blood by mahmoud gomaa
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Plasma proteins serve several important functions in the body including protein metabolism, blood clotting through proteins like fibrinogen and prothrombin, maintaining blood viscosity along with fibrinogen and globulin, suspending erythrocytes, providing immunity through gamma globulins, contributing to osmotic pressure, carrying hormones and vitamins, regulating capillary permeability by closing pores, and acting as buffers in different pH environments.
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The document discusses the proteins found in human plasma. It describes how plasma proteins can be separated into fractions including albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, and others. Specific plasma proteins are then discussed in more detail, including their structure, function, concentration in plasma, and clinical significance. Albumin, the most abundant plasma protein, is highlighted for its roles in maintaining colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting various substances through the bloodstream.
Urinalysis- Methods, observations and clinical significance
The document provides information on urinalysis including urine specimen collection, preservation, composition, and various tests performed to examine the physical and chemical properties of normal and abnormal urine. It discusses urine color, volume, specific gravity, pH, and how to test for organic and inorganic constituents like urea, creatinine, chlorides, phosphates, and calcium. Abnormal results are interpreted to help diagnose underlying renal and systemic diseases.
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Hernia
hernia protrusion of an organ, tissue or the part of an organ
for dr - jehan - faculty of nuring tanta university
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Kidney infection or pyelonephritis is an infection of the kidney that can be acute or chronic. Acute pyelonephritis causes symptoms like fever, flank pain, nausea, and painful urination. It is usually treated with antibiotics to control the bacterial infection. Chronic pyelonephritis can cause permanent kidney damage if not properly treated. Prompt treatment and prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections can help reduce the risk of chronic pyelonephritis.
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The document discusses urinary tract problems including kidney and bladder diseases. It outlines various urinary symptoms and disorders such as oliguria, polyuria, nocturia, dysuria, enuresis, urinary incontinence, hematuria, and kidney stones. Diagnosis involves physical examination, urine analysis, imaging tests like ultrasound, IVU, CT, and 24-hour urine collection. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include pain medication, increased fluid intake, and surgical removal of stones or tumors.
The immune system
The immune system protects the body from foreign invaders. It has two types of immunity: innate immunity which is present at birth, and adaptive immunity which develops after birth upon exposure to antigens. The immune system uses physical barriers, chemical barriers, white blood cells, and inflammation to fight pathogens. It has three lines of defense - phagocytic response, humoral response involving antibodies, and cellular response using T cells. The immune response involves recognition of antigens, proliferation of lymphocytes, production of antibodies or T cells, and these effectors destroying the pathogen.
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks its own tissues. It most commonly affects women aged 15-40. The exact causes are unknown but genetics, viruses, sunlight, and some drugs may play a role. Symptoms vary but can include rashes, joint pain, fatigue, and organ inflammation. Diagnosis involves blood tests and potentially biopsies. Treatment focuses on rest, sun protection, medications like NSAIDs, antimalarials, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants to control disease activity and prevent organ damage. Nursing care aims to manage symptoms, prevent infections, and educate patients.
respiration
The document discusses the mechanics and physiology of respiration. It occurs at a rate of about 16 cycles per minute and consists of inspiration, expiration, and an expiratory pause. During inspiration, the thoracic cavity increases in size vertically by diaphragm contraction, transversely by rib elevation from external intercostal muscle contraction, and anteroposteriorly by further rib elevation. This causes a drop in intrapleural pressure and influx of 500cc of air into the lungs. Expiration is usually passive through relaxation of inspiratory muscles, thoracic cage drop by weight, and lung elastic recoil pushing out 500cc of air. Intrapleural pressure is always negative and aids respiration, venous return, lymph flow
Respiratory system
Place the diaphragm of the stethoscope on the
back and listen for breath sounds during inspiration and
expiration. Move systematically down the back, listening
in the same areas on both sides.
• Breath sounds should be equal, clear, and
vesicular (like a light breeze) on both sides
- Note any adventitious sounds such as wheezes, crackles,
decreased breath sounds
- Compare findings to normal breath sounds
- Note any areas of diminished or absent breath sounds
- Ask patient to cough - note transmission of voice sounds
- Auscultate anterior chest in a similar manner
- Note any abnormalities in breath sounds or adventitious
sounds
Peumonia
The document discusses pneumonia, including its definition, classification, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, prevention, nursing assessments, diagnoses, goals, interventions and expected outcomes. Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the lung that is usually caused by bacteria or viruses and can range from mild to life-threatening depending on the individual and any underlying health conditions. Nursing care focuses on improving symptoms, maintaining fluid and nutrition, educating patients, and monitoring for complications.
Pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension is a condition defined by abnormally high blood pressure in the lungs. It occurs when pressure in the pulmonary arteries is greater than normal. The document discusses the causes of pulmonary hypertension, including primary pulmonary hypertension which has no identifiable cause as well as secondary causes like lung diseases. Common signs and symptoms include shortness of breath, dizziness, and swelling in the legs. The condition is diagnosed through tests like chest X-rays, echocardiograms, and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on reducing fluid retention, improving heart function, and vasodilation through medications. In severe cases, lung or heart-lung transplants may be required.
Cardiovascular assessment
1) The document reviews the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system and describes methods for assessing cardiovascular status including health history, physical exam techniques like inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation, and diagnostic tests.
2) The physical exam involves assessing things like vital signs, jugular vein pulsations, heart sounds and murmurs auscultated over the precordium.
3) Diagnostic tests discussed include electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, stress tests and cardiac catheterization.
Immobility
This document discusses factors that impact mobility and appropriate nursing interventions. It identifies factors like immobility, circulatory and respiratory issues, pain, and neurological impairments that can decrease mobility. Nursing interventions to improve mobility include positioning, range of motion exercises, ambulation, and assistive devices. The goal is to prevent complications and promote optimal functioning.
upper and lower of respiratory system
This document describes the anatomy and physiology of the upper and lower respiratory tracts. It discusses the structures and functions of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs and associated muscles. It explains the processes of ventilation, gas exchange, oxygen transport and the role of pressure gradients in breathing. It covers clinical assessments of respiratory symptoms like dyspnea, cough and abnormal breath sounds. It also outlines diagnostic tests and treatments for upper respiratory infections.
Pulmonary embolism
This document discusses pulmonary embolism (PE), which refers to obstruction of the pulmonary artery or its branches by a thrombus (blood clot). PE can be caused by factors that increase clotting like surgery, trauma, or heart failure. When a thrombus blocks a pulmonary vessel, it impairs gas exchange and increases pulmonary vascular resistance, raising pressure in the pulmonary artery and overworking the right ventricle. Diagnosis involves tests like ventilation-perfusion scans and treatment focuses on anticoagulation, thrombolytic drugs, or occasionally surgery to remove clots. Nursing care aims to prevent clots, monitor for complications, manage pain and oxygen therapy.
Copd imp د. جيهان
The document discusses chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including its definition as a progressive lung disease characterized by limited airflow; causes such as smoking, air pollution, and genetic factors; symptoms like breathlessness, cough, and sputum production; diagnostic tests and medical management including bronchodilators, antibiotics, and oxygen therapy; preventive measures like smoking cessation and flu vaccines; and nursing interventions focused on assessment, education, and managing complications. COPD encompasses chronic bronchitis and emphysema and is a serious lung condition caused primarily by smoking.
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Altered level of consciousness
This document discusses the management of patients with neurologic dysfunction and altered levels of consciousness. It defines altered LOC as being less responsive to the environment. Causes can be structural, metabolic, or due to trauma, vascular disease, infection, tumors, metabolic derangements, hypoxia, or toxicity. Clinical manifestations range from subtle changes to coma. Nursing assessments include responsiveness, orientation, motor function and respiratory status. Interventions focus on airway protection, injury prevention, meeting fluid and nutrition needs, and skin and sensory integrity.
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The document discusses various medical conditions related to veins and circulation including thrombosis, stenosis, congestion, infarction, hemorrhage, and rupture that can affect areas like the femoral vein, cavernous sinus, mesenteric vein, and aneurysmal sac. Vegetation, fibrin, pallor, hemiplegia, pooling, and petechial hemorrhaging are also mentioned in connection with various circulatory issues.
ترجمة باثولوجى
The document discusses various pathological processes including proliferation, fibrosis, scarring, and healing. It mentions several cell and tissue types that can be involved like epithelium, fibroblasts, and macrophages. Various features are also listed like edema, hemorrhage, contracture, and obstruction.
Shock
1. The document discusses different types of shock including hypovolaemic, cardiogenic, neurogenic, anaphylactic shock.
2. Hypovolaemic shock is due to diminished blood volume from blood or fluid loss. Cardiogenic shock is caused by inefficient myocardial function. Neurogenic shock is caused by loss of sympathetic tone leading to vasodilation.
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Obesity
Obesity is defined as a BMI of 30 kg/m^2 or greater. It is influenced by genetics, environmental factors like increased calorie intake and decreased physical activity, culture, and fetal nutrition. Obesity leads to health issues like type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea, cerebrovascular disease, gastrointestinal reflux, hepatobiliary disease, osteoarthritis, cancer, and psychosocial complications. Management includes dieting, exercise, weight loss programs, medication, and surgery.
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【业务选择办理准则】
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留信网认证的作用:
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6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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