Deliver O2Remove metabolic wastesMaintain temperature, pH, and fluid volumeProtection from blood loss- plateletsPrevent infection- antibodies and WBCTransport hormonesErythrocytes (red blood cells) Leukocytes (white blood cells) Platelets (thrombocytes) Erythrocyte7.5m in dia ·   Anucleate·   Hematopoiesis- production of RBC·   Function- transport respiratory gases·   Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2  chains and 2  chains·   Lack mitochondria. Why? ·  1 RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules·   Men- 5 million cells/mm3·   Women- 4.5 million cells/mm3·   Life span 100-120 days and then destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard)

2. White blood cells
Platelets
Red blood cells
Artery

3. • Deliver O2
• Remove metabolic wastes
• Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid volume
• Protection from blood loss- platelets
• Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC
• Transport hormones

4. Plasma-55%
Formed
elements-45%
Buffy coat-<1%

5. 90% Water
8% Solutes:
• Proteins
– Albumin (60 %)
– Alpha and Beta Globulins
– Gamma Globulins
– fibrinogens
• Gas
• Electrolytes

6. • Organic Nutrients
• Carbohydrates
• Amino Acids
• Lipids
• Vitamins
• Hormones
• Metabolic waste
• CO2
• Urea

7. • Platelets
• Leukocytes

8. • Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
• Leukocytes (white blood cells)
• Platelets (thrombocytes)

9. Erythrocytes

10. Erythrocyte→7.5µm in dia
• Anucleate
• Hematopoiesis- production of RBC
• Function- transport respiratory gases
• Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2 α chains
and 2 β chains
• Lack mitochondria. Why?
• 1 RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin
molecules
• Men- 5 million cells/mm3
• Women- 4.5 million cells/mm3
• Life span 100-120 days and then destroyed in
spleen (RBC graveyard)

11. Hemoglobin

12. Hematopoiesis
• Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis):
blood cell formation
–Occurs in red bone marrow of
axial skeleton, girdles and
proximal epiphyses of humerus
and femur

13. Hematopoiesis
• Hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem
cells)
– Give rise to all formed elements
– Hormones and growth factors push the cell
toward a specific pathway of blood cell
development
• New blood cells enter blood sinusoids

14. Erythropoiesis
• Erythropoiesis: red blood cell
production
– A hemocytoblast is transformed into
a proerythroblast
– Proerythroblasts develop into early
erythroblasts

15. Erythropoiesis
– Phases in development
1. Ribosome synthesis
2. Hemoglobin accumulation
3. Ejection of the nucleus and
formation of reticulocytes
– Reticulocytes then become
mature erythrocytes

16. Figure 17.5
Stem cell
Hemocytoblast
Proerythro-
blast
Early
erythroblast
Late
erythroblast Normoblast
Phase 1
Ribosome
synthesis
Phase 2
Hemoglobin
accumulation
Phase 3
Ejection of
nucleus
Reticulo-
cyte
Erythro-
cyte
Committed
cell
Developmental pathway

17. Regulation of Erythropoiesis
• Too few RBCs leads to tissue hypoxia
• Too many RBCs increases blood
viscosity
• Balance between RBC production and
destruction depends on
– Hormonal controls
– Adequate supplies of iron, amino acids,
and B vitamins

18. Hormonal Control of
Erythropoiesis
• Erythropoietin (EPO)
–Direct stimulus for erythropoiesis
–Released by the kidneys in
response to hypoxia

19. Hormonal Control of
Erythropoiesis

20. Hormonal Control of
Erythropoiesis
• Causes of hypoxia
– Hemorrhage or increased RBC
destruction reduces RBC numbers
–Insufficient hemoglobin (e.g., iron
deficiency)
–Reduced availability of O2 (e.g.,
high altitudes)

21. Hormonal Control of
Erythropoiesis
• Effects of EPO
– More rapid maturation of committed bone
marrow cells
– Increased circulating reticulocyte count in
1–2 days
• Testosterone also enhances EPO
production, resulting in higher RBC
counts in males

22. Blood Cell Production

23. Formation & Destruction of RBCs

24. Anemia- when blood has low O2 carrying
capacity; insufficient RBC or iron deficiency.
Factors that can cause anemia- exercise,
B12 deficiency
RBC DiseasesRBC Diseases

25. Sickle-cell anemia-
•HbS results from a change in just one of the 287
amino acids in the β chain in the globin molecule.
•Found in 1 out of 400 African Americans.
•Homozygous for sickle-cell is deadly, but in malaria
infested countries, the heterozygous condition is
beneficial.
RBC DiseasesRBC Diseases

26. Transmission of Malaria

27. Sickle cell is prevalent in parts of all of
the following areas:
•Africa
•Mediterranean countries (such as Greece,
Turkey, and Italy)
•The Arabian peninsula
•India
•Spanish-speaking regions (South America,
Central America, and parts of the
Caribbean)
Sickle Cell Anemia

28. Distribution of the sickle cell gene

30. Genetics of Sickle Cell Anemia
Genetics of Sickle Cell Anemia

31. HbA
HbS
HbA
HbS HbA
HbS
HbA
HbS
HbA
HbS
HbA
HbS
1 parent has sickle cell 1 doesn’t
A = Normal
S = sickle cell

32. HbS
HbS
HbA
HbA HbA
HbA
HbA
HbS
HbA
HbS
HbS
HbS
both parents are carriers for sickle cell
A = Normal
S = sickle cell

33. Polycythemia- excess of erythrocytes, ↑
viscosity of blood;
8-11 million cells/mm3
Usually caused by cancer; however, naturally
occurs at high elevations
Blood doping- in athletes→remove blood 2
days before event and then replace it- banned
by Olympics.
RBC DiseasesRBC Diseases

34. Granulocytes
Neutrophils- 40-70%
Eosinophils- 1-4%
Basophils- <1%
Agranulocytes
Monocytes- 4-8%
Lymphocytes- 20-45%
Never let monkeys eat bananas
4,000-11,000 cells/mm 3

35. Basophil Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
platelet

36. Leukocyte Squeezing Through Capillary Wall

37. Leukopenia
• Abnormally low WBC count—drug induced
Leukemias
• Cancerous conditions involving WBCs
• Named according to the abnormal WBC
clone involved
Mononucleosis
• highly contagious viral disease caused by
Epstein-Barr virus; excessive # of
agranulocytes; fatigue, sore throat, recover
in a few weeks

38. Platelets
• Small fragments of megakaryocytes
• Formation is regulated by
thrombopoietin
• Blue-staining outer region, purple
granules
• Granules contain serotonin, Ca2+
,
enzymes, ADP, and platelet-derived
growth factor (PDGF)

39. Figure 17.12
Stem cell Developmental pathway
Hemocyto-
blast Megakaryoblast
Promegakaryocyte
Megakaryocyte Platelets

40. Hemostasis- stoppage of bleeding
Tissue Damage
Platelet Plug
Clotting Factors
Platelets: 250,000-500,000 cells/mm3

41. Hemostasis:
4. Coagulation
1. Vessel injury
2. Vascular spasm
3. Platelet plug formation

42. Hemostasis
(+ feedback)
Prothrombin Thrombin
Fibrinogen Fibrin
Clotting Factors
thromboplastin
Traps RBC & platelets
Platelets release thromboplastin

43. Blood Clot
Fibrin threadPlatelet
RBC

44. Disorders of Hemostasis
• Thromboembolytic disorders:
undesirable clot formation
• Bleeding disorders:
abnormalities that prevent
normal clot formation

45. Thromboembolytic Conditions
• Thrombus: clot that develops and
persists in an unbroken blood vessel
– May block circulation, leading to tissue
death
• Embolus: a thrombus freely floating in
the blood stream
– Pulmonary emboli impair the ability of the
body to obtain oxygen
– Cerebral emboli can cause strokes

46. Thromboembolytic Conditions
Prevented by
–Aspirin
• Antiprostaglandin that inhibits
thromboxane A2
–Heparin
• Anticoagulant used clinically for pre- and
postoperative cardiac care
–Warfarin
• Used for those prone to atrial fibrillation

47. Thrombocytosis- too many platelets due to
inflammation, infection or cancer
Thrombocytopenia- too few platelets
• causes spontaneous bleeding
• due to suppression or destruction of bone
marrow (e.g., malignancy, radiation)
– Platelet count <50,000/mm3
is diagnostic
– Treated with transfusion of concentrated
platelets

48. • Impaired liver function
–Inability to synthesize procoagulants
–Causes include vitamin K deficiency,
hepatitis, and cirrhosis
–Liver disease can also prevent the
liver from producing bile, impairing fat
and vitamin K absorption

49. • Hemophilias include several similar
hereditary bleeding disorders
• Symptoms include prolonged
bleeding, especially into joint
cavities
• Treated with plasma transfusions
and injection of missing factors

50. Hemophiliac- a sex-linked recessive trait, primarily
carried by males (x chromosome)

51. Type AType A
Type BType B
Type ABType AB
Type OType O

52. Blood type is based on the presence of 2 major antigens in
RBC membranes-- A and B
Blood type Antigen Antibody
A A anti-B
B B anti-A
A & B AB no anti body
Neither A or B O anti-A and anti-B
Antigen- protein on the surface of a RBC membrane
Antibody- proteins made by lymphocytes in plasma which are
made in response to the presence of antigens.
They attack foreign antigens, which result in clumping
(agglutination)

53. Type AType A
b
b
b
b
b
b
b

54. Type BType B
a
a
a
aa
a
a

55. Type OType O
a
a
a
ba
a
a
b
b
b

56. Type ABType AB

57. Rh Factor and Pregnancy
RH- indicates no protein
RH+ indicates proteinRH+ indicates protein

58. Rh Factor
and
Pregnancy
Rh+
mother w/Rh-
baby– no problem
Rh-
mother w/Rh+
baby– problem
Rh-
mother w/Rh-
father– no problem
Rh-
mother w/Rh-
baby-- no problem
RhoGAM used @ 28 weeks

59. Type AB- universal recipients
Type O- universal donor
Rh factor:
Rh+ 85% dominant in pop
Rh- 15% recessive
Blood Type Clumping Antibody
A antigen A anti-A serum antibody anti-b
B antigen B anti-B serum antibody anti-a
AB antigen A & B anti A & B serum -
O neither A or B no clumping w/ either anti A or B anti-a,
anti-b

60. Figure 17.16
Serum
Anti-A
RBCs
Anti-B
Type AB (contains
agglutinogens A and B;
agglutinates with both
sera)
Blood being tested
Type A (contains
agglutinogen A;
agglutinates with anti-A)
Type B (contains
agglutinogen B;
agglutinates with anti-B)
Type O (contains no
agglutinogens; does not
agglutinate with either
serum)

61. Blood Type & Rh How Many Have It Frequency
O Rh Positive 1 person in 3 37.4%
O Rh Negative 1 person in 15 6.6%
A Rh Positive 1 person in 3 35.7%
A Rh Negative 1 person in 16 6.3%
B Rh Positive 1 person in 12 8.5%
B Rh Negative 1 person in 67 1.5%
AB Rh Positive 1 person in 29 3.4%
AB Rh Negative 1 person in 167 .6%

62. ABO Blood Types
PhenotypePhenotype GenotypeGenotype
OO i ii i
AA II AA
II AA
or Ior I AA
ii
BB II BB
II BB
or Ior I BB
ii
ABAB II AA
II BB

63. Type A and Type B cross
IA
IA
IB i
IA
iIA
IB
IA
IB IA
i
Punnett square

64. INQUIRY
1. What is an erythrocyte, leukocyte, and thrombocyte?
2. What 2 things do red cells lack compared to white
cells?
3. What dietary component is needed for the production
of red blood cells?
4. The largest cells in the blood that leave the
bloodstream to become macrophages are ____.
5. In an acute infection, the white cell count would show
as ______.
6. Erythroblastosis fetalis , also known as hemolytic
newborn disease, occurs in ____ mothers carrying
____ fetuses.
7. What antigens and antibodies found on AB red cells?
8. In a transfusion, what type blood can you give a type
O person?