Bipolar disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. It was previously known as manic depressive psychosis. Bipolar I involves severe mania and depression while Bipolar II involves hypomania and severe depression. The causes are genetic factors, neurochemical imbalances, and environmental stressors. Treatment involves mood stabilizing drugs like lithium, antipsychotics, psychotherapy, and lifestyle management to reduce symptoms and prevent recurrence.

1. PRESENTED BY :-
PATEL PRITESH D
M.Sc.in Mental Health Nursing
Bipolar disorder

2.  Bipolar mood or affective disorder is
characterized by recurrent episodes of mania
and depression in the same patient at
different times.
 Earlier known as manic depressive psychosis
(MDP)

3.  Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-
depressive illness, is a brain disorder that
causes unusual shifts in mood, energy,
activity levels, and the ability to carry out
day-to-day tasks.

4.  Bipolar I: Characterized by episodes of
severe mania and severe depression.
 Bipolar II: Characterized by episodes of
hypomania (not requiring hospitalization)
and severe depression.

5.  Etiology is not known.
 Others ;-
 Genetic hypothesis
 Nuero –chemical factors
 Enviromental factors

6. 1.Genetic hypothesis
The life-time risk for the first degree
relatives getting bipolar disorder is 25%.
Children with one parent having bipolar
disorder has a risk of 27% of life time risk,
children with both parents having bipolar
disorder is 74%.
The risk in monozygotic twins is 65% and
dizygotic twins is 20%.

7. 2. Nuero –chemical factors :-
Brain chemicals called neurotransmitters
convey messages between the nerves . Too
many or too few neurotransmitters are
believed to cause alterations in mood .
drug like cocaine , which also act on this
neurotransmitter system
hormonal imbalances and disturption of the
hypothalamia –pituitary –adrenal

8. 3. Environmental factors :-
 stressful life events .
 disturbances in seasonal rhythms .
 sleep deprivation
 treatment whith antidepressants and
certain herbal and dietary supplements .
 nature of their work
 pregnancy

9. Depression Form:
 constantly feeling
sad or worthless
 sleeping too much
or too little
 feeling tired and
having little
energy
 appetite and
weight changes
 problems focusing
 thoughts of suicide
Manic Form:
 increase in energy
level
 less need for sleep
 easily distracted
 nonstop talking
 increased self
confidence
 focused on getting
things done, but does
not accomplish much
 is involved in risky
activities even though
bad things may
happen

10.  A current episode can be Hypomanic
 Manic without psychotic symptoms
 Manic with psychotic symptoms
 Mild or moderate depression
 Severe depression without psychotic
symptoms
 Severe depression psychotic symptoms

11.  Physical exam. Your doctor may do a physical
exam and lab tests to identify any medical
problems that could be causing your symptoms.

Psychiatric assessment. Your doctor may refer
you to a psychiatrist, who will talk to you about
your thoughts, feelings and behavior patterns.
You may also fill out a psychological self-
assessment or questionnaire. With your
permission, family members or close friends may
be asked to provide information about your
symptoms.

12.  Mood charting. You may be asked to keep a daily
record of your moods, sleep patterns or other
factors that could help with diagnosis and finding
the right treatment.

Criteria for bipolar disorder. Your psychiatrist
may compare your symptoms with the criteria
for bipolar and related disorders in the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American
Psychiatric Association.


13.  Antidepressants
 ECT
 Lithium
 Antipsychotics
 Other mood stabilizers

14.  Reduce the
symptoms of mania
 Reduce the symptoms
of bipolar depression
 Prevent the
recurrence of a manic
or depressive episode
 Avoid or minimize
adverse treatment
effects
 Improve quality of
life
 Mood stabilizing
agents are the
cornerstone of
treatment.
 Complete assessment
and careful diagnosis
to rule out non-
psychiatric causes.
 Treatment is lifelong.

15.  Interpersonal, family and group therapy.
 Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).
 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).
 Psychoeducation.

16.  Mood-stabilizing drugs are the usual first-choice treatments
and include lithium, divalproate, carbamazepine.
 Atypical antipsychotics other than clozapine are also
approved for treatment of acute mania
 Lithium, lamotrigine, olanzapine, and aripiprazole are
approved for maintenance therapy.
 Benzodiazepines are used for mania.
 Antidepressants may be used for bipolar depression, but
usually along with a mood-stabilizing agent to prevent a
mood switch to mania.
 Mood-stabilizing drugs are considered the primary
pharmacotherapy for relapse prevention.