Cell cycle and mitosis 2014
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This document describes the cell cycle and processes of cell division in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It explains that prokaryotes like bacteria lack a nucleus and reproduce through binary fission, while eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus and undergo mitosis. The stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle are described as interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) followed by the M phase of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase). Cytokinesis then separates the daughter cells through formation of a cell plate in plants or cleavage furrow in animals.
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Cell Division
Chromatin and chromosomes are different forms of DNA within cells. Chromatin refers to DNA in its loosely packed form, while chromosomes are DNA that is tightly coiled for cell division. Binary fission is the process of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes where the parent cell's single chromosome duplicates and the cell divides into two daughter cells. The eukaryotic cell cycle involves four main stages - G1 for growth, S for DNA synthesis, G2 for more growth, and M for mitosis and cell division into two identical daughter cells.
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This document summarizes key concepts about cell division from Chapter 1. It discusses that all new cells are derived from existing cells through cell division, which involves duplicating genetic material. There are two types of cell division: mitosis produces two identical daughter cells, while meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half to produce gametes. The cell cycle is described as having four main phases - G1, S, G2, and Mitosis - where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA before dividing.
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Cellular reproduction involves DNA replication and cell division through mitosis or meiosis. During interphase, DNA is replicated so each chromosome contains two identical copies called sister chromatids. Mitosis then follows with four stages - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase - where the duplicated DNA and cytoplasm are separated into two daughter cells. Strict controls ensure cells only divide when needed to avoid issues like cancer.
Cell division
Cell division is the process by which cells multiply. It occurs through mitosis, where the nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, where the cytoplasm divides. The cell cycle refers to the life of a cell, which is divided into interphase and the mitotic phase. Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA in preparation for division. Mitosis then divides the duplicated DNA equally between two daughter cells so they have the same number and type of chromosomes as the original cell. Cell division ensures new cells are produced to replace damaged ones and allow organisms to grow in size.
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The document describes the main parts of an animal cell including the cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, mitochondria, lysosomes, nuclear membrane, and vacuole. It notes that plant cells contain chloroplasts and a cell wall that animal cells do not have. The chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are where photosynthesis occurs, while the cell wall protects the plant cell and gives it a rigid shape.
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1. The document provides homework assignments on the cell cycle and mitosis for the next science class, including worksheets to complete, questions to answer, and materials to bring.
2. It also summarizes the stages of mitosis, including interphase where the cell grows and prepares, and the five stages of mitosis where the cell nucleus and contents divide.
3. The homework assigned for the next class is to study for a quiz on the cell cycle and mitosis, complete additional worksheets, and read over class notes online.
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This document provides a brief overview of the main parts of animal and plant cells, including the cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, mitochondria, lysosomes, nuclear membrane, vacuole, chloroplasts, and cell wall. It describes the basic functions of each cellular component, such as the cell membrane protecting the cell, the nucleus acting as the brain, and chloroplasts facilitating photosynthesis. The document also notes that plant cells contain chloroplasts and a cell wall that animal cells lack.
Cell Parts
This document provides an overview of the main parts of an animal cell, including the cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, mitochondria, lysosomes, nuclear membrane, and vacuole. It notes that plant cells contain chloroplasts and a cell wall, which animal cells do not. Each cell part is briefly described in one sentence explaining its main function.
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Cell division
Cell division is the process by which cells multiply. It occurs through mitosis, where the nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, where the cytoplasm divides. The cell cycle refers to the life of a cell, which is divided into interphase and the mitotic phase. Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA in preparation for division. Mitosis then divides the duplicated DNA equally between two daughter cells so they have the same number and type of chromosomes as the original cell. Cell division ensures new cells are produced to replace damaged ones and allow organisms to grow in size.
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The document describes the main parts of an animal cell including the cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, mitochondria, lysosomes, nuclear membrane, and vacuole. It notes that plant cells contain chloroplasts and a cell wall that animal cells do not have. The chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are where photosynthesis occurs, while the cell wall protects the plant cell and gives it a rigid shape.
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1. The document provides homework assignments on the cell cycle and mitosis for the next science class, including worksheets to complete, questions to answer, and materials to bring.
2. It also summarizes the stages of mitosis, including interphase where the cell grows and prepares, and the five stages of mitosis where the cell nucleus and contents divide.
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This document provides an overview of the main parts of an animal cell, including the cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, mitochondria, lysosomes, nuclear membrane, and vacuole. It notes that plant cells contain chloroplasts and a cell wall, which animal cells do not. Each cell part is briefly described in one sentence explaining its main function.
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Cells regulate their size through a cell cycle of growth, DNA replication, and division. As cells grow larger, it becomes more difficult for them to exchange nutrients and waste due to a decreasing ratio of surface area to volume. The cell cycle is a series of phases that prepare the cell for division, including replicating DNA and organelles. Mitosis then divides the nucleus and cytoplasm, forming two daughter cells each with their own set of chromosomes. Strict regulation is needed to control when cells divide.
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This document provides a brief overview of the main parts of animal and plant cells. It describes the cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, mitochondria, lysosomes, nuclear membrane, vacuole, and the two structures unique to plant cells - chloroplasts and cell wall. The functions of each cell part are summarized such as the cell membrane protects the cell, the nucleus acts as the brain, and mitochondria produces power for the cell.
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The document summarizes the process of mitosis in eukaryotic cells. It describes the key stages of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. During these stages, the genetic material is replicated, the chromosomes condense and organize, then separate and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell by spindle fibers. This results in two identical daughter cells each with the same genetic composition as the parent cell. The document also contrasts mitosis with meiosis and notes some key differences between the two types of cell division.
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The document describes the main parts of an animal cell including the cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, mitochondria, lysosomes, nuclear membrane, and vacuole. It notes that plant cells contain chloroplasts and a cell wall, which animal cells do not have. The chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis by converting sunlight into food using chlorophyll.
@ cell cycle - mitosis and meiosis (mnusratgulbarga@gmail.com)
Cell division is a very important process in all living organisms. During the division of a cell, DNA replication and cell growth also take place. All these processes, i.e., cell division, DNA replication, and cell growth, hence, have to take place in a coordinated way to ensure correct division and formation of progeny cells containing intact genomes.
In eukaryotes, there are two distinct types of cell division: a vegetative division, whereby each daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell (mitosis), and a reproductive cell division, whereby the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells is reduced by half to produce haploid gametes (meiosis).
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1. Multicellular organisms are composed of cells that are organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems.
2. Cells are the smallest and most basic unit of life, and come in two types - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria lack nuclei, while eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles.
3. Cells carry out essential functions through their organelles, including making energy, synthesizing proteins, and replicating. The cell membrane acts as a selective barrier that controls what enters and leaves the cell.
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The document discusses the cell cycle and how cells divide through mitosis and meiosis. It provides details on the following:
1) The cell cycle consists of interphase and the mitotic phase. Interphase includes the G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA.
2) Mitosis and meiosis are types of cell division. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells through chromosome duplication and separation. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half to produce gametes.
3) Chromosomes duplicate and separate through different phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Sister chromatids separate in anaphase to move into two daughter cells
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This document discusses the main parts of animal and plant cells. It describes the cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, mitochondria, lysosomes, nuclear membrane, and vacuole as the key organelles in animal cells. It notes that plant cells additionally contain chloroplasts, which produce food from sunlight, and a cell wall, which protects the cell and gives it a rigid shape.
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Cell division occurs through mitosis to allow for growth, development, and repair of organisms. Mitosis involves several stages - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase - where duplicated chromosomes are aligned and separated, with one set moving to each new daughter cell. Cytokinesis then fully divides the cytoplasm, completing cell division and producing two identical daughter cells with identical genetic material.
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The document describes the main parts of an animal cell including the cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, mitochondria, lysosomes, nuclear membrane, and vacuole. It notes that plant cells contain chloroplasts and a cell wall, which animal cells do not have. The chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis by converting sunlight into food using chlorophyll.
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Cell division is a very important process in all living organisms. During the division of a cell, DNA replication and cell growth also take place. All these processes, i.e., cell division, DNA replication, and cell growth, hence, have to take place in a coordinated way to ensure correct division and formation of progeny cells containing intact genomes.
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@ cell cycle - mitosis and meiosis (mnusratgulbarga@gmail.com)
@ cell cycle - mitosis and meiosis (mnusratgulbarga@gmail.com)
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The document discusses the process of cell division through mitosis and cytokinesis. It explains that eukaryotic cells undergo a cell cycle that includes interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and the mitotic phase. During mitosis, the cell divides into two daughter cells through four main phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then separates the cytoplasmic components of the parent cell. Cancer cells are able to divide uncontrollably due to mutations in cell cycle regulation genes.
Cell Division
The document discusses different types of cell division: binary fission, mitosis, and meiosis. Binary fission is how prokaryotic cells divide, splitting their single DNA strand to form two identical daughter cells. Mitosis and meiosis are forms of cell division in eukaryotes. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells through the phases of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and results in four haploid cells with half the normal genetic material.
Cell division 1
Cell division functions to produce new cells for reproduction, growth, and repair. It involves the distribution of identical genetic material, DNA, to two daughter cells. The cell cycle consists of interphase and mitosis. Interphase involves cell growth and DNA replication. Mitosis distributes identical DNA to two daughter cells through the stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, producing two genetically identical daughter cells.
Cell division
Cell division, also known as mitosis, is important for cell growth and maintenance. It allows cells to divide into two daughter cells that are identical to the original cell. Mitosis consists of several phases: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Meiosis produces gametes like eggs and sperm that have half the number of chromosomes to ensure genetic diversity when gametes fuse during fertilization. Cell division is essential for the growth, development, and reproduction of all living organisms.
Cell Division/Mitosis
Cell division allows organisms to grow and reproduce. All cells come from preexisting cells through asexual or sexual reproduction. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is contained in chromosomes that condense and duplicate before the cell divides. The cell cycle consists of interphase and mitosis, where the cell makes copies of its contents and divides into two daughter cells through cytokinesis. Precise control mechanisms regulate cell division, but errors can lead to uncontrolled growth and cancer.
Unit 9, lesson 1 cell cycle mitosis
There are two main reasons why cells need to divide instead of growing indefinitely. 1) DNA overload would occur as larger cells place more demand on DNA that is only able to meet the needs of smaller cells. 2) Larger cells have more trouble exchanging nutrients and waste due to decreased surface area to volume ratio. The cell cycle involves interphase where the cell grows and copies its DNA, followed by mitosis where the cell divides into two identical daughter cells through the stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then separates the cytoplasmic contents to complete cell division.
Mitosis
The cell cycle is the series of events cells go through as they grow and divide. It includes interphase, where the cell grows and its components replicate, and mitosis, where the cell divides into two identical daughter cells. Mitosis produces two identical cells through the stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm and organelles, forming two complete daughter cells through pinching in animal cells and cell plate formation in plant cells.
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7.1 cell discovery and theory
The microscope enabled the discovery of cells. In 1665, Hooke observed box-shaped structures in cork which he called "cells". Van Leeuwenhoek later saw living organisms in pond water and milk using an improved microscope. In the 1830s, scientists established that plants and animals are composed of cells, and that cells only arise from pre-existing cells (Cell Theory). Modern compound and electron microscopes allow detailed study of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures and organelles.
6.4 organic compounds notes(teacher)for slideshare
Organic compounds are made of carbon and vary in size. They are built by linking small molecules called monomers together through condensation to form long chains called polymers. The four main classes of organic molecules found in organisms are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates provide energy and can be stored, lipids are used for energy storage and cell membranes, proteins provide structure and make enzymes, and nucleic acids store genetic information.
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1. Water is a polar molecule made up of oxygen and hydrogen atoms, with the oxygen side having a slight negative charge and the hydrogen sides having a slight positive charge.
2. This polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules, giving water its unique properties. Water is able to dissolve many other polar substances for this reason.
3. The hydrogen bonding between water molecules also gives water properties like high surface tension and the ability to exist as a liquid at temperatures higher than zero degrees Celsius. This hydrogen bonding is important for life.
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Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms in substances to form different products. Chemical equations show the reactants and products, with the same number and type of atoms on both sides. Chemical reactions require activation energy to occur, and can release or absorb energy. Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower the activation energy needed for reactions in living things by binding to reactants at an active site and facilitating the formation of products.
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1) Gel electrophoresis is a method used to separate DNA fragments by size using an electrical field. DNA, which is negatively charged, will migrate towards the positive electrode through a gel. Smaller fragments travel farther than larger fragments.
2) DNA fingerprinting analyzes repetitive "junk" DNA regions that vary between individuals. After restriction enzyme digestion, fragment size differences can be used to identify individuals.
3) Gel electrophoresis is used in forensics to compare DNA samples from crime scenes and suspects. It can determine paternity and study evolutionary relationships by comparing DNA sequences. It also aids medical diagnosis by identifying disease-causing alleles.
Biotechnology Notes
This document discusses genetic engineering and biotechnology. It begins by explaining how artificial breeding has been used for generations to create new breeds of animals and crop plants. It then discusses how genetic engineering works, including cutting DNA with restriction enzymes, joining DNA segments through complementary "sticky ends," and inserting new genes into organisms. Examples are given of genetically modified crops and organisms created for various purposes, such as producing human insulin or creating disease-resistant plants. The role of bacteria and plasmids in genetic engineering is also described.
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17.1 The History of Classification
Aristotle developed one of the earliest systems of biological classification over 2000 years ago, categorizing organisms as either plants or animals. Animals were further divided based on whether they had red blood and their habitat and physical characteristics. Plants were classified by size and structure. Later, Linnaeus developed the first formal taxonomic system that is still used today, assigning each species a binomial scientific name. His system involved classifying organisms into a nested hierarchy of taxonomic ranks from broadest to most specific, including domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
Chapter 15.3 shaping evolutionary theory
The document discusses several ways that the theory of evolution continues to be shaped, including:
1) Scientists now recognize that natural selection is not the only mechanism of evolution, with genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and non-random mating also influencing changes within populations over time.
2) Two theories for the rate of speciation discussed are gradualism, where evolution proceeds in small gradual steps, and punctuated equilibrium, where species diverge rapidly during sporadic periods of genetic change.
3) Various patterns of evolution are examined, including adaptive radiation, coevolution, convergent evolution, and factors that can influence speciation like genetic isolation and the formation of new habitats.
Chapter 15.2 evidence of evolution
Multiple lines of evidence support the theory of evolution, including fossils, comparative anatomy, embryology, biochemistry, and the geographic distribution of organisms. Fossils show transitional forms and derived versus ancestral traits. Comparative anatomy reveals homologous and vestigial structures. Embryos of different species exhibit homologous structures early in development. Biochemistry demonstrates complex molecules shared across species. Geographic distribution patterns also provide evidence of evolution.
Chapter 15.1 Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection
Charles Darwin developed the theory of natural selection based on observations from his voyage on the HMS Beagle. He noticed that species on the Galapagos Islands were closely related but had adapted to their environments in slightly different ways. Darwin hypothesized that natural selection - the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and pass on their traits to offspring - could lead to the emergence of new species over many generations. The key principles of natural selection are that traits vary between individuals, traits are heritable, and some traits make individuals more likely to survive and reproduce.
Unit 7 History of Life Notes
The document discusses the origin of life on Earth. It describes early theories of spontaneous generation and biogenesis. Experiments by Pasteur and others supported biogenesis. Early Earth likely had a primordial soup where simple organic molecules formed from inorganic compounds, as shown by the Miller-Urey experiment. These molecules could have led to the formation of proteins on clay particles and early genetic material like RNA. Archaea may have been Earth's first cells. Later, photosynthesizing cyanobacteria evolved and enriched the atmosphere with oxygen. The endosymbiont theory explains how eukaryotic cells developed from prokaryotic cells living together.
12.4 mutations
Mutations are changes to DNA that can alter genes and traits. There are two main types of mutations: point mutations, which change a single DNA nucleotide, and frameshift mutations, which add or delete nucleotides, altering the reading frame. Point mutations can be silent, missense, or nonsense. Missense mutations substitute amino acids, sometimes changing the protein. Frameshift mutations disrupt the entire protein. Examples given are sickle cell anemia from a point mutation and cystic fibrosis from a deletion frameshift mutation.
12.3 dna, rna, and protein
This document explains how DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA and then translated into proteins. It begins by establishing that DNA contains the genetic instructions, which are passed to RNA and then proteins. It then describes transcription, where DNA is copied into messenger RNA in the nucleus. The document explains how messenger RNA carries the genetic code to the cytoplasm to be translated by ribosomes into proteins, using transfer RNA to match mRNA codons to amino acids. In summary, it outlines the central dogma of molecular biology - that DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into functional proteins.
12.2 replication of dna
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Cell cycle and mitosis 2014
- 1. Prokaryotes bacteria Eukaryotes plants animals
- 2. Lack a nucleus Have a single chromosome Reproduce by binary fission Include bacteria
- 3. Used by bacteria Cells increase their cell mass slightly DNA & cell components are replicated Each cell divides into 2 daughter cells
- 6. Contain a nucleus & membrane bound organelles Asexually reproduce cells by mitosis
- 7. Stages in growth & division Interphase G1 Phase S Phase G2 Phase M Phase Cytokinesis
- 8. First growth stage Cell increases in size Cell prepares to copy its DNA
- 9. Copying of all of DNA’s instructions Chromosomes duplicated
- 10. Time between DNA synthesis & mitosis Cell continues growing Needed proteins produced
- 11. Cell growth & protein production stop Cell’s energy used to make 2 daughter cells Called mitosis or karyokinesis (nuclear division)
- 12. Includes G1, S, and G2 Cells carrying on normal activities Chromosomes are not visible Cell metabolism is occurring Occurs before mitosis copyright cmassengale
- 15. Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
- 18. DNA coils tightly & becomes visible as chromosomes Nuclear membrane disappears Nucleolus disappears Centrioles migrate to poles Spindle begins to form
- 23. Spindle fibers from centrioles attach to each chromosome Cell preparing to separate its chromosomes Cell aligns its chromosomes in the middle of the cell
- 26. Cell chromosomes are separated Spindle fibers shorten so chromosomes pulled to ends of cell
- 30. Separation of chromosomes completed Cell Plate forms (plants) Cleavage furrow forms(animals) Nucleus & nucleolus reform Chromosomes uncoil
- 32. Plant Animal
- 33. Occurs after chromosomes separate Forms two, identical daughter cells
- 35. Cell Plate Forming in Plant Cells