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GCSE Joints Guide: Bones, Movement & Classification
- 2. A joint is…......... ‘Where two bones meet’
- 3. Allow movement Attach muscles Allow muscular contraction to cause movement.
- 4. There are 3 classifications of joints: Fixed or immoveable joints eg cranium Slightly moveable joints eg vertebrae Freely moveable or ‘synovial joints’ eg knee, elbow, shoulder
- 5. There are 3 classifications. They are classified by their structure and the way they allow movement: 1) Ball and socket joint 2) Hinge joint 3) Pivot joint
- 6. The most moveable joints in the body. Allow movement in all directions e.g. the shoulder and the hip.
- 7. Work like a hinge on a door and can bend to allow movement in two directions only eg the knee, the elbow.
- 8. Only allows rotation and is found at the top of the vertebrae (your neck)
- 9. Ball and Socket Lifting front leg to clear a hurdle. Doing straddle jump. Butterfly arm movement. Front crawl. Back kick in karate. Bowling action in cricket.
- 10. Hinge Legs bending during a squat. As you kick a football. Bending arm when doing bicep curls.
- 11. Pivot In netball turning head to look for ball. Turning head to look for the ball when batting in rounders.
- 12. 1)Extension. Straightening or extending a limb (the angle of the joint increases) eg the arm extending at the elbow and moving to 180 degrees. 2)Flexion. Bending or flexing a limb (the angle of the joint decreases) eg flexing the elbow and moving the angle to 90 degrees.
- 13. 1)Abduction. Moving a limb away from the centre line of the body (an alien would ‘take somebody away’ when they abduct a person) eg the arm can be moved away from the centre line of the body at the shoulder. 2)Adduction. Moving a limb towards the centre line of the body (you are ‘adding’ the limb to the body) eg arm moved towards centre line of body at the shoulder.
- 14. Rotation. This is a turning or rotational movement of a limb or body part eg the arms can rotate at the shoulder.
- 15. Now for a quiz! 1. The synovial hip joint is an example of a: hinge joint pivot joint ball and socket joint 2. Synovial fluid: strengthens the joint lubricates the joint aids tendons 3. Which movement allows only extension and flexion? Hinge Ball and socket Pivot
- 16. 4. Which is not a freely moveable joint? Ball and socket Cranium Pivot 5. Write down the three functions of a joint 6. Where would you find a slightly moveable joint? Vertebrae Knee Ankle
- 17. Ball and socket joint Extension, flexion, abduction, adduction, rotation. Hinge joint Extension, flexion. Pivot joint Rotation
- 18. ANSWERS 1. Ball and socket joint 2. Lubricates the joint 3. Hinge joint 4. Cranium 5. Allows movement, attaches muscle and allows muscular contraction to cause movement 6. Vertebrae
- 19. GOOD LUCK!
Editor's Notes
- A joint is a structure in the human body, that links two parts of the skeleton together. Joints are made up of bone, cartilage, ligaments and tendons.
- Joints hold the skeleton together and support movement. The joints have different functions, one to provide a range of movement, moving left and right and rotation for example. The second, is structure as it enables to bones to join together and thirdly attaching our muscles to our bones. Without the joints in our body, the change in position would not be able to take place.
- The three types of joints in the skeletal system are fixed or immovable joints, partially moveable and freely moveable joints. The immoveable joint is held together by fibrous connective tissue rather than ligaments and tendons. The partially moveable joint has limited movement and occurs when the connection between the articulating bones is made up of cartilage, for example the vertebrae.
- The word synovial means the joint is moveable. Synovial joints are lubricated with synovial fluid which provides the cartilage surrounding the bone to form a slippery surface for free movement.
- The ball and socket joint provides swinging and rotating movements. This synovial joint has the biggest amount of freedom for movement. The shoulder and hip joints are the only ball and socket joints in the human body.
- The hinge joints are formed between two bones and can only move along one axis, either extending or flexing. The hinge joints in the body are the ankle, elbow and knee.
- A pivot joint, also called a rotary joint, only allows rotary movement around a single axis. The pivotal joint is located in the vertebrae directly under the cranium, which allows for turning of the head left and right.
- Here is a list of sport examples of when a ball and socket joint is used. For example, butterly or front crawl movement, as the shoulder rotates to provide momentum to push through the water.
- As stated previously, a hinge joint is used during many sporting activities, as well as day to day. In order for us to walk, our knees bend like a hinge to produce movement. A sporting example listed above is kicking a ball in football, or bending the arm when performing a bicep curl.
- As discussed earlier, the pivot joint is in the vertebrae, allowing the tuning of left and right of the head. Sporting examples, include turning to our team mates when passing or receiving the ball in netball.
- The first movement that can be performed from a synovial joint is extension, this is straightening or extending the limb. Flexion is bending the limb.
- Abduction is moving the limb away from the body, adduction is moving the limb back towards the body. Look at the picture to understand the movement.
- This type of movement is conducted from a ball and socket joint. The movement is a circular rotation, such as bringing your arms above your head.
- Above are the movements and their joints. This gives us specific information about which movements come from which joints. I hope you have found this presentation useful for your revision, thank you.