include vaccines, not smoking, hand washing, and a healthy diet.
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This document discusses bronchiectasis, defined as abnormal permanent dilation of the bronchi. It covers the types (tubular, varicose, cystic), diagnosis (clinical features and chest CT), pathophysiology (Cole's vicious cycle hypothesis involving infection and inflammation causing tissue damage), etiologies (post-infectious, mucociliary disorders like cystic fibrosis, immunodeficiency, rheumatological conditions), and relationship to COPD (similar inflammation and airflow obstruction features). The document is intended to provide an overview of bronchiectasis for medical students.
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This document provides an overview of the management of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It describes COPD as a disease characterized by chronic bronchitis and emphysema that causes airflow obstruction. The main risk factors are cigarette smoking, occupational exposures, and genetic factors. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests, blood gas tests, and imaging. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antibiotics, oxygen therapy, and surgery for severe cases. Nursing management includes airway clearance techniques, breathing exercises, activity pacing, and monitoring for complications.
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Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by reversible airway obstruction. It affects 240-300 million people globally and is more prevalent in children. Genetic factors contribute to risk. Common triggers include allergens, irritants, and viruses. Clinically, it presents with symptoms like wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and lung function testing. Treatment involves identification and avoidance of triggers, use of reliever medications during exacerbations, and long-term controller medications like inhaled corticosteroids. Severe exacerbations require close monitoring and may necessitate systemic corticosteroids and oxygen supplementation.
COPD.pptx
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable disease characterized by airflow limitation that is usually progressive. The airflow limitation is caused by an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases, most commonly from cigarette smoking. COPD poses a significant global disease burden and is projected to be the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2020. Key factors in the diagnosis of COPD include a history of exposure to risk factors, symptoms of cough, sputum production, and dyspnea, and confirmation of airflow limitation via spirometry testing. Management involves smoking cessation, bronchodilators, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, and in some cases lung surgery.
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Examples of nursing exam (snle ) 3
1. This document contains 10 multiple choice nursing questions and answers related to caring for patients with immune disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and herpes zoster.
2. The questions cover topics like identifying the stage of HIV infection based on symptoms and CD4 count, common symptoms of immunodeficiency, appropriate nursing diagnoses and interventions for patients with joint disorders, and the diagnostic test used to confirm herpes zoster.
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Examples of nursing exam (snle ) 2
1. The document contains sample questions and answers from a nursing exam about adult nursing care and renal/urinary disorders.
2. The questions cover topics like normal lab values related to renal function, assessing patients with urinary disorders, common causes of urinary tract infections, and key nursing considerations when caring for patients with renal issues.
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This document contains 10 multiple choice questions about urology and ophthalmology disorders for a nursing exam. The questions cover topics like risk factors and management of conditions like urolithiasis, polycystic kidney disease, renal angiography complications, and eye disorders including cataracts, detached retinas, corneal ulcers, and glaucoma. The questions assess knowledge of appropriate dietary recommendations, symptoms, appropriate nursing interventions, and pre-operative teaching points.
Unrology system disorders quesions and answers
The document contains a quiz on the renal and urinary system with questions covering topics like the main structures, urine formation, normal urine characteristics, bladder capacity, urinary retention, renal failure, kidney diseases, cancers, infections, and incontinence. It tests knowledge of kidney and bladder anatomy and physiology as well as common diseases and disorders that can affect this system.
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This document contains 13 multiple choice questions about renal disorders and care of clients with renal issues. It provides the questions, possible answer choices, and a rationale for the correct answer. The questions cover topics like interpreting lab values related to renal function, dietary management for clients on hemodialysis, emergency interventions for potential complications of hemodialysis like air embolism, and assessing clients for possible bladder trauma. The rationales provided explain why each correct answer choice is most appropriate based on considerations like normal lab value ranges and priority nursing actions.
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Upper GI tract bleeding is commonly caused by gastritis or peptic ulcer disease and presents with hematemesis, melena, and symptoms of blood loss like faintness or changes in vital signs. Management involves correcting blood loss to prevent shock, monitoring the patient closely, testing for blood, and noting urine output. Surgery may be required if bleeding recurs within 48 hours or if transfusions of more than 6-10 units of blood are needed in 24 hours.
Esophageal varices
Esophageal varices develop from elevated venous pressure in the portal system and may rupture, causing bleeding in the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract with a high mortality rate. Diagnosis involves endoscopy to identify the site of bleeding. Medical management focuses on stabilizing vital signs if bleeding occurs and administering drugs and fluids to decrease portal pressure and replace fluid losses. Treatment options include band ligation, which is the treatment of choice, as well as sclerotherapy and use of a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube to control hemorrhaging. General nursing care centers around rest, nutrition, hygiene and comfort measures.
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This document provides an overview of pharmacology topics for nurses, including the nursing process in pharmacology, drug names, pharmacology basics, educating patients, drug interactions, routes of administration, considerations across the life span, and schedules of controlled substances. It discusses assessing, analyzing, planning, implementing, and evaluating the nursing care related to drug administration and monitoring therapeutic and adverse effects. Key aspects of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacotherapeutics are defined. The importance of patient education on drugs is emphasized.
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Musculoskeletal conditions, fractures
Define
Define related concepts nursing care of patients with musculoskeletal disorders.
Recognize
Recognize different types of musculoskeletal disorders.
Identify
Identify the clinical manifestations of musculoskeletal disorders.
Recognize
Recognize the medical management of musculoskeletal disorders.
Recognize
Recognize the nursing management
patients with musculoskeletal disorders.
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Bone tumors can be benign or malignant growths of bone tissue. Common sites for malignant bone tumors are the distal femur, proximal tibia, and proximal humerus. The most common and fatal malignant bone tumor is osteosarcoma, which often spreads to the lungs. Symptoms of bone tumors include localized pain in the bone, limited range of motion, weight loss, and pathologic fractures. Diagnostic tests include bone x-rays to detect the tumor and chest x-rays to check for lung metastases, with biopsy used to examine the tumor histologically. Treatment aims to destroy or remove the tumor through radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgery such as limb-sparing procedures or amputation.
Diagnostic studies
Diagnostic studies can be either noninvasive or invasive. Noninvasive studies do not require cutting or inserting anything into the body and include x-rays, MRI, CT scans, and ultrasounds. Invasive studies require inserting devices such as for colonoscopies, upper GI endoscopies, bronchoscopies, and cystoscopies. Common imaging tests include x-rays which use radiation to create pictures of bone and tissue, MRI which uses magnets to image soft tissues, and CT scans which combine x-rays with computers to create cross-sectional images of the body.
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4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
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Bronchiectasis, lower respiratory disorders
- 1. MANAGEMENTOF PATIENTSWITH LOWERRESPIRATORY DISORDERS BRONCHIECTASIS Jamilah Saad Alqahtani Nurse Lecturer, MSN, TOT, OR Nurse Specialist, RGN, BSN
- 2. Objectives • At the end of the lecture, the student will be able to ◦ Describe the patho-physiology of the disease. ◦ Discuss the major risk factors and clinical manifestations of the disease. ◦ Use the nursing process as a framework for patient care. ◦ Discuss medical , surgical and nursing management of the disease.
- 3. Risk Factors of COPD • Cigarette smoking • Passive smoking • Occupational exposure ◦ dust and chemicals • Genetic abnormalities ◦ Lack of alpha 1-antitrypsin
- 4. BRONCHIECTASIS ◦ A chronic, irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles. ◦ Causes: ◦ Airway obstruction ◦ Pulmonary infections ◦ Genetic disorders ◦ Idiopathic (unknown) ◦ Usually localized affecting the lower lobes
- 5. Clinical Manifestations ◦ Chronic cough ◦ Purulent sputum in copious amounts ◦ Clubbing of the fingers ◦ Hemoptysis ◦ Repeated periods of pulmonary infection
- 6. Diagnostic Tests 1. Sputum Examination - consistently negative for tubercle bacilli 2. Computed Tomography (CT) scan - shows bronchial dilation
- 7. Medical Management 1. Chest physiotherapy – to reduce secretions Postural drainage Percussion 2. Smoking cessation 3. Antimicrobial therapy – to control infection 4. Bronchodilators – to manage secretions
- 8. Nursing Management ◦ Relieve symptoms ◦ Help in clearing pulmonary secretions ◦ Teach ways to conserve energy ◦ Watch out for signs of infection ◦ Nutritional support ◦ Encourage smoking cessation ◦ Avoid exposure to people with infections