blood transfusion oral and maxillofacial surgery introduction about blood transfusion which includes its defination and essential of blood transfusion in conditions like surgery, anaemia, hemorrhage, trauma . precautions to be taken before transfusion of blood such as donor to be healthy , only compatible bood must be transfused , both matching and cross matching must be done. blood storage : to be done in blood bank in refrigerator blood groups and its compatibility : four blood groups A,B,AB,O RH factor precaution to be taken while transfusion of blood indications of transfusion complications of transfusion : immune complication transfusion reactions includes allergy , febrile , hemolytic . infectious complication autologous transfusion In case of haemophilic patient : rubber band extraction to be done which seprates the periodontal ligament fibres in few sitting oral surgeon push the the rubber towards the apex of the tooth and this is how tooth pulls out of the socket ,

2. INTRODUCTION
Blood transfusion is the process of transferring
blood or blood components from one person
into the bloodstream of another person.
Transfusion may be done as a life saving
procedure to replace blood cells or blood
products lost through bleeding.
Blood transfusion is essential in conditions like
surgery, anemia, hemorrhage, trauma.

4. PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN BEFORE
TRANSFUSION OF BLOOD
• Donor must be healthy without any
diseases like syphilis, AIDS, etc.
• Only compatible blood must be
transfused and RH compatibility must
be confirmed.
• Both matching and cross-matching
must be done.

5. BLOOD STORAGE
Blood is stored in blood bank in refrigerator at 4 degree
celsius
RBC lose their ability to release Oxygen to the tissues of
recepient within 7 days
WBC are rapidly destroyed in the stored blood
Platelets are also destroyed at 4 degree celsius
Shelf life of stored blood in CPD solution is about 3
weeks when blood is stored in CPDA-I solution ,
storage life increased by 5 weeks

6. BLOOD GROUPS AND COMPATIBILITY
BLOOD GROUPS: the red cells contains agglutinogens named A &
B & the serum contains agglutinins named Anti A and Anti B
According to the presence or absence of the 2 agglutinogen A & B
there are 4 blood groups:
GROUPA – RBC contain A agglutinogen and serum contain Anti B
agglutinin
GROUP B – RBC contain B agglutinogen and the serum contain
neither Anti A nor Anti B agglutinin
GROUPAB – RBC contain both A&B agglutinogens and the
serum contains neither Anti A nor Anti B agglutinin
GROUP O – RBC contain neither A nor B agglutinogen and the
serum contains both Anti A and Anti B agglutinins

8. This is an ANTIGEN found in the red cells
Human being can be divided into Rh +ive & Rh –ive group
Person with Rh +ive blood donot posses Rh antibody in the serum
Whether Rh +ive cell are infected into Rh –ive person antbody Rh
develops
First transfusion fails to produce any symptoms but further
transfusion will definetly produce serious reaction
Approx. 85% of population are Rh +ive
15% are Rh –ive

9. PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN WHILE TRANSFUSING
BLOOD
• Apparatus for transfusion must be sterile
• The temperature of blood to be transfused
must be same as body temperature
• The transfusion of blood must be slow. The
sudden rapid infusion of blood into the body
increases the load on the heart result in
many complications.

10. INDICATIONS OF TRANSFUSION
• Loss of blood in an accident
• Bleeding disorder (haemophilia, christmas disease,
thrombocytopenic purpura)
• Supportive therapy in infection
• Septicaemia
• Carbon monoxide poisoning
• Pack cells are given in anaemias and leukaemias
• Whole blood transfusion is indicated in
erythroblastosis foetalis
• In case of burns blood is given as an adjunct to saline
therapy
• Major operations, where good amount of blood loss
(eg; radical mastectomy)

11. COMPLICATIONS

12. COMPLICATIONS OF TRANSFUSION
IMMUNE COMPLICATIONS
Haemolytic reactions :
a. Major (ABO) incompatibility reaction
• This is result of mismatched blood transfusion
• Majority of cases are due to technique errors like
sampling , labelling , dispatching, etc
• This causes intravascular haemolysis
Clinical features:
• Haematuria
• Pain in the loins
• Fever with chills and rigors
• Oliguria is due to the products of mismatched blood
transfusion blocking the renal tubules. it results in acute
renal tubular necrosis

13. b. Minor incompatibility reaction
• occurs due to extravascular haemolysis
• Usually mild, occurs at 2-21 days
• Occurs due to antibodies to minor antigens
• Malaise , jaundice and fever

15. Non-haemolyticreactions
a. Febrile reaction
• Occurs due to sensitisation to WBCs or platelets
• Increased temperature-no haemolysis
b. Allergic reaction
• Occurs due to plasma products ; manifest as chills, rigors
and rashes all over
c. Transfusion- related acute lung injury (TRALI)
• Anti-leucocyte antibodies cause patient’s white cells to
aggregate in pulmonary circulation
d. Congestive cardiac failure (CCF)
• CCF can occur if whole blood is transfused rapidly in
patients with chronic anaemia.

16. INFECTIOUS COMPLICATION
Serum hepatitis
AIDS
Malaria
Syphilis

17. AUTOLOGOUS TRANSFUSION
Safest form of blood transfusion and involves pre-operative
collection of patient’s own blood for reinfusion during an
elective surgery (only in cases where haemoglobin is more than
11 gm% and hematocrit value of 34%).
One or two units of blood are safely drawn and stored one or two
weeks prior to surgery.
The patient is put on good nourishing diet for haemopoietic
regeneration and build up of haemoglobin level prior to surgery.
ADVANTAGES
1. Autotransfusion eliminates the risk of viral hepatitis and HIV
infection
2. It avoids blood incompatibility and other transfusion reactions
3. It ensures the availability of blood especially when no donor is
available

18. Cross matching is mandatory prior to
transfusion to avoid incompatibility on
account of misidentification.

19. THANK YOU !
PRABHJOT KAUR