Cells divide through the processes of mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells from one parent cell and is used for growth and repair. Meiosis produces four haploid gametes from one diploid cell and reduces the chromosome number by half, which is necessary for sexual reproduction to create genetically unique offspring. The key stages and events of each process, such as chromosome behavior and cell division, help ensure each new cell has the proper genetic makeup.
cell division & physiology of cell division, types, binary fission, meiosis, mitosis, regulation of cell cycle, cell cycle checkpoints, what is cyclin-dependent kinases and its importance
cell division & physiology of cell division, types, binary fission, meiosis, mitosis, regulation of cell cycle, cell cycle checkpoints, what is cyclin-dependent kinases and its importance
Learn why the biblical binary sexual system is unnatural! A physiologist’s perspective on core sexuality: sexual identity, sexual orientation, sex versus gender, anthropological observations. “Disordered or Just Different” culminates with a scientific indictment of the (pseudo)medical practitioners who are too quick to classify the merely different as disordered and who continue to harm gay, lesbian, transsexual, and intersex peoples.
This presentation explains the development of diverse sexualities (as natural variations of the organization-activation mechanism), and shows that LGBTI peoples suffer from a socio-cultural disorder that results from the erroneous "gender binary" concept.
Who is intersex? What are the types of intersex? Is intersexuality natural? What concerns are shared by LGBT people and intersex people? Learn why you should care about intersex people!
Chapter-6Cell Cycle and DivisionCell Divisio.docxchristinemaritza
Chapter-6
Cell Cycle and Division
Cell Division
Cells reproduce by cell division, in which a parent cell normally gives rise to two daughter cells
Each daughter cell receives a complete set of hereditary information (DNA) from the parent cell and about half its cytoplasm
The hereditary information DNA is usually identical with that of the parent cell
The cell division of eukaryotic cells by which organisms grow or increase in number is called mitotic cell division
After cell division, the daughter cells may differentiate, becoming specialized for specific functions
The repeating pattern of divide, grow, and differentiate, then divide again is called the cell cycle
Most multicellular organisms have three categories of cells
1. stem cells
2. Other cells capable of dividing
3. Permanently differentiated cells
1.Stem cells :
- have two important characteristics: self-renewal, and the ability to differentiate into a variety of cell types
-Stem cells self-renew because they retain the ability to divide, perhaps for the entire life of the organism
-Some stem cells in early embryos can produce any of the specialized cell types of the entire body
2. Other cells capable of dividing
-Some cells other than stem cells are capable of continuing to divide, but typically differentiate into only one or two different cell types
-Dividing liver cells, for example, can only become more liver cells
3. Permanently differentiated cells
-Permanently differentiated cells differentiate and never divide again
-For example, most heart and brain cells cannot divide
CELL CYCLE
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have cell cycles that include growth, metabolic activity, DNA replication, and cell division
However, they have major structural and functional differences
Eukaryotic chromosome
Eukaryotic chromosomes are separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane-bound nucleus
Eukaryotic cells always have multiple chromosomes
Eukaryotic chromosomes are longer and have more DNA than prokaryotic chromosomes (human chromosomes are 10 to 80 times longer and have 10 to 50 times more DNA)
Genes
Genes are segments of the DNA of a chromosome
Genes are sequences of DNA from hundreds to thousands of nucleotides long
Each gene occupies a specific place, or locus (plural, loci) on the chromosome
Two important parts of chromosome
Two telomeres
One centromere
It temporarily holds two daughter DNA double helices together after DNA replication
It is the attachment site for microtubules that move the chromosomes during cell division
Homologous
11
Chromosomes that contain the same genes are called homologous chromosomes, or homologues
Cells with pairs of homologous chromosomes are called diploid, which means “double”
Cells with half the number of chromosomes are called haploid
Human Chromosomes
A typical human cell has ...
-Cell Division Process In Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
-Compacting DNA into Chromosomes
-Types of Cell Reproduction
-Phases of the Cell Cycle
-Mitosis
-Meiosis
-Oogenesis & Spermatogenesis
-Comparison of Divisions
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
4. Recap…
Cell theory…
Cells are the basic structural unit of life
Cells are the functional units of life
Cells come from pre-existing cells
5. Overview
Why do cells need to divide?
Repair, growth, development
Types of reproduction
Sexual
Genetically different
2 parents
Takes time to develop, better chance of survival
asexual
Genetically identical
One parent
Many offspring very quickly
6. DNA
Blueprint of life, nucleic acid
Chromatin
Granular genetic material, spread out in
nucleus of non-dividing cells
Chromosomes
Condensed genetic material, in dividing cells
Sister chromatids
Identical copies of Chromosomes joined by
a centromere (“centro-” middle)
11. Cell Cycle
Interphase
90 % of cell’s life, non dividing
G1 phase
Grows, makes organelles
S phase
DNA Synthesis…DNA replicates
G2 phase
Cell prepares to divide, makes sure it has all important
organelles for division
M phase
When the cytoplasm and nucleus of the cell
divides
12. Cell Cycle
There are check points in G1, S, and G2
Make sure cell is ready to move onto the
next phase (has all necessary organelles,
copied DNA, etc.)
Once the cell has past the G1
checkpoint, it will complete the cell cycle
Some cells stay in the G1 phase all their
life (muscle cell, brain cells)
13. Regulators of Cell Cycle
Cyclins
Protein that regulates the timing of the cell
cycle in eukaryotic cells
Levels of cyclins rise and fall throughout the
cell cycle
Cyclin-dependent Kinases (cdks)
Enzymes that are activated when they bind
with cyclin and they make the cell cycle
continue
14.
15. Regulators
Internal
Factors within the cell that control cell cycle
Cyclin and CDKs
Allow cell cycle to proceed only when certain processes
have occurred
Replication of chromosomes
Chromosome Attachment to spindle before anaphase
External
Factors Outside the cell
Growth factorsmolecules that bind to cell surface that
signal cell to divide
Similar cells have molecules that have opposite effect so
that when it becomes to crowded, cells stop dividing
16.
17.
18.
19.
20. M-phase
Consists of mitosis and
cytokinesis
Mitosis
Process by which the
nucleus of a cell divides
One parent cell makes two
identical daughter cells
This is how organisms
repair tissue and grow and
develop
Cytokinesis-division of the
cytoplasm
21. Depending on cell type…
Mitosis can take a few minutes or a few
days
Muscle cells (non-dividing)
Nerve cells (non-dividing)
Skin cells (divide all the time)
Digestive Tract cells (divide all the time)
22. Life Span of Some Human
Cells
Cell type Life span Cell division
Lining of esophagus 2-3 days Can divide
Lining of small intestine 1-2 days Can divide
Lining of the large 6 days Can divide
intestine
Red blood cells Less than 120 days Cannot divide
White blood cells 10 hours to decades Many do not divide
Smooth muscle Long-lived Can divide
Cardiac (heart) muscle Long-lived Cannot divide
Skeletal muscle Long-lived Cannot divide
Neurons (nerve) cells Long-lived Most do not divide
23. Prophase
50-60% of time
Chromosomes become visible
Centrioles develop in cytoplasm near nuclear
envelope
Centrioles separate and migrate to opposite ends
of nuc. Env.
Centrosome
Region where Centrioles are found
Organize the “spindle”
Fan like microtubule structure that helps separate
chromosomes
Plants do NOT have Centrioles
24.
25.
26. End of prophase
Chromosomes coil together tightly
Nucleolus disappears
Nuclear envelope breaks down
27. Metaphase
Few minutes
Chromosomes line up in middle (M in
metaphase MIDDLE)
Microtubules connect centromere of each
chromosome to the 2 poles of spindle
28.
29.
30.
31. Anaphase
Centromeres joining sister chromatids
separate and become individual
chromosomes
They are dragged by fibers to opposite
poles
Ends when chromosomes stop moving
32.
33.
34.
35. Telophase
Opposite of prophase
Condensed chromosomes disperse into
tangle of material
Nuclear envelope reforms
Spindle breaks apart
Nucleolus becomes visible
At the end 2 identical nuclei in one cell
36.
37.
38.
39. Cytokinesis
Happens at the same time as Telophase
Division of cytoplasm
Animal Cells
Cell membrane drawn inward until it pinches
off and forms 2 id daughter cells
Plant Cells
Cell plate forms between nuclei
Cell Plate develops into separate membrane
Cell wall appears
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45. Regulators of Cell Cycle
Cyclins
Protein that regulates the timing of the cell
cycle in eukaryotic cells
Levels of cyclins rise and fall throughout the
cell cycle
Cyclin-dependent Kinases (cdks)
Enzymes that are activated when they bind
with cyclin and they make the cell cycle
continue
46. Regulators
Internal
Factors within the cell that control cell cycle
Cyclin and CDKs
Allow cell cycle to proceed only when certain processes
have occurred
Replication of chromosomes
Chromosome Attachment to spindle before anaphase
External
Factors Outside the cell
Growth factorsmolecules that bind to cell surface that
signal cell to divide
Similar cells have molecules that have opposite effect so
that when it becomes to crowded, cells stop dividing
48. Gregor
Mendel
1822
Austrian monk
University of
Vienna
In charge of
the Garden
49. What Gregor Mendel
Knew…
Each organism must inherit a single copy
of every gene from each of its “parents”
Each of the organisms gametes must
contain just one set genes
When gametes are formed, there must be a
process that separates the 2 sets of genes
so each gamete gets one set
50. Karyotype
A photograph of a organism’s
chromosomes, arranged according to
size
51.
52.
53.
54.
55. Chromosome Number
Homologous chromosomes
Chromosome that has a corresponding
chromosome from the opposite-sex parent
Fruit fly has 8 chromosomes
4 from mom
4 from dad
56. Diploid
Di= two sets
Cell that contains both sets of homologus
chromosomes
Cell contains
2 complete sets of chromosome
2 complete sets of genes
Number of chrms in diploid cell represented
by 2N
For Drosophilia (fruit fly) 2N=8
Mendel said:
Each adult cell contains two copies of each gene
57. Haploid
Means “one set”
Refers to cells that contain only one set
of chromosomes
Gametes (sex cells)
Represented by N
Drosophilia fruit fly
N=4
59. Meiosis
Process of reduction division in which the
number of chromosomes per cell is cut in
half through the separation of
homologous chromosomes in a diploid
cell
60. Meiosis
2 distinct stages
Meiosis I
A diploid cell enters here
Meiosis II
At the end of this, the diploid cell that
entered meiosis has become 4 haploid cells
61.
62.
63. Meiosis I
Before meiosis 1, each chromosome is
replicate
Then they divide like in mitosis
What happened in mitosis?
PMAT
Tetrad
STRUCTURE MADE WHEN EACH
CHROMOSOME PAIRS UP WITH ITS
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOME
4 CHROMATIDS IN A TETRAD
64. Prophase 1
Each chromosome pairs with its
homologous chromosome making a
tetrad
As they pair up in tetrads, chromosomes
exchange portions of their chromatids in
the process …. CROSSING OVER
67. Metaphase1
Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
Anaphase 1
• The spindles pull homologous
chromosomes apart to opposite
poles/ends
Telophase 1
• Nuclear membranes form and cell
separates into two new cells
68.
69. Now what do we have?
2 new daughter cells
Are they identical to the parents?
No
The parent has 4 chromosomes
Each daughter cell has 4 chromosomes but they
are different because of crossing-over
Each daughter cell has a set of chromosomes
and alleles different from each other and
different from the parent diploid cell
70. Meiosis II
Unlike Mitosis, Neither cell goes through
a round of chromosome replication
Each cell’s chromosome has 2
chromatids
71. Prophase II
Meiosis I resulted in 2 “seemingly” diploid
cells
Remember they are genetically different b/c
of crossing over in prophase I
We still need to cut this number in half to
reach our goal of 4 haploid cells
72. Metaphase 2
Chromosomes line up in middle
Anaphase 2
• Sister chromatids separate and move to
opposite poles
Telophase 2
• Meiosis II results in 4 haploid (N)
daughter cells
• 4 daughter cells contain haploid number
of chromosomes, just 2 each
73.
74.
75. Gamete Formation
Male
Haploid gametes produced by meiosis are called
sperm
Female
Haploid gamete produced by meiosis is called an
egg
Cell divisions at the end of meiosis one and two
are uneven so one cell gets most of the cytoplasm
(the EGG) and the other three are called polar
bodies (don’t participate in reproduction)
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81. Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Mitosis
Results in the production of two genetically
identical DIPLOID cells
Daughter cells have sets of chromosomes
identical to each other and to parent cell
MITOSIS allows body to grow and replace other
cells
Asexual reproduction
Meiosis
Results in four genetically different HAPLOID cells
MEIOSIS is how sexually reproducing organisms
make gametes
88. Microscope Lab Analysis
Mitosis/Meiosis
Microscope Lab
Lab notebooks Title
“Cell Division
Microscope Lab”
MUST sketch each
stage and label the
power
Label slide name
Stage of mitosis or
meiosis
Power of the objective
used to observe cell
Need to observe each
stage of mitosis and
meiosis