The document describes the process of cell division through mitosis and meiosis. It explains that mitosis produces two identical daughter cells through one round of division, while meiosis produces four non-identical gametes through two rounds of division, reducing the chromosome number by half. The key stages of each process - interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase - are outlined in detail. Mitosis is described as important for growth and repair of somatic cells, while meiosis occurs in germ cells at sexual maturity to create genetic diversity through recombination during gamete formation.
-Cell Division Process In Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
-Compacting DNA into Chromosomes
-Types of Cell Reproduction
-Phases of the Cell Cycle
-Mitosis
-Meiosis
-Oogenesis & Spermatogenesis
-Comparison of Divisions
-Cell Division Process In Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
-Compacting DNA into Chromosomes
-Types of Cell Reproduction
-Phases of the Cell Cycle
-Mitosis
-Meiosis
-Oogenesis & Spermatogenesis
-Comparison of Divisions
– Male and female gametes fuse together during fertilization to form a zygote. The chromosome number is halved during the formation of gametes by the process of meiosis. This maintains the chromosome number generations after generations. Meiosis leads to genetic diversity which is very essential for evolution.
For the IB Biology course. If you want the editable pptx file, please make a donation to one of my chosen charities. More information here: http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com/about/biology4good/
A Powerpoint for Grade 12 Life Sciences / Biology students focussing on chromosomes and meiosis. Contains information and diagrams on meiosis, mitosis, the structure of chromosomes, DNA and RNA
This presentation explains the topic of CELL CYCLE and CELL DIVISION.
It includes cell mitosis of both Plant cell and Animal cell with labelled diagrams.
The slides contain all about meiosis. in this slides i collected all information about meiosis. which is useful for everyone.
so watch these slides and comment for any problems.
thanks
How can postdocs enhance their career opportunities? No matter what you end up doing, networking, flexibility and focusing on your progeny can help (just like plant meristems)
From a talk at Carnegie Institute at Stanford University 23 July 2014
– Male and female gametes fuse together during fertilization to form a zygote. The chromosome number is halved during the formation of gametes by the process of meiosis. This maintains the chromosome number generations after generations. Meiosis leads to genetic diversity which is very essential for evolution.
For the IB Biology course. If you want the editable pptx file, please make a donation to one of my chosen charities. More information here: http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com/about/biology4good/
A Powerpoint for Grade 12 Life Sciences / Biology students focussing on chromosomes and meiosis. Contains information and diagrams on meiosis, mitosis, the structure of chromosomes, DNA and RNA
This presentation explains the topic of CELL CYCLE and CELL DIVISION.
It includes cell mitosis of both Plant cell and Animal cell with labelled diagrams.
The slides contain all about meiosis. in this slides i collected all information about meiosis. which is useful for everyone.
so watch these slides and comment for any problems.
thanks
How can postdocs enhance their career opportunities? No matter what you end up doing, networking, flexibility and focusing on your progeny can help (just like plant meristems)
From a talk at Carnegie Institute at Stanford University 23 July 2014
Production of transgenic bananas resistant to Xanthomonas wilt disease,Genetic Transformation of Bananas,Development of nematode resistant plantain,Genetic Transformation of Plantain
Chapter-6Cell Cycle and DivisionCell Divisio.docxchristinemaritza
Chapter-6
Cell Cycle and Division
Cell Division
Cells reproduce by cell division, in which a parent cell normally gives rise to two daughter cells
Each daughter cell receives a complete set of hereditary information (DNA) from the parent cell and about half its cytoplasm
The hereditary information DNA is usually identical with that of the parent cell
The cell division of eukaryotic cells by which organisms grow or increase in number is called mitotic cell division
After cell division, the daughter cells may differentiate, becoming specialized for specific functions
The repeating pattern of divide, grow, and differentiate, then divide again is called the cell cycle
Most multicellular organisms have three categories of cells
1. stem cells
2. Other cells capable of dividing
3. Permanently differentiated cells
1.Stem cells :
- have two important characteristics: self-renewal, and the ability to differentiate into a variety of cell types
-Stem cells self-renew because they retain the ability to divide, perhaps for the entire life of the organism
-Some stem cells in early embryos can produce any of the specialized cell types of the entire body
2. Other cells capable of dividing
-Some cells other than stem cells are capable of continuing to divide, but typically differentiate into only one or two different cell types
-Dividing liver cells, for example, can only become more liver cells
3. Permanently differentiated cells
-Permanently differentiated cells differentiate and never divide again
-For example, most heart and brain cells cannot divide
CELL CYCLE
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have cell cycles that include growth, metabolic activity, DNA replication, and cell division
However, they have major structural and functional differences
Eukaryotic chromosome
Eukaryotic chromosomes are separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane-bound nucleus
Eukaryotic cells always have multiple chromosomes
Eukaryotic chromosomes are longer and have more DNA than prokaryotic chromosomes (human chromosomes are 10 to 80 times longer and have 10 to 50 times more DNA)
Genes
Genes are segments of the DNA of a chromosome
Genes are sequences of DNA from hundreds to thousands of nucleotides long
Each gene occupies a specific place, or locus (plural, loci) on the chromosome
Two important parts of chromosome
Two telomeres
One centromere
It temporarily holds two daughter DNA double helices together after DNA replication
It is the attachment site for microtubules that move the chromosomes during cell division
Homologous
11
Chromosomes that contain the same genes are called homologous chromosomes, or homologues
Cells with pairs of homologous chromosomes are called diploid, which means “double”
Cells with half the number of chromosomes are called haploid
Human Chromosomes
A typical human cell has ...
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
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8. Interphase = the period
between cell divisions
(made of 3 phases)
1) G1 = the growth
phase, a new cell
grows to mature size
2) S = DNA is copied
or synthesized to
prepare for division
1) G2 = the time when
the cell prepares for
division
9. Each chromosome consists of two identical “sister” chromatids.
Each pair of chromatids is attached at an area called the
centromere.
10. Chromosome = DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) + associated
proteins (mainly histones) = “packaged” DNA
11. All eukaryotic cells store genetic
information in chromosomes
Most eukaryotes have between 10
and 50 chromosomes in their
body cells
Human body cells have 46
chromosomes or 23 identical pairs
12. Each chromosome is composed of a
single, tightly coiled DNA molecule
Chromosomes can’t be seen when cells
aren’t dividing and are called chromatin
22. 2nd Growth Stage
Occurs after DNA has been copied
All cell structures needed for
division are made (e.g. centrioles)
Both organelles & proteins are
synthesized
23.
24.
25. Division of the
nucleus
Also called
karyokinesis
Only occurs in
eukaryotes
Has four stages
Doesn’t occur in
some cells such as
brain cells
27. Chromatin in nucleus condenses to
form visible chromosomes
Mitotic spindle forms from fibers in
cytoskeleton or centrioles (animal)
Chromosomes
Nucleolus
Cytoplasm
Nuclear Membrane
28. Nuclear membrane & nucleolus are
broken down
Chromosomes continue condensing &
are clearly visible
Spindle fibers called kinetochores
attach to the centromere of each
chromosome
Spindle finishes forming between the
poles of the cell
31. Chromosomes, attached to the
kinetochore fibers, move to the center
of the cell
Chromosomes are now lined up at the
equator
Pole of the Cell
Equator of Cell
35. Sister chromatids at opposite
poles
Spindle disassembles
Nuclear envelope forms around
each set of sister chromatids
Nucleolus reappears
CYTOKINESIS occurs
Chromosomes reappear as
chromatin
37. Have the same number of
chromosomes as each other and as
the parent cell from which they were
formed
Identical to each other, but smaller
than parent cell
Must grow in size to become mature
cells (G1 of Interphase)
38.
39.
40.
41. Preceded by interphase which includes
chromosome replication
Two meiotic divisions --- Meiosis I
and Meiosis II
Called Reduction- division
Original cell is diploid (2n)
Four daughter cells produced that
are monoploid (1n)
42. Daughter cells contain half the
number of chromosomes as the
original cell
Produces gametes (eggs & sperm)
Occurs in the testes in males
(Spermatogenesis)
Occurs in the ovaries in females
(Oogenesis)
43. Replication is the
process of
duplicating a
chromosome
Occurs prior to
division
Replicated copies
are called sister
chromatids
Held together at
centromere
Occurs in
Interphase
47. Homologous
chromosomes in
a tetrad cross
over each
other
Pieces of
chromosomes or
genes are
exchanged
Produces
Genetic
recombination
in the offspring
52. Only one homolog of each
chromosome is present in
the cell.
Meiosis II produces gametes with
one copy of each chromosome and thus
one copy of each gene.
Sister chromatids carry
identical genetic
information.
Gene X
58. Gametes (egg & sperm) form
Four haploid cells with one
copy of each chromosome
One allele of each gene
Different combinations of
alleles for different genes
along the chromosome
60. • During cytokinesis, the
cytoplasm pinches in
half.
• Each daughter cell has
an identical set of
duplicate chromosomes
61. 61
Mitosis Meiosis
Number of
divisions
1
2
Number of
daughter cells
2 4
Genetically
identical?
Yes No
Chromosome # Same as parent Half of parent
Where Somatic cells Germ cells
When Throughout life At sexual maturity
Role
Growth and
repair
Sexual reproductioncopyright cmassengale