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Unit – 2
Skeletal
System
Description Of Bone
 A bone is a rigid tissue that constitutes
part of the skeleton in most vertebrate
animals.
 Bones protect the various organs of the
body, produce red and white blood cells,
store minerals, provide structure and
support for the body, and enable mobility.
Type Of Bone
 Long Bone - each long bone has
elongated shaft (diaphysis) and two
expanded ends (epiphyses) which are
smooth and articular.
 Example - humerus, radius, femur, tibia
and fibula
 Short Bones – small in size
 Example - tarsal and carpal bones
 Flat Bones - form boundaries of certain
body cavity
 Example – scapula, sternum
 Irregular Bone
 Example – vertebra, hip bone
 Sesamoid bone - these are bony nodules
found in the tendons or joint capsule.
 They have no periosteum
 Example patella
 Accessory Bones - are not always
present.
 Example - suture bone
Bone Cells
There are four types of cells in bone tissue
1. Osteoprogenitor (Osteo=Bone,
Pro=Procursor, Gen=to produce) - can
undergo mitosis and develop into
osteoblasts
2. Osteoblast(blast=Bud) - these are bone
forming cells that secrete collagen and
other constituents of bone tissue
3. Osteocytes(Cyte=cell) - these are the
mature bone cell derived from osteoblast
4. Osteoclast (clast=to break) - their function is
resorption of bone to maintain the optimum
shape this take place at bone surface
(Resorption = reabsorption)
Bone Formation
(Osteogenesis Or Ossification)
 Growth of the bone starts from the foetal
life and continuous up to adolescence
age.
 In the childhood age, bones are very soft
and weak but during adult is they
become strong and hard.
Ossification
It is the process by which the bone is
formed. Bone formation follow the two
processes:
1. Intramembranous ossification
2. Endochondral ossification
Intramembranous
(Intra=within, Membranous=membrane)
 It refer to formation of bone directly on or
within loose fibrous connective tissue
membrane.
 The bones developed in this way are skull
bone, mandible, clavicle
Endochondral
(Endo=within, Chondral=cartilage)
 In this cartilage is replaced by bone.
 It is mainly present in long bones
Bone Growth
 During childhood, bone throughout the
body enlarge by oppositional growth and
long bone lengthen by addition of bone
material at the epiphyseal plate.
 Growth in length of bone normally ceases
by age 25, although bones may continue
to thicken.
Functions Of Bone
Bone has variety of functions
 Assist in movement - skeletal muscle are
attached to bone. When muscles contract, they
pull bones and together they produce
movement
 Protection - bone protect many internal organ
from injury. For example, cranial bones protect
the brain, vertebrates around the spinal cord, rib
cage enclose the heart and lungs and hip bone
protect the pelvis organ from injury
 Support – bone provide a framework for the
body by supporting soft tissue and providing
point of attachment for many skeletal muscle
 Mineral homeostasis - it provide reservoir
of minerals, especially calcium,
Phosphorus. bones release these minerals
to maintain the balance inside the body
 Site of blood cell production - bone
marrow present inside the bone helps in
the production of red blood cell. this
process is called haemopoiesis
 Storage of energy - yellow bone marrow is
the chemical energy Reservoir. lipids are
stored in these cells
Joint Movement
Joint
 Joint is a junction between two or more
bones or cartilage. It is a device to permit
movements.
Cartilage
 Cartilage is connective tissue composed
of cells (condrocytes) and fibers.
Classification
 Fibrous joint (Immovable Joint)
 Cartilaginous joint (Slightly Movable)
 Synovial joint (Freely Movable)
Fibrous Joint
In fibrous joint the bones are joined by
fibrous tissues. These joint are immovable or
permit a slight degree of movement.
1. Suture – In skull
2. Syndesmosis – Bones are connected by
the interosseous ligament
3. Gomphosis – Root of tooth in its bony
socket
Cartilaginous Joint
In this type of joints the bones are joined by
cartilage. Partially moveable
 Fibrocartilage
 Pubic symphysis
 Intervertebral disc
Synovial Joint
Synovial joints are most mobile type of joints.
1. Ball And Socket – Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction,
Circumduction And Rotation Ex. Hip Joint
2. Saddle – Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, And
Conjunct Rotation Ex. Sternoclavicular Joint
3. Condylar – Flexion, Extension And Limited Rotation Ex. Knee
Joint
4. Ellipsoid – Extension, Abduction, Adduction And
Circumduction Ex. Wrist Joint
5. Hinge – Flexion, Extension Ex. Elbow Joint
6. Pivot - Rotation Only Ex. Radio-Ulnar Joint
7. Plane - Gliding Movement Ex. Intercarpal joint
Next Class – Unit 3
The Muscular System

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Unit – 2 Part - 2.pdf

  • 2.
  • 3. Description Of Bone  A bone is a rigid tissue that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate animals.  Bones protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility.
  • 4. Type Of Bone  Long Bone - each long bone has elongated shaft (diaphysis) and two expanded ends (epiphyses) which are smooth and articular.  Example - humerus, radius, femur, tibia and fibula
  • 5.  Short Bones – small in size  Example - tarsal and carpal bones
  • 6.  Flat Bones - form boundaries of certain body cavity  Example – scapula, sternum
  • 7.  Irregular Bone  Example – vertebra, hip bone
  • 8.  Sesamoid bone - these are bony nodules found in the tendons or joint capsule.  They have no periosteum  Example patella
  • 9.  Accessory Bones - are not always present.  Example - suture bone
  • 10. Bone Cells There are four types of cells in bone tissue 1. Osteoprogenitor (Osteo=Bone, Pro=Procursor, Gen=to produce) - can undergo mitosis and develop into osteoblasts 2. Osteoblast(blast=Bud) - these are bone forming cells that secrete collagen and other constituents of bone tissue 3. Osteocytes(Cyte=cell) - these are the mature bone cell derived from osteoblast 4. Osteoclast (clast=to break) - their function is resorption of bone to maintain the optimum shape this take place at bone surface (Resorption = reabsorption)
  • 11.
  • 12. Bone Formation (Osteogenesis Or Ossification)  Growth of the bone starts from the foetal life and continuous up to adolescence age.  In the childhood age, bones are very soft and weak but during adult is they become strong and hard.
  • 13. Ossification It is the process by which the bone is formed. Bone formation follow the two processes: 1. Intramembranous ossification 2. Endochondral ossification
  • 14. Intramembranous (Intra=within, Membranous=membrane)  It refer to formation of bone directly on or within loose fibrous connective tissue membrane.  The bones developed in this way are skull bone, mandible, clavicle
  • 15. Endochondral (Endo=within, Chondral=cartilage)  In this cartilage is replaced by bone.  It is mainly present in long bones
  • 16. Bone Growth  During childhood, bone throughout the body enlarge by oppositional growth and long bone lengthen by addition of bone material at the epiphyseal plate.  Growth in length of bone normally ceases by age 25, although bones may continue to thicken.
  • 17. Functions Of Bone Bone has variety of functions  Assist in movement - skeletal muscle are attached to bone. When muscles contract, they pull bones and together they produce movement  Protection - bone protect many internal organ from injury. For example, cranial bones protect the brain, vertebrates around the spinal cord, rib cage enclose the heart and lungs and hip bone protect the pelvis organ from injury  Support – bone provide a framework for the body by supporting soft tissue and providing point of attachment for many skeletal muscle
  • 18.  Mineral homeostasis - it provide reservoir of minerals, especially calcium, Phosphorus. bones release these minerals to maintain the balance inside the body  Site of blood cell production - bone marrow present inside the bone helps in the production of red blood cell. this process is called haemopoiesis  Storage of energy - yellow bone marrow is the chemical energy Reservoir. lipids are stored in these cells
  • 20.
  • 21. Joint  Joint is a junction between two or more bones or cartilage. It is a device to permit movements.
  • 22. Cartilage  Cartilage is connective tissue composed of cells (condrocytes) and fibers.
  • 23. Classification  Fibrous joint (Immovable Joint)  Cartilaginous joint (Slightly Movable)  Synovial joint (Freely Movable)
  • 24. Fibrous Joint In fibrous joint the bones are joined by fibrous tissues. These joint are immovable or permit a slight degree of movement. 1. Suture – In skull 2. Syndesmosis – Bones are connected by the interosseous ligament 3. Gomphosis – Root of tooth in its bony socket
  • 25. Cartilaginous Joint In this type of joints the bones are joined by cartilage. Partially moveable  Fibrocartilage  Pubic symphysis  Intervertebral disc
  • 26. Synovial Joint Synovial joints are most mobile type of joints. 1. Ball And Socket – Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction, Circumduction And Rotation Ex. Hip Joint 2. Saddle – Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, And Conjunct Rotation Ex. Sternoclavicular Joint 3. Condylar – Flexion, Extension And Limited Rotation Ex. Knee Joint 4. Ellipsoid – Extension, Abduction, Adduction And Circumduction Ex. Wrist Joint 5. Hinge – Flexion, Extension Ex. Elbow Joint 6. Pivot - Rotation Only Ex. Radio-Ulnar Joint 7. Plane - Gliding Movement Ex. Intercarpal joint
  • 27. Next Class – Unit 3 The Muscular System