The document summarizes key information about blood and its components. It discusses that blood is composed of plasma and blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes their functions in oxygen transport, immunity, and hemostasis. The document also covers hematopoiesis, blood groups, coagulation, and normal blood values.
Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells are biconcave discs that contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells provide defense against pathogens through mechanisms like phagocytosis. Platelets help in blood clotting when blood vessels are damaged. All blood cells are produced through hematopoiesis, which occurs primarily in the bone marrow.
This document provides an introduction to hematology, including:
- A review of hematopoiesis, the process by which blood cells are formed.
- Descriptions of the main components of blood - plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets - and their functions.
- An overview of the development and characteristics of the main types of blood cells - erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, thrombocytes.
- Mention of some common laboratory tests used in hematology like complete blood count.
This document provides an overview of hematology and the components of blood. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Hematology is the study of blood and its components. Blood is composed of plasma and three main types of cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. White blood cells include granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils, as well as lymphocytes, monocytes, and their roles in immunity and disease diagnosis.
This document provides an overview of blood components and functions. It discusses:
1. Blood consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets suspended in plasma.
2. Plasma volume, blood volume, and the composition and functions of plasma and blood cells like hemoglobin, iron transport, and immune functions are described.
3. Measurement techniques for blood components like packed cell volume and blood volume are outlined.
Blood functions include transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, and hormones. It also helps regulate pH, temperature, and water content of cells. Blood protects the body from blood loss via clotting and from foreign microbes via white blood cells. The components of blood include formed elements like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is the fluid portion that contains water, proteins, nutrients, gases, electrolytes, waste, enzymes, and hormones. Hematopoiesis is the process where blood cells are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow. Erythropoiesis involves the formation of red blood cells from stem cells in the bone marrow under the influence of the hormone ery
The document summarizes the cardiovascular system and blood. It discusses the functions of blood including transport, regulation of pH and ions, clotting, and defense. It describes the components of blood including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It explains the processes of hemostasis, coagulation, and the pathways involved in clotting.
Blood functions to transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones and waste throughout the body. It also defends the body against pathogens. Blood is composed of plasma, which carries red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in suspension. Red blood cells transport oxygen, white blood cells fight infection, and platelets help the blood clot to stop bleeding. In summary, blood is a circulating connective tissue that sustains life through these critical functions and cellular components.
Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells are biconcave discs that contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells provide defense against pathogens through mechanisms like phagocytosis. Platelets help in blood clotting when blood vessels are damaged. All blood cells are produced through hematopoiesis, which occurs primarily in the bone marrow.
This document provides an introduction to hematology, including:
- A review of hematopoiesis, the process by which blood cells are formed.
- Descriptions of the main components of blood - plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets - and their functions.
- An overview of the development and characteristics of the main types of blood cells - erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, thrombocytes.
- Mention of some common laboratory tests used in hematology like complete blood count.
This document provides an overview of hematology and the components of blood. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Hematology is the study of blood and its components. Blood is composed of plasma and three main types of cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. White blood cells include granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils, as well as lymphocytes, monocytes, and their roles in immunity and disease diagnosis.
This document provides an overview of blood components and functions. It discusses:
1. Blood consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets suspended in plasma.
2. Plasma volume, blood volume, and the composition and functions of plasma and blood cells like hemoglobin, iron transport, and immune functions are described.
3. Measurement techniques for blood components like packed cell volume and blood volume are outlined.
Blood functions include transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, and hormones. It also helps regulate pH, temperature, and water content of cells. Blood protects the body from blood loss via clotting and from foreign microbes via white blood cells. The components of blood include formed elements like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is the fluid portion that contains water, proteins, nutrients, gases, electrolytes, waste, enzymes, and hormones. Hematopoiesis is the process where blood cells are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow. Erythropoiesis involves the formation of red blood cells from stem cells in the bone marrow under the influence of the hormone ery
The document summarizes the cardiovascular system and blood. It discusses the functions of blood including transport, regulation of pH and ions, clotting, and defense. It describes the components of blood including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It explains the processes of hemostasis, coagulation, and the pathways involved in clotting.
Blood functions to transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones and waste throughout the body. It also defends the body against pathogens. Blood is composed of plasma, which carries red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in suspension. Red blood cells transport oxygen, white blood cells fight infection, and platelets help the blood clot to stop bleeding. In summary, blood is a circulating connective tissue that sustains life through these critical functions and cellular components.
Deliver O2Remove metabolic wastesMaintain temperature, pH, and fluid volumeProtection from blood loss- plateletsPrevent infection- antibodies and WBCTransport hormonesErythrocytes (red blood cells)
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Erythrocyte7.5m in dia · Anucleate· Hematopoiesis- production of RBC· Function- transport respiratory gases· Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2 chains and 2 chains· Lack mitochondria. Why? · 1 RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules· Men- 5 million cells/mm3· Women- 4.5 million cells/mm3· Life span 100-120 days and then destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard)
This document provides an overview of hematology and the basic functions and components of blood. It discusses [1] the properties and cellular elements of blood including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, [2] the coagulation and fibrinolysis processes, and [3] defense mechanisms such as inflammation. Various diagrams and tables are included to illustrate hematopoiesis, blood cell types, the coagulation pathway, and the inflammatory response.
Blood is composed of plasma and blood cells suspended in plasma. Plasma is mostly water but also contains proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, waste products, hormones and gases. The three main types of blood cells are red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells help fight infection. Platelets help with blood clotting to stop bleeding. Transfusions require matching blood types to avoid rejection reactions from antibodies in the plasma.
Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. In vertebrates, it is composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma.
This document summarizes key aspects of blood physiology, including its composition and the roles of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes how blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and discusses the formation, regulation, and functions of red blood cells in detail. White blood cells and their involvement in inflammation and the immune response are also outlined.
Blood transports vital substances like oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. It is composed of plasma and three main cell types - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and carry oxygen to tissues via hemoglobin. They circulate for about 120 days before being broken down. White blood cells help protect the body from disease. Platelets help the blood clot and stop bleeding from broken blood vessels. The blood also contains proteins, gases, and other nutrients.
The document provides an overview of haematology and the components of blood. It discusses the three main types of blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes their functions and characteristics in detail. Key points covered include haematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells in the bone marrow, and the roles of different white blood cell types in immunity.
physiology of Blood for nursery students dina merzeban
1. Red blood cells are biconcave disks that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide via hemoglobin. They require iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid for synthesis and maturation.
2. White blood cells include granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, and agranulocytes like lymphocytes and monocytes. They protect the body from pathogens and destroy abnormal cells.
3. Blood typing involves the presence or absence of antigens A, B, and Rh factor. Type O blood is the universal donor while type AB is the universal recipient. Sensitization can occur in Rh-negative mothers carrying Rh-positive fetuses.
The document discusses several key aspects of blood:
1) Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, waste, and more throughout the body using red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.
2) Red blood cells contain hemoglobin which gives blood its red color and allows it to carry oxygen.
3) The coagulation process forms blood clots to stop bleeding through vessel constriction, platelet plugs, and fibrin formation.
Hematology is the study of blood and blood-forming organs. Key topics covered include hematopoiesis, the production of blood cells; normal blood volume and components; red blood cell production and function; white blood cell types and roles; platelet function; and common blood disorders such as anemias, leukemias, and bleeding/clotting disorders. Diseases are discussed in relation to abnormal cell counts or functions that can cause symptoms like fatigue, bleeding, or infection.
Hematology is the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and their disorders. Blood functions include transportation of gases, nutrients, wastes, and heat; regulation of pH, temperature, and osmotic pressure; and protection through clotting and immune functions. Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes. Common blood disorders include anemias, hemolytic diseases, hemophilia, leukemia, infectious mononucleosis, and polycythemia. Precise blood typing and cross-matching is essential for safe blood transfusions.
The document provides an introduction to the topic of hematology, covering definitions of hematology, the composition and functions of blood, different cell types found in blood and their roles, basic hematological tests, and branches of hematology including immunohematology and transfusion medicine. Key concepts covered include the components and volume of blood, functions of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and the processes of erythropoiesis and hemostasis.
This document provides an overview of the composition and functions of blood and its components. It discusses the composition of plasma and plasma proteins, including their origin, forms, and functions. It also summarizes the structure, synthesis, catabolism and functions of hemoglobin, as well as properties of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, blood groups, coagulation, and common blood disorders.
Blood is a liquid connective tissue composed of plasma and formed elements suspended within. Plasma is 55% of blood volume and contains proteins, salts, nutrients. Formed elements include red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. RBCs contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen, while WBCs defend against pathogens. Platelets help clot blood to stop bleeding. Blood composition and cell characteristics provide important clinical information about health status.
This document summarizes the components and functions of blood. Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells help fight infection and antibodies. Platelets help with clotting to stop bleeding. The document also discusses blood typing and the antigens and antibodies involved in the main blood types A, B, AB, and O.
The document provides an overview of hematology and the components of blood. It describes how blood circulates from the heart through arteries and veins, and how gases are exchanged in capillaries. The main components of blood are plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It details the formation of blood cells through hematopoiesis in the bone marrow, and the different types of white blood cells. Common blood tests like complete blood count and disorders of the blood components are also summarized.
Blood is composed of plasma, cells, and platelets. It delivers nutrients and oxygen to tissues, collects waste to be removed by organs, and contains white blood cells that fight germs. The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body using arteries from the heart and veins back to the heart.
Hematology is the study of blood and blood forming organs. It involves the formation and development of blood cells through hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis begins in the yolk sac and later the liver, spleen, and bone marrow take over production of blood cells. The bone marrow contains stem cells that can differentiate into various blood cell types through committed progenitor cells. It maintains homeostasis by replacing blood cells that have a limited lifespan.
Blood contains plasma and cellular components. Plasma is 55% water and contains nutrients, waste, hormones, and proteins. Cells include red blood cells carrying oxygen, various white blood cells that fight infection, and platelets that promote clotting. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin which binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it in tissues. White blood cells include granulocytes and agranulocytes that destroy pathogens. Platelets form plugs to stop bleeding through clotting factors and fibrin formation. Together these components transport substances, regulate pH and temperature, and protect the body.
BLOOD (MSB 103).pptThis is a presentation of haemopoiesisEUROUNDISA
This document provides information on blood constituents and formation. It discusses the seven main types of cells and fragments found in blood, including the five types of white blood cells. The stages of red blood cell formation (erythropoiesis) and white blood cell formation (leukopoiesis) are described. Factors that regulate blood cell production like erythropoietin and cytokines are explained. Common blood disorders involving blood cells like anemia and polycythemia are also summarized.
Deliver O2Remove metabolic wastesMaintain temperature, pH, and fluid volumeProtection from blood loss- plateletsPrevent infection- antibodies and WBCTransport hormonesErythrocytes (red blood cells)
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Erythrocyte7.5m in dia · Anucleate· Hematopoiesis- production of RBC· Function- transport respiratory gases· Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2 chains and 2 chains· Lack mitochondria. Why? · 1 RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules· Men- 5 million cells/mm3· Women- 4.5 million cells/mm3· Life span 100-120 days and then destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard)
This document provides an overview of hematology and the basic functions and components of blood. It discusses [1] the properties and cellular elements of blood including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, [2] the coagulation and fibrinolysis processes, and [3] defense mechanisms such as inflammation. Various diagrams and tables are included to illustrate hematopoiesis, blood cell types, the coagulation pathway, and the inflammatory response.
Blood is composed of plasma and blood cells suspended in plasma. Plasma is mostly water but also contains proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, waste products, hormones and gases. The three main types of blood cells are red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells help fight infection. Platelets help with blood clotting to stop bleeding. Transfusions require matching blood types to avoid rejection reactions from antibodies in the plasma.
Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. In vertebrates, it is composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma.
This document summarizes key aspects of blood physiology, including its composition and the roles of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes how blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and discusses the formation, regulation, and functions of red blood cells in detail. White blood cells and their involvement in inflammation and the immune response are also outlined.
Blood transports vital substances like oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. It is composed of plasma and three main cell types - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and carry oxygen to tissues via hemoglobin. They circulate for about 120 days before being broken down. White blood cells help protect the body from disease. Platelets help the blood clot and stop bleeding from broken blood vessels. The blood also contains proteins, gases, and other nutrients.
The document provides an overview of haematology and the components of blood. It discusses the three main types of blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes their functions and characteristics in detail. Key points covered include haematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells in the bone marrow, and the roles of different white blood cell types in immunity.
physiology of Blood for nursery students dina merzeban
1. Red blood cells are biconcave disks that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide via hemoglobin. They require iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid for synthesis and maturation.
2. White blood cells include granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, and agranulocytes like lymphocytes and monocytes. They protect the body from pathogens and destroy abnormal cells.
3. Blood typing involves the presence or absence of antigens A, B, and Rh factor. Type O blood is the universal donor while type AB is the universal recipient. Sensitization can occur in Rh-negative mothers carrying Rh-positive fetuses.
The document discusses several key aspects of blood:
1) Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, waste, and more throughout the body using red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.
2) Red blood cells contain hemoglobin which gives blood its red color and allows it to carry oxygen.
3) The coagulation process forms blood clots to stop bleeding through vessel constriction, platelet plugs, and fibrin formation.
Hematology is the study of blood and blood-forming organs. Key topics covered include hematopoiesis, the production of blood cells; normal blood volume and components; red blood cell production and function; white blood cell types and roles; platelet function; and common blood disorders such as anemias, leukemias, and bleeding/clotting disorders. Diseases are discussed in relation to abnormal cell counts or functions that can cause symptoms like fatigue, bleeding, or infection.
Hematology is the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and their disorders. Blood functions include transportation of gases, nutrients, wastes, and heat; regulation of pH, temperature, and osmotic pressure; and protection through clotting and immune functions. Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes. Common blood disorders include anemias, hemolytic diseases, hemophilia, leukemia, infectious mononucleosis, and polycythemia. Precise blood typing and cross-matching is essential for safe blood transfusions.
The document provides an introduction to the topic of hematology, covering definitions of hematology, the composition and functions of blood, different cell types found in blood and their roles, basic hematological tests, and branches of hematology including immunohematology and transfusion medicine. Key concepts covered include the components and volume of blood, functions of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and the processes of erythropoiesis and hemostasis.
This document provides an overview of the composition and functions of blood and its components. It discusses the composition of plasma and plasma proteins, including their origin, forms, and functions. It also summarizes the structure, synthesis, catabolism and functions of hemoglobin, as well as properties of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, blood groups, coagulation, and common blood disorders.
Blood is a liquid connective tissue composed of plasma and formed elements suspended within. Plasma is 55% of blood volume and contains proteins, salts, nutrients. Formed elements include red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. RBCs contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen, while WBCs defend against pathogens. Platelets help clot blood to stop bleeding. Blood composition and cell characteristics provide important clinical information about health status.
This document summarizes the components and functions of blood. Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells help fight infection and antibodies. Platelets help with clotting to stop bleeding. The document also discusses blood typing and the antigens and antibodies involved in the main blood types A, B, AB, and O.
The document provides an overview of hematology and the components of blood. It describes how blood circulates from the heart through arteries and veins, and how gases are exchanged in capillaries. The main components of blood are plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It details the formation of blood cells through hematopoiesis in the bone marrow, and the different types of white blood cells. Common blood tests like complete blood count and disorders of the blood components are also summarized.
Blood is composed of plasma, cells, and platelets. It delivers nutrients and oxygen to tissues, collects waste to be removed by organs, and contains white blood cells that fight germs. The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body using arteries from the heart and veins back to the heart.
Hematology is the study of blood and blood forming organs. It involves the formation and development of blood cells through hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis begins in the yolk sac and later the liver, spleen, and bone marrow take over production of blood cells. The bone marrow contains stem cells that can differentiate into various blood cell types through committed progenitor cells. It maintains homeostasis by replacing blood cells that have a limited lifespan.
Blood contains plasma and cellular components. Plasma is 55% water and contains nutrients, waste, hormones, and proteins. Cells include red blood cells carrying oxygen, various white blood cells that fight infection, and platelets that promote clotting. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin which binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it in tissues. White blood cells include granulocytes and agranulocytes that destroy pathogens. Platelets form plugs to stop bleeding through clotting factors and fibrin formation. Together these components transport substances, regulate pH and temperature, and protect the body.
BLOOD (MSB 103).pptThis is a presentation of haemopoiesisEUROUNDISA
This document provides information on blood constituents and formation. It discusses the seven main types of cells and fragments found in blood, including the five types of white blood cells. The stages of red blood cell formation (erythropoiesis) and white blood cell formation (leukopoiesis) are described. Factors that regulate blood cell production like erythropoietin and cytokines are explained. Common blood disorders involving blood cells like anemia and polycythemia are also summarized.
Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements. It transports oxygen, nutrients, wastes, and more throughout the body. Blood also helps regulate pH, temperature, water content, and protects against disease. Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Hematopoiesis is the process where blood cells are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow through the influence of growth factors like erythropoietin and thrombopoietin.
Blood is composed of plasma and various cells and cell fragments. It functions to transport gases, nutrients, waste, and regulatory molecules throughout the body, and to protect against pathogens. Blood consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. The different blood types are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells. A person's blood type must be matched to the donor's type before transfusion to avoid an immune response.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of blood and the lymphatic system. It discusses how blood transports nutrients, gases, and waste, and is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It then explains the production of blood cells, the roles of each blood component, blood types, and the lymphatic system's role in immunity and defense.
The document discusses hematologic disorders and the hematopoietic system. It covers the main components and functions of blood, including transportation of gases, nutrients, and waste. The three major cell types - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets - are described. Common blood disorders like iron deficiency anemia and pernicious anemia are summarized, outlining their causes, symptoms, and treatment approaches.
This document discusses the components and functions of blood. It begins by describing blood as a fundamental component of life that circulates nutrients and waste throughout the body. It then explains that blood is both a tissue and fluid, containing suspended cells in a liquid matrix. The document goes on to describe the various cells that make up blood - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets - as well as the liquid component called plasma and its components like proteins, lipids, and inorganic materials. Finally, it discusses the production of blood cells through hematopoiesis and the specialized functions of different white blood cell types.
The document discusses the components and functions of blood. Blood has three main functions: transportation, regulation, and protection. Whole blood consists of blood plasma and formed elements, which include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen, white blood cells help fight infection, and platelets form clots to stop bleeding. Blood types are determined by antigens on red blood cells, and Rh disease can occur if an Rh- mother has an Rh+ baby.
1. The document discusses the composition and functions of blood. It describes the formed elements of blood including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.
2. The stages of erythropoiesis and factors affecting erythropoiesis are explained. Erythropoiesis occurs within the red bone marrow in adults and produces red blood cells through stem cell differentiation.
3. The functions of plasma and plasma proteins are outlined. Plasma proteins such as albumin help maintain colloid osmotic pressure and transport substances through the blood.
This document provides an overview of hematology and blood components. It discusses that hematology is the study of blood and its components. The document outlines the course contents for a hematology course including theory on blood cells, hemoglobin, anemias, blood grouping systems, and coagulation. It also covers practical components like blood typing and determining hematological parameters. Additionally, it summarizes the composition and functions of blood, the different blood cell types including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets, and characteristics of lymphocytes.
Blood is a connective tissue that distributes oxygen and nutrients throughout the body while also protecting against infection. It is composed of plasma and formed elements, which include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and distribute oxygen, while white blood cells protect the body against infection and disease. Platelets help the blood clot to prevent blood loss from injuries. The document provides detailed information on the composition and functions of blood and its components.
Blood has three main functions: transportation, regulation, and protection. It transports oxygen, nutrients, waste, hormones, and more. Blood regulates temperature and pH. Its protective functions include clotting and immune responses. Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets adhere and activate clotting factors to form a platelet plug and fibrin mesh that stops bleeding. Clots are later dissolved by plasmin to repair the damaged vessel.
Blood is composed of cells suspended in plasma. The main cells are red blood cells (RBCs), which carry oxygen, white blood cells (WBCs), which fight infection, and platelets, which help with clotting. RBCs are produced through erythropoiesis in the bone marrow and contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen. WBCs include neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils which protect the body. Conditions like anemia and leukemia can affect blood cell counts.
The document summarizes key information about blood and its components and functions. It describes how blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It explains the processes of blood formation, circulation, and recycling of red blood cells. It also details the important role of blood clotting and the multiple step clotting process (hemostasis) that prevents excessive bleeding from injuries.
Blood is a transport fluid that carries nutrients, waste products, gases, and blood cells throughout the body. It is composed of plasma and formed elements. Plasma is 90% water and contains proteins, salts, and other dissolved substances. Formed elements include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Blood volume varies based on factors like age, sex, and body composition. Blood types are determined by antigens on red blood cells and the presence of corresponding antibodies.
The document discusses the cardiovascular system, including its major components and functions. It describes the three main divisions of the cardiovascular system: the distribution system, perfusion system, and collecting system. It also discusses the origin and types of blood cells, the mechanisms of circulation and hemostasis, the coagulation cascade, and common screening tests used to detect abnormalities.
This document provides an overview of hematology, including the functions and components of blood, blood forming organs, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, blood disorders, and common blood tests. Key points include that blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste; is made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets; and common disorders include anemia, leukemia, hemophilia, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Laboratory tests discussed include complete blood count, coagulation studies, and differential white blood cell count.
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3. Composition of blood
Total circulating blood volume = 8% of body weight
Total circulating plasma volume = 5% of body weight
4. Composition of plasma
• Water – 90%
• Plasma proteins – 8%
albumin (most abundant)
globulin (α, β, γ)
fibrinogen
• Inorganic ions – Na+, K+, HCO3
-,Cl-,Ca2+,Mg2+
• Other substances- organic substances, waste
products ,hormones ,gases
5. Origin of plasma proteins
• Except γ globulin fraction of plasma protein
most of other plasma proteins are synthesized
in LIVER
• γ globulin is synthesized by plasma cells
6. Functions of plasma proteins
• Maintain the oncotic pressure that pulls water
in to the blood
• Responsible for buffering capacity of blood
• Some have specific functions – antibodies,
clotting factors
• Act as transporters – hormones like thyroid
• Albumin also act as carrier for metal, ions,
fatty acids, amino acids, bilirubin, enzymes
and drugs
7. What is serum
• Plasma without
blood clotting proteins, fibrinogen
• If blood is allowed to clot and clot is removed
the remaining fluid is called SERUM
• Serum has higher serotonin content due to
break down of platelets during clotting
8. Haemopoiesis
formation of blood cells
• Erythropoiesis- formation of red blood cells
• Myelopoiesis – formation of granulocytes and
monocytes
• Thrombopoiesis – formation of platelets
• Lymphopoiesis – formation of lymphocytes
9. • During fetal life blood cells are formed in liver
and spleen
• After that bone marrow take over the blood
cell formation-medullary haemopoiesis
• In children, blood cells produce in marrow
cavities of all bones
• But after 20 years of age marrow cavities of
long bones except for humerus and femur
become inactive
10. • Extramedullary haemopoiesis
when the bone marrow becomes
destroyed or fibrosed ,liver and spleen can
resume their fetal haemopoietic role again
• Red marrow – active cellular marrow
• Yellow marrow – inactive marrow which is
infiltrated with fat
11. Committed stem cells
Haemopoietic stem cell (capable of producing any type of cells)
Erythroid
progenitors
Red cells
erythropoietin megakaryocytes
platelets
thrombopoietin
basophils
eosinophils
Neutrophils
monocytes
12. Lymphopoiesis
Haemopoietic stem cell (capable of producing any type of cells)
Lymphoid progenitor cells
T lymphocytes B lymphocytes
Most of lymphocytes formed in Lymph node ,thymus and spleen from progenitor
cells that originally came from the bone marrow
13. • During the process of haemopoiesis action of
various growth factors play a key role
stem cell factor
colony stimulating factor
• Erythropoietin – for erythropoiesis
• Thrombopoietin – for thrombopoiesis
14. Red blood cells
• Biconcave disc -------- increase surface area:
volume
• No nucleus
• Life span -120 days
• 4.5-5.6 ×10 12/L in males
3.9-4.9 × 10 12/ L in females
• Contains haemoglobin
15. Functions of RBC
• Transport of O2 and CO2
• Buffering action
• Contain carbonic anhydrase enzyme
• Binding of oxygen to Hb – oxyhaemoglobin
• Binding of CO to Hb - carboxyhaemoglobin
17. Requirements for normal
erythropoiesis
• Erythropoietin
• Iron – for haemoglobin synthesis
• Vitamin B12 and folic acid for DNA synthesis
• Other vitamins – B6, A, C and riboflavin
• Trace metals – zinc, copper and cobalt
• Hormones – androgens and thyroxine
18. Haemoglobin
• O2 carrying pigment
• Has 4 sub units
• Haem moiety + polypeptide chain
• Two types of polypeptide chains – α, β
2 α + 2β ----------- HbA
2 α + 2 γ ----------- HbF
2 α + 2 δ -----------HbA2
20. Jaundice
• When total plasma bilirubin level is greater
than 2mg/dl
ANAEMIA
Reduction in concentration of haemoglobin
below the accepted normal range
(sex, age, ethnic group, altitude )
21. Causes for anaemia
• Increase loss due to haemorrhage
• Increase destruction – haemolytic anaemia
• Decrease production – nutritional deficiency
reduce bone marrow
erythroid cells ,renal disease
23. • WBC – 4000 – 11 000/ micro liter
• Neutrophils – 50-70%
• Eosinophils – 1-4%
• Basophils – 0.4%
• Lymphocytes – 20-40 %
• Monocytes – 2-8%
Acting together these cells provide powerful
defenses against tumor cells, viral, bacterial and
parasite infections
24. Cell type features Important points
neutrophil Lobulated nucleus (2-5)
Very fine granules in the cytoplasm
Increase in Bacterial
infection
Eosinophil Bi-lobed nucleus
Pinkish granules in the cytoplasm
Increase in Allergic reaction
And Parasite infection
Basophil Large basophilic purplish colour
granules
Nuclear lobulation is not clear
because of the granules
Contain heparine and
histamine
So important in
hypersensitivity reactions
monocytes Largest WBC type
Kidney shape nucleus
Become macrophages and
activated macrophages
engulf and kill bacteria by
process similar those
occurring in neutrophil
lymphocytes Nucleus is round in shape
Thin rim of cytoplasm
Immunity
Increase in viral infection
25.
26. Immunity
• Ability to resist almost all type of organisms or
toxins that tend to damage tissues and organs
immunity
Innate immunity
Acquired immunity
Humoral (B cell ) immunity
Cell mediated (T cell )
immunity
27. Innate immunity includes
• Phagocytosis by WBCs and cells of the tissue
macrophage system
• Destruction of swallowed organisms by acids
and digestive enzymes in GIT
• Resistance of skin
• Certain chemical compounds in blood-
complement complexes ,natural killer
lymphocytes etc.
• Sneezing and coughing reflexes
28. Platelets
• Small granulated bodies
• No nuclei
• Life span is 7-10 days
• 60-75% are in the circulation , remainder is in
the spleen
• 150-400 × 10 9/L
29. • Thrombocytopenia – decrease in the platelet
count
• Thrombocytosis – increase in the platelets
count
• Thrombasthenia – abnormal platelet function
30. Average half life of blood cells
• RBC – 120 days
• Neutrophils – 6hr
• Monocytes – circulate in blood for 72 hours
and then enter in to tissues and become
macrophages
• Platelets – 7-10 days
31. Haemostasis
• When there is damage to a blood vessel wall blood
clotting (coagulation )occurs to prevent bleeding
• Coagulation involves a series of events which results in
the formation of a fibrin mesh (blood clot)which traps
RBC and platelets
• In healthy people there is a balance between
coagulation and fibrinolysis (dissolution of clot)
• When the balance is disturbed either by poor clot
formation or by excessive fibrinolysis ,haemorrhage is
likely to occur
32. Haemostasis
• Balance between procoagulant and anticoagulants
Injury to blood vessel
Bleeding
Formation of clot
Stop bleeding
procoagulants
Anticoagulants
Break down of the clot once the
damage is repaired
Prevent intravascular coagulation
or thrombus formation
33. Vessel injury
Vasoconstriction
(vascular response )
Exposure of collagen Tissue thromboplastin
Platelets response
Formation of
temporary platelet
plug
Clotting response
Formation of definitive
clot
Clotting response is an enzymatic process involving several clotting factors in plasma
34. Clotting response
• Formation of activated factor X by intrinsic or
extrinsic pathway .This is the rate limiting step
• Conversion of prothrombin (II) to thrombin
• Conversion of fibrinogen(l) to fibrin
(fundamental reaction in the clotting of
blood)
35.
36. What are Blood groups ?
• Nobel Laureate Karl Landsteiner discovered
the blood groups in 1901
• Though there are > 500 billion known blood
group phenotypes the ABO and Rh blood
group systems are the most important
37. • Blood groups are determined by the presence
or absence of antigens and antibodies
(agglutinin )
• The antigens are found on the surface of the
RBC where as the antibodies are in plasma
• There are 4 blood groups in the ABO system
depending on the presence or absence of the
A and B antigen
• Two antibodies are Anti A and Anti B
• Early in the life person develop antibodies for
the antigen that are not present in a person’s
RBC
38.
39. Rh blood group
• Rh system has 3 main antigens – C,D,E
• D antigen is the most antigenic component
• If D antigen is present --------person is Rh +
• If D antigen is absent ---------person is Rh –
• Unlike the ABO system, Anti D antibodies do
not form unless a Rh negative person is
exposed to D antigen
40. Inheritance of blood group antigens
• ABO SYSTEM
the A and B antigens are inherited in a
Mendelian co-dominant manner
A person inherits one blood group antigen
from each parents
• A person could be either homozygous or
heterozygous for ABO genotype
ex: homozygous – AA
heterozygous – A0
41. Functions of blood
• Transport of soluble organic compounds
• Transport of soluble excretory materials to organs of
excretion
• Transport of hormones from the glands to target
organs
• Transport of gases
• Clotting mechanism – prevent excessive blood loss
• Maintain optimal pH value
• Defense against tumors, viruses, bacteria and parasites
42. Normal values for peripheral blood
male female
Hb ( g/dl ) 13.5-16.5 11.8-14.8
PCV% 40-47 36-44
Red cell count (1012/L) 4.5-5.6 3.9-4.9
Reticulocytes % 0.2-2 0.2-2