Blood Products
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There are several types of transfusion reactions that can occur with blood transfusions, ranging from mild to life-threatening. Allergic reactions are generally mild and involve symptoms like hives or itching that can be treated with antihistamines. Febrile reactions cause fever and chills and may indicate bacterial contamination. Hemolytic reactions are severe and life-threatening, involving incompatibility between donor and recipient blood types which can lead to organ damage or death. It is important for healthcare providers to monitor for symptoms during transfusions and respond quickly to treat reactions.
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Blood Products
- 1. BLOOD PRODUCTS & TRANSFUSION REACTIONS Sherry Knowles, RN, CCRN, CRNI 2008
- 2. Blood Types Blood Group Antigens Antibodies Can give blood to Can receive blood from AB A and B None AB AB, A, B, 0 A A B A and AB A and 0 B B A B and AB B and 0 0 None A and B AB, A, B, 0 0
- 3. Blood Types Type O blood is called the “universal donor” because it can be donated to people of any blood type. Type AB blood is called the “universal recipient” because people with this type can receive any blood type.
- 4. Rh Factor The Rh factor ( Rhesus factor) is a red cell surface antigen also known as the D antigen. Approximately 85% of Americans have Rh+ blood.
- 5. Rh Factor Rh-negative individuals may develop antibodies to the Rh factor if they are exposed to Rh-positive cells through transfusion or if cells from an Rh-positive fetus cross the placenta into an Rh-negative mother. Subsequent administration of Rh-positive blood to such an Rh-negative individual who has developed anti-Rh antibodies would result in hemolysis of the donor cells and could be fatal.
- 14. Clotting Factors Factor VIII Factor VIIIa Factor IX Factor XIII von Willebrand factor And Many more!
- 19. Transfusion Reactions Can Be Life Threatening!
- 26. Transfusion Reaction Summary Type of Reaction Symptoms Possible Causes Acute Hemolytic Reaction Chills / Rigors, Headaches, Back / Loin Pain, Restlessness / Anxiety, Tachycardia, Shock, Hematuria, Oliguria – Anuria Rapid onset of Circulatory Collapse, Fever Major Blood Group Incompatibility Bacterial Contamination Anaphylactic Reaction Respiratory and Cardiovascular Collapse, Dyspnea, Wheezing and Chest Tightness, Tachycardia, Hypotension, Nausea, Vomiting, Abdominal Pain, Itching Reaction due to a hypersensitivity to proteins present in the donor blood Allergic Reaction Skin Rashes / Bronchospasm Allergic Response to Elements in Donor Blood Febrile Reaction Fever / Chills, Headache / Flushing, Tachycardia Leucocyte Antibody Reaction of White cells in Donor Blood Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury Acute Respiratory Distress, Bilateral Pulmonary Infiltrates Anti-Leucocytes Antibodies in patient or donation
- 28. The End Transfusion Reactions Can be Fatal!
Editor's Notes
- Red Blood Cells must be compatible with ABO antibodies present in the recipient serum, and crossmatched (serologic or electronic) to confirm compatibility with ABO and other antibodies prior to routine transfusion.
- As a method of preventing transfusion transmitted CMV.
- Platelet transfusions may contain some RBCs and WBCs (AABB, 2000). Platelets have a short lifespan of only 3 to 4 days Following transfusion, a patient's platelet count should rise by 10,000 Sometimes, however, the platelet count does not rise as expected and the patient is said to be refractory to platelet transfusions. This refractoriness to platelets is often caused by circulating anti-HLA antibodies which have bound to the platelets and destroyed them
- It is not a concentrate of clotting factors. One unit is approximately 225 ml and must be ABO compatible with the recipient’s red cells, Rh need not be considered.
- cryoprecipitate is currently used as a source of fibrinogen in acute DIC with bleeding, treatment of uremic bleeding, cardiothoracic surgery (fibrin glue), obstetric emergencies such as abruptio placentae and HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) syndrome, and rare factor XIII deficiency. No compatibility testing is required and ABO-Rh type is not relevant.
- If a febrile reaction develops, the blood product must be stopped and the intravenous line disconnected at the lowest possible site to minimize the transfusion of additional blood. The blood must be returned to the blood bank for transfusion reaction evaluation. The patient may need blood cultures and IV antibiotics may be started.
- If a febrile reaction develops, the blood product must be stopped and the intravenous line disconnected at the lowest possible site to minimize the transfusion of additional blood. The blood must be returned to the blood bank for transfusion reaction evaluation. The patient may need blood cultures and IV antibiotics may be started.
- If a febrile reaction develops, the blood product must be stopped and the intravenous line disconnected at the lowest possible site to minimize the transfusion of additional blood. The blood must be returned to the blood bank for transfusion reaction evaluation. The patient may need blood cultures and IV antibiotics may be started.