3. • Blood grouping system was discovered by Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian biologist
and physician, in 1900.
• Until that point, physicians did not understand that death sometimes occurred
after blood transfusions.
• Blood groups are determined by the presence or absence of specific marker
molecules on the plasma membranes of erythrocytes.
INTRODUCTION
4. 1. If an agglutinogen is present in the red cells of a blood, the corresponding
agglutinin must be absent from the plasma.
2. If an agglutinogen is absent in the red cells of a blood, the corresponding
agglutinin must be present in the plasma.
Applicability of the law:
•The first law holds true for all types of blood grouping.
•The second law is a fact for ABO blood groups.
•The Rh,M,N and other blood groups do not follow the second part of landsteiner’s law
Law of Landsteiner's
5. BLOOD GROUPING SYSTEMS:
Depending on the type of antigen present on the RBC membrane, various blood
groups are known.
Major blood group systems: ABO ,Rh and CDE grouping system.
Major blood group systems: MNS,P blood group system.
6.
7. RH BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
• Rh blood group system, system for classifying blood groups according to the
presence or absence of the Rh antigen, often called the Rh factor .
• The designation Rh is derived from the use of the blood of rhesus monkeys .
8. • The individuals with Bombay blood group can only be transfused blood from individuals
of Bombay hh phenotype only which is very rare.
Rejection may occur if they receive blood from A, B, AB or O blood group.
In contrast, hh blood group can donate their blood to ABO blood types.
The Bombay blood group (also called hh), is deficient in expressing antigen H.
It means the RBC of hh blood group has no antigen H.
BOMBAY BLOOD GROUP:
9. CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF BLOOD
GROUPING
• Blood Transfusion
• Organ transplant
• Paternity testing
• Preventing haemolytic diseases
• Medicolegal cases
• Knowing susceptibility to disease
10. A BLOOD TRANSFUSION is a
way of adding
blood to your body after an
illness or injury.
• There are many reasons you might need to receive a
blood transfusion. These are just a few of them:
• A major surgery or a serious injury
• Bleeding in your digestive tract from an ulcer or other
conditions
• Leukemia or kidney disease
• Radiation or chemotherapy
• Blood disorder or severe liver problems
11. 1. Rh +ve blood should never be transfused to an Rh –ve person
2. Screening of blood
3. Blood bag/bottle should be checked
4. Transfusion should be done at slow rate
5. Proper aseptic measures
PRECAUTIONS
13. Although it is rare for blood between the woman and the fetus to mix during pregnancy, it
could happen as a result of:
1.the placenta detaching from the wall of the uterus wall during delivery
2.bleeding during pregnancy
3.manual rotation of a breech baby
4.abortion
5.an ectopic pregnancy
6.a miscarriage
7.a fall, blunt trauma, or invasive prenatal testing
8.prenatal tests, such as an amniocentesisor chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
CAUSES:
