A presentation on biosensors and its application,all datas r mainly collected from google search,and from some books by or teachers. Hope it will help you...leave your rply,, :)
Biosensor is the Talk of The Day. It made possible, the conversion of yesteryear's cumbersome experiments to an easier, faster all the while improving its sensitivity and specificity. This article will help you to gain an acquaintance about it, its properties, etc.
A sensor that integrates a biological element with a physiochemical transducer to produce an electronic signal proportional to a single analyte which is then conveyed to a detector.
This document discusses biosensors, which are analytical devices that convert biological reactions into electrical signals. It outlines different types of biosensors including amperometric, potentiometric, conductometric, optical, piezoelectric, whole cell, and immunobiosensors. Applications of biosensors include food analysis, medical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and industrial process control. The document concludes that biosensors have potential but are still evolving from research prototypes to commercial products.
biosensor, modern, principles, technology, applications, working of sensor, types of sensor , nanomaterial, based biosensor(nanosensor) optical biosensor, flourescent biosensor, electrochemical and glucose biosensor, genetically encoded biosensor, microbial biosensor, cancer , references included, advantages and disadvantages also included.
A Biosensor is a device for the detection of an analyte that combines a biological component with a physio-chemical detector component.
Download: https://www.topicsforseminar.com/2014/10/biosensors-ppt.html
A biosensor is an analytical device that uses a bioreceptor to detect a specific substance. It contains a bioreceptor, transducer, and processing system. Common bioreceptors include antibodies, enzymes, nucleic acids, cells, and molecularly imprinted polymers. The bioreceptor interacts with the target analyte and the transducer converts the interaction signal into an electrical signal that is processed. Examples of biosensors include glucose biosensors, which detect glucose using the enzyme glucose oxidase, and pregnancy tests, which detect human chorionic gonadotropin hormone using antibodies.
A presentation on biosensors and its application,all datas r mainly collected from google search,and from some books by or teachers. Hope it will help you...leave your rply,, :)
Biosensor is the Talk of The Day. It made possible, the conversion of yesteryear's cumbersome experiments to an easier, faster all the while improving its sensitivity and specificity. This article will help you to gain an acquaintance about it, its properties, etc.
A sensor that integrates a biological element with a physiochemical transducer to produce an electronic signal proportional to a single analyte which is then conveyed to a detector.
This document discusses biosensors, which are analytical devices that convert biological reactions into electrical signals. It outlines different types of biosensors including amperometric, potentiometric, conductometric, optical, piezoelectric, whole cell, and immunobiosensors. Applications of biosensors include food analysis, medical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and industrial process control. The document concludes that biosensors have potential but are still evolving from research prototypes to commercial products.
biosensor, modern, principles, technology, applications, working of sensor, types of sensor , nanomaterial, based biosensor(nanosensor) optical biosensor, flourescent biosensor, electrochemical and glucose biosensor, genetically encoded biosensor, microbial biosensor, cancer , references included, advantages and disadvantages also included.
A Biosensor is a device for the detection of an analyte that combines a biological component with a physio-chemical detector component.
Download: https://www.topicsforseminar.com/2014/10/biosensors-ppt.html
A biosensor is an analytical device that uses a bioreceptor to detect a specific substance. It contains a bioreceptor, transducer, and processing system. Common bioreceptors include antibodies, enzymes, nucleic acids, cells, and molecularly imprinted polymers. The bioreceptor interacts with the target analyte and the transducer converts the interaction signal into an electrical signal that is processed. Examples of biosensors include glucose biosensors, which detect glucose using the enzyme glucose oxidase, and pregnancy tests, which detect human chorionic gonadotropin hormone using antibodies.
A biosensor consists of three main components: a biological recognition element, a transducer, and associated electronics. The biological element interacts selectively with the target analyte and this interaction is converted to an electrical signal via the transducer. Common types of biosensors include electrochemical, physical, and optical biosensors. Electrochemical biosensors detect the product of an enzymatic reaction that generates or consumes electrons. Physical biosensors respond to physical stimuli like mass, temperature, or acoustic waves. Optical biosensors use optical signals like fluorescence. Biosensors provide rapid, specific, and reagent-free measurement of various targets with applications in food/environmental monitoring, healthcare diagnostics, and more.
A biosensor is a device that integrates a biological component with a physicochemical detector. There are three main components: the biological recognition element, transducer, and associated electronics. The biological element interacts selectively with the analyte. The transducer converts this interaction into a quantifiable signal like a current or voltage. The associated electronics then process and display the results. Common types of biosensors include electrochemical, optical, and ion channel switch biosensors which detect analytes through electrochemical reactions, light interactions, or ion flow respectively.
Biosensors (structure and application)Tarun Kapoor
This document discusses biosensors, including their structure, history, working principles, types, sensing elements, transducers, amplifiers, and applications. It defines a biosensor as a device that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector to detect analytes. The key components are a biological recognition element, transducer to convert the biological response into a measurable signal, and amplifier. Major applications mentioned include glucose monitoring, environmental monitoring, drug discovery, and food/agriculture testing. Disadvantages include inability to use heat sterilization and stability issues with biological materials.
Biosensors are the analytical device that are used to measure the concentration of analye , these type of biosensors are made with conjugation of enzymes as a biological eliment to quantify a (bio)chemical substance / analyte are reffered to as Enzyme-probe Biosensors .
Biosensors are of many types but focusing on Enzyme biosensors there are 4 main types which are briefly described in this power point presentation .
This document discusses biosensors. It defines a biosensor as a device that converts a biological signal into a measurable electrical signal. It notes that Professor Leland C. Clark is considered the father of biosensors. The document outlines the key parts of a biosensor including the bioreceptor, transducer, and signal processor. It describes different types of biosensors such as calorimetric, optical, resonant, piezoelectric, and electrochemical biosensors. Applications of biosensors include uses in food analysis, drug development, medical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring.
A biosensor is a device that uses biological components like tissues, cells or enzymes to detect chemicals or microbes. It converts the biological response into an electrical signal that is measured. Professor Leland Clark is considered the father of biosensors. A good biosensor provides accurate, precise, reproducible results cheaply and is small, portable and easy to use. The main components are a bioreceptor that interacts selectively with the target analyte, a transducer that converts the biological response into a measurable signal, and a signal processor that interprets the signal. Biosensors are classified by transducer type and have many applications like monitoring blood glucose, detecting environmental toxins, and aiding drug discovery.
This document provides an overview of biosensors, including their main components, working principle, types, applications, and future directions. It discusses how biosensors work by using a bioreceptor to interact with an analyte, which is then measured by a transducer and outputs a proportional signal. The main types described are calorimetric, potentiometric, acoustic wave, amperometric, and optical biosensors. Applications highlighted include use in food analysis, medical diagnosis like glucose monitoring, drug development, and environmental monitoring. Nanobiosensors and lab-on-a-chip technologies are also summarized as areas of ongoing research to improve biosensor sensitivity, size, and versatility.
This document provides an overview of enzyme-based biosensors. It discusses the history and components of biosensors, including the biological recognition element and transducer. Common types of biosensors are described based on their method of detection such as calorimetric, optical, and potentiometric. Examples like glucose meters and pregnancy tests are explained. Glucose meters work by measuring the hydrogen peroxide produced from the reaction of glucose and glucose oxidase using an electrode. Overall, the document provides a high-level introduction to the principles, components, applications and examples of enzyme-based biosensors.
A biosensor is an analytical device containing a biological element and transducer. The biological element interacts specifically with an analyte to produce a measurable signal. There are several types of biosensors including electrochemical, optical, thermal, and piezoelectric biosensors. Biosensors find various applications in pharmaceutical industries such as detection of pathogens in food and drugs, monitoring of bioprocesses, and environmental monitoring. They provide fast, accurate, and portable detection compared to conventional analytical methods.
This document discusses nanobiosensors, which are biosensors on the nano-scale size. It describes their two main components - a biological recognition element and a transducer. Various types are covered, including those using enzymes, antibodies, cells, nucleic acids, and nanoparticles. Applications discussed include medical uses like glucose monitoring, as well as environmental monitoring and agricultural quality control. The future potential of nanobiosensors for early cancer detection is also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of biosensors and nanobiosensors. It discusses that a biosensor combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector. It then describes the basic components and working principle of biosensors, including the biological recognition element, transducer, and detector. Some examples mentioned include glucose monitoring devices and pregnancy tests. The document also discusses nanobiosensors and how nanoparticles can enhance sensitivity and specificity. Applications mentioned include food analysis, medical diagnosis, and environmental monitoring. In the future, nanobiosensors may allow for applications like electronic paper, morphing devices, and smart contact lenses.
With increase in potential for bioterrorism, there is a great demand to detect the bio agents in the atmosphere in a quick, reliable and accurate method. Biosensor is a analytical device which uses enzymes, immunosystems, tissues that converts biological response into electrical, thermal or optical signals. Biosensor is an efficient and cost effective device which is most widely used for various day to day applications. Biosensor consists of two components: first the “sensing element” and second is the “transducers”. Sensing element may be either enzymes, antibodies, DNA, tissues or whole cells which then transduces the biochemical reaction into electrical signals. Basic advantage of biosensor is the use of nanomaterials, micro fluidics and transducer on a single chip. Biosensors have found its application in fermentation, food industry, diagnosis, imaging, DNA sequencing and biodefense. Development of nanotechnology leads to the development of macro and micro sensors which is small and sensitive.
Biosensors have become more popular with biochemistry and analytical chemistry. Biosensors are used to detect pollutants, microbial load, control parameters and metabolites. Leland C Clark is the father of biosensor who invented the glucose biosensor to determine the glucose level in the sample. Clark entrapped glucose oxidase in a dialysis membrane and placed within a oxygen electrode. DNA sensor has been included in the family of biosensors which can be used for disease diagnosis. Biosensors are fabricated using nanotechnology, these devices helps use to analyze in a quick and accurately.
This document provides an overview of biosensors. It defines a biosensor and discusses its key elements, including the biological recognition component, transducer, and electronic system. The document outlines the history of biosensors, from early work immobilizing enzymes in the 1910s-1920s to the development of the first glucose biosensor by Clark in 1962. It also describes various types of biosensors like calorimetric, piezoelectric, electrochemical, and optical, as well as DNA-based biosensors. Applications of biosensors discussed include food analysis, medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and more.
BIOSENSOR, PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY, B PHARAM, 6TH SEM
Basic components of Biosensor
Working of Biosensor
Types of Biosensor
Electrochemical biosensor
Optical biosensor
Thermal biosensor
Resonant biosensor
Ion-sensitive biosensor
Applications of Biosensor
Nano sensors
sensing device
Father of the Biosensor
components of BIOSENSOR
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF BIOSENSOR
BIO-ELEMENT
TRANSDUCER
DETECTOR
RESPONSE FROM BIO-ELEMENT
IDEAL BIOSENSOR
BASIC CHARACTERESTICS
This document provides an overview of biosensors and their applications. It discusses the basic components and principles of how biosensors work by using an immobilized biological material like an enzyme to interact with an analyte and produce a measurable signal. Some key types of biosensors described include electrochemical biosensors like amperometric biosensors, potentiometric biosensors, conductometric biosensors, thermometric biosensors, and optical biosensors. Specific examples like blood glucose biosensors, lactate biosensors, and biosensors to detect urinary infections are also summarized.
A nanobiosensor is a biosensor that operates on the nano-scale and combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector. Nanobiosensors can be optical, electrical, electrochemical, use nanotubes or nanowires, and come in viral or nanoshell variations. They function by detecting a biological recognition element through a transducer. Nanobiosensors have applications in DNA sensing, immunosensing, cell-based sensing, point-of-care testing, bacteria sensing, enzyme sensing, and environmental monitoring. Future applications include cancer monitoring through the detection of cancer biomarkers from body fluids.
DNA biosensors use the principles of nucleic acid hybridization and have different forms including electrodes, chips, and crystals. There are three main types - optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric biosensors. DNA probes can be immobilized onto transducer surfaces through simple adsorption onto carbon, covalent linkage to gold via alkanethiol monolayers, or using biotinylated DNA and avidin/streptavidin complexes on surfaces. The immobilization method depends on the surface and involves covalent coupling or functional group interactions.
Biosensors are analytical devices that combine a biological component with a physiochemical detector. There are several types of biosensors classified by their bioreceptor or transducer component. The biological element interacts selectively with an analyte and this interaction is converted to a measurable signal via the transducer. Biosensors have various applications in medicine, bioprocessing, environmental monitoring and more. Current research is developing nano-scale biosensors with improved sensitivity for early disease detection and other applications.
This document defines biosensors and describes their key components and operating principles. It then discusses the main types of biosensors: piezoelectric, calorimetric, optical, and electrochemical. Electrochemical biosensors are further divided into conductimetric, amperometric, and potentiometric sensors. The document provides details on the principles, methods of operation, strengths, and weaknesses of each type.
Leland Clark invented the Clark oxygen electrode, a pivotal biosensor that allows real-time monitoring of blood oxygen levels during surgery. A biosensor consists of a biological material like an enzyme or antibody immobilized on a transducer. When an analyte binds to the biological material, it produces a signal like electrons that are converted by the transducer into measurable electrical signals. Biosensors have important applications in clinical diagnostics like glucose monitoring, environmental monitoring of pollutants, and industrial processes like fermentation. Their low cost, small size, and sensitivity make them useful analytical tools.
A biosensor consists of three main components: a biological recognition element, a transducer, and associated electronics. The biological element interacts selectively with the target analyte and this interaction is converted to an electrical signal via the transducer. Common types of biosensors include electrochemical, physical, and optical biosensors. Electrochemical biosensors detect the product of an enzymatic reaction that generates or consumes electrons. Physical biosensors respond to physical stimuli like mass, temperature, or acoustic waves. Optical biosensors use optical signals like fluorescence. Biosensors provide rapid, specific, and reagent-free measurement of various targets with applications in food/environmental monitoring, healthcare diagnostics, and more.
A biosensor is a device that integrates a biological component with a physicochemical detector. There are three main components: the biological recognition element, transducer, and associated electronics. The biological element interacts selectively with the analyte. The transducer converts this interaction into a quantifiable signal like a current or voltage. The associated electronics then process and display the results. Common types of biosensors include electrochemical, optical, and ion channel switch biosensors which detect analytes through electrochemical reactions, light interactions, or ion flow respectively.
Biosensors (structure and application)Tarun Kapoor
This document discusses biosensors, including their structure, history, working principles, types, sensing elements, transducers, amplifiers, and applications. It defines a biosensor as a device that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector to detect analytes. The key components are a biological recognition element, transducer to convert the biological response into a measurable signal, and amplifier. Major applications mentioned include glucose monitoring, environmental monitoring, drug discovery, and food/agriculture testing. Disadvantages include inability to use heat sterilization and stability issues with biological materials.
Biosensors are the analytical device that are used to measure the concentration of analye , these type of biosensors are made with conjugation of enzymes as a biological eliment to quantify a (bio)chemical substance / analyte are reffered to as Enzyme-probe Biosensors .
Biosensors are of many types but focusing on Enzyme biosensors there are 4 main types which are briefly described in this power point presentation .
This document discusses biosensors. It defines a biosensor as a device that converts a biological signal into a measurable electrical signal. It notes that Professor Leland C. Clark is considered the father of biosensors. The document outlines the key parts of a biosensor including the bioreceptor, transducer, and signal processor. It describes different types of biosensors such as calorimetric, optical, resonant, piezoelectric, and electrochemical biosensors. Applications of biosensors include uses in food analysis, drug development, medical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring.
A biosensor is a device that uses biological components like tissues, cells or enzymes to detect chemicals or microbes. It converts the biological response into an electrical signal that is measured. Professor Leland Clark is considered the father of biosensors. A good biosensor provides accurate, precise, reproducible results cheaply and is small, portable and easy to use. The main components are a bioreceptor that interacts selectively with the target analyte, a transducer that converts the biological response into a measurable signal, and a signal processor that interprets the signal. Biosensors are classified by transducer type and have many applications like monitoring blood glucose, detecting environmental toxins, and aiding drug discovery.
This document provides an overview of biosensors, including their main components, working principle, types, applications, and future directions. It discusses how biosensors work by using a bioreceptor to interact with an analyte, which is then measured by a transducer and outputs a proportional signal. The main types described are calorimetric, potentiometric, acoustic wave, amperometric, and optical biosensors. Applications highlighted include use in food analysis, medical diagnosis like glucose monitoring, drug development, and environmental monitoring. Nanobiosensors and lab-on-a-chip technologies are also summarized as areas of ongoing research to improve biosensor sensitivity, size, and versatility.
This document provides an overview of enzyme-based biosensors. It discusses the history and components of biosensors, including the biological recognition element and transducer. Common types of biosensors are described based on their method of detection such as calorimetric, optical, and potentiometric. Examples like glucose meters and pregnancy tests are explained. Glucose meters work by measuring the hydrogen peroxide produced from the reaction of glucose and glucose oxidase using an electrode. Overall, the document provides a high-level introduction to the principles, components, applications and examples of enzyme-based biosensors.
A biosensor is an analytical device containing a biological element and transducer. The biological element interacts specifically with an analyte to produce a measurable signal. There are several types of biosensors including electrochemical, optical, thermal, and piezoelectric biosensors. Biosensors find various applications in pharmaceutical industries such as detection of pathogens in food and drugs, monitoring of bioprocesses, and environmental monitoring. They provide fast, accurate, and portable detection compared to conventional analytical methods.
This document discusses nanobiosensors, which are biosensors on the nano-scale size. It describes their two main components - a biological recognition element and a transducer. Various types are covered, including those using enzymes, antibodies, cells, nucleic acids, and nanoparticles. Applications discussed include medical uses like glucose monitoring, as well as environmental monitoring and agricultural quality control. The future potential of nanobiosensors for early cancer detection is also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of biosensors and nanobiosensors. It discusses that a biosensor combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector. It then describes the basic components and working principle of biosensors, including the biological recognition element, transducer, and detector. Some examples mentioned include glucose monitoring devices and pregnancy tests. The document also discusses nanobiosensors and how nanoparticles can enhance sensitivity and specificity. Applications mentioned include food analysis, medical diagnosis, and environmental monitoring. In the future, nanobiosensors may allow for applications like electronic paper, morphing devices, and smart contact lenses.
With increase in potential for bioterrorism, there is a great demand to detect the bio agents in the atmosphere in a quick, reliable and accurate method. Biosensor is a analytical device which uses enzymes, immunosystems, tissues that converts biological response into electrical, thermal or optical signals. Biosensor is an efficient and cost effective device which is most widely used for various day to day applications. Biosensor consists of two components: first the “sensing element” and second is the “transducers”. Sensing element may be either enzymes, antibodies, DNA, tissues or whole cells which then transduces the biochemical reaction into electrical signals. Basic advantage of biosensor is the use of nanomaterials, micro fluidics and transducer on a single chip. Biosensors have found its application in fermentation, food industry, diagnosis, imaging, DNA sequencing and biodefense. Development of nanotechnology leads to the development of macro and micro sensors which is small and sensitive.
Biosensors have become more popular with biochemistry and analytical chemistry. Biosensors are used to detect pollutants, microbial load, control parameters and metabolites. Leland C Clark is the father of biosensor who invented the glucose biosensor to determine the glucose level in the sample. Clark entrapped glucose oxidase in a dialysis membrane and placed within a oxygen electrode. DNA sensor has been included in the family of biosensors which can be used for disease diagnosis. Biosensors are fabricated using nanotechnology, these devices helps use to analyze in a quick and accurately.
This document provides an overview of biosensors. It defines a biosensor and discusses its key elements, including the biological recognition component, transducer, and electronic system. The document outlines the history of biosensors, from early work immobilizing enzymes in the 1910s-1920s to the development of the first glucose biosensor by Clark in 1962. It also describes various types of biosensors like calorimetric, piezoelectric, electrochemical, and optical, as well as DNA-based biosensors. Applications of biosensors discussed include food analysis, medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and more.
BIOSENSOR, PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY, B PHARAM, 6TH SEM
Basic components of Biosensor
Working of Biosensor
Types of Biosensor
Electrochemical biosensor
Optical biosensor
Thermal biosensor
Resonant biosensor
Ion-sensitive biosensor
Applications of Biosensor
Nano sensors
sensing device
Father of the Biosensor
components of BIOSENSOR
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF BIOSENSOR
BIO-ELEMENT
TRANSDUCER
DETECTOR
RESPONSE FROM BIO-ELEMENT
IDEAL BIOSENSOR
BASIC CHARACTERESTICS
This document provides an overview of biosensors and their applications. It discusses the basic components and principles of how biosensors work by using an immobilized biological material like an enzyme to interact with an analyte and produce a measurable signal. Some key types of biosensors described include electrochemical biosensors like amperometric biosensors, potentiometric biosensors, conductometric biosensors, thermometric biosensors, and optical biosensors. Specific examples like blood glucose biosensors, lactate biosensors, and biosensors to detect urinary infections are also summarized.
A nanobiosensor is a biosensor that operates on the nano-scale and combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector. Nanobiosensors can be optical, electrical, electrochemical, use nanotubes or nanowires, and come in viral or nanoshell variations. They function by detecting a biological recognition element through a transducer. Nanobiosensors have applications in DNA sensing, immunosensing, cell-based sensing, point-of-care testing, bacteria sensing, enzyme sensing, and environmental monitoring. Future applications include cancer monitoring through the detection of cancer biomarkers from body fluids.
DNA biosensors use the principles of nucleic acid hybridization and have different forms including electrodes, chips, and crystals. There are three main types - optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric biosensors. DNA probes can be immobilized onto transducer surfaces through simple adsorption onto carbon, covalent linkage to gold via alkanethiol monolayers, or using biotinylated DNA and avidin/streptavidin complexes on surfaces. The immobilization method depends on the surface and involves covalent coupling or functional group interactions.
Biosensors are analytical devices that combine a biological component with a physiochemical detector. There are several types of biosensors classified by their bioreceptor or transducer component. The biological element interacts selectively with an analyte and this interaction is converted to a measurable signal via the transducer. Biosensors have various applications in medicine, bioprocessing, environmental monitoring and more. Current research is developing nano-scale biosensors with improved sensitivity for early disease detection and other applications.
This document defines biosensors and describes their key components and operating principles. It then discusses the main types of biosensors: piezoelectric, calorimetric, optical, and electrochemical. Electrochemical biosensors are further divided into conductimetric, amperometric, and potentiometric sensors. The document provides details on the principles, methods of operation, strengths, and weaknesses of each type.
Leland Clark invented the Clark oxygen electrode, a pivotal biosensor that allows real-time monitoring of blood oxygen levels during surgery. A biosensor consists of a biological material like an enzyme or antibody immobilized on a transducer. When an analyte binds to the biological material, it produces a signal like electrons that are converted by the transducer into measurable electrical signals. Biosensors have important applications in clinical diagnostics like glucose monitoring, environmental monitoring of pollutants, and industrial processes like fermentation. Their low cost, small size, and sensitivity make them useful analytical tools.
biosensors;components,types , applications and GMO biosensorsCherry
Biosensors are devices that helps to determine the concentration of an analyte in a sample. In this ppt, the definition, components, types, applications and GMO biosensors have been described.
A chemical sensor is a device that can provide information about the chemical composition of its environment through a measurable physical signal correlated with the concentration of a certain chemical species. It involves two main steps - recognition, where analyte molecules interact selectively with receptor sites, and transduction, where a characteristic physical parameter varies and is reported by an integrated transducer as an output signal. A biosensor is a type of chemical sensor that uses a biological component for recognition and detection of an analyte. It combines the biological component with a physicochemical detector that transforms the signal from the interaction into a measurable output. Common examples include blood glucose biosensors using the enzyme glucose oxidase.
Biosensors working and application in pharmaceutical industryShivraj Jadhav
Biosensors convert biological responses into electrical signals and were pioneered by Professor Leland C. Clark. They should provide accurate, precise, reproducible results using cheap, small, portable devices operable by semi-skilled users. Biosensors contain bioreceptors, transducers, signal processors and displays. Depending on the transducer, examples include electrochemical, amperometric, potentiometric, conductometric, thermometric, optical and piezoelectric biosensors. Biosensors have wide applications in medicine such as glucose monitoring, infectious disease diagnosis, and detection of cardiac markers.
This document defines a biosensor and describes its components and operating principles. A biosensor consists of a biological recognition element and physiochemical transducer. The biological element interacts selectively with the analyte of interest and the transducer converts the biological response into an electrical or optical signal. Common biological elements used include enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, and whole cells. Transducers can be electrical, optical, thermal, or piezoelectric. The signal is then related to the analyte concentration. Biosensors can be designed to detect a variety of analytes and find applications in food testing, healthcare diagnostics, bioprocess monitoring, and environmental analysis. Future work aims to improve biosensor immobilization techniques, sensitivity, selectivity,
This document provides a summary of the history and components of biosensors. It begins with a timeline of important developments in biosensor technology from 1962 to present day. It then defines what a biosensor is, including definitions from IUPAC. The key components of a biosensor are described as the biological recognition element, transducer, and associated electronics. Common biological elements and transducers used in biosensors are listed. The working principle is explained with diagrams. Applications of various types of biosensors are discussed, including those using enzymes, microorganisms, cells/tissues, organelles and bio-mimetic materials. Methods of immobilizing the biological recognition element are also summarized.
A biosensor is an analytical tool that detects a biological response and converts it into an electrical signal. It consists of a biological recognition element, like an enzyme or antibody, connected to a transducer that detects the concentration of an analyte. Biosensors can detect molecules, proteins, toxins, and more. They are used for applications like medical diagnosis, food analysis, environmental monitoring, and more. Some examples are pregnancy tests and glucose monitors. Biosensors offer advantages like low cost, simplicity, and rapid response times.
Biosensors combine a biological component with a detection device. They can detect analytes and provide information about biological systems. Biosensors have three main parts: (1) a biological recognition element (like enzymes, cells, nucleic acids, microbes) that interacts with the target analyte, (2) a transducer that converts this interaction into a measurable signal, and (3) a processing system. Biosensors are useful for monitoring parameters in various fields like healthcare, environmental protection, and food safety. They provide analytical tools to study bio-material structure, composition and function.
The document discusses biosensors, which integrate a biological recognition element with a physiochemical transducer to produce an electronic signal proportional to the concentration of an analyte. It provides examples of common biosensors like those used for glucose monitoring and pregnancy testing. The key components of biosensors are described as the analyte, sample handling/preparation, detection/recognition, and signal analysis. Common sensing techniques include electrochemical, fluorescence, and optical methods. Applications of biosensors include medical diagnostics, food analysis, and environmental monitoring.
Biosensor and its Applications.
Biosensors are analytical devices that combine a biological component with a physicochemical detector to provide specific and sensitive detection of target analytes.
Importance: Biosensors have revolutionized the way we detect and monitor various substances, from biomarkers to environmental pollutants.
Biosensor is an leading Biological technology now. It is an application of Biotechnology. It makes laboratory tests more fast and easy to carry out. It is cost effective, more accurate precise, and have less errors.
Biotechnology is challenging subject to teach and understand also..its a very interesting subject in pharmacy..all the power point is made as per your syllabus with point to point discussion.
thank you
Biosensors are analytical devices used for the detection of chemical substances that combine a biological component with a physicochemical detector. They convert a biological response into an electrical signal and can detect, record, and transmit information about physiological changes or processes. There are various types of biosensors classified based on the transducer used, including potentiometric, amperometric, optic-based using techniques like surface plasmon resonance, piezoelectric, and calorimetric biosensors. The key components of all biosensors are the bioreceptor that binds to the target analyte, and a transducer that converts the biological response into a measurable signal.
Biosensors have four main components: a biorecognition element, transducer, signal processing device, and analyte or substrate. The biorecognition element specifically binds to the analyte, causing a change in a physical or chemical property that is detected by the transducer. Common types of transducers include calorimetric/thermal, optical, resonant, piezoelectric, and electrochemical. An example is a glucose biosensor, which uses the enzyme glucose oxidase as the biorecognition element. Glucose reacts with glucose oxidase, producing a product that can be detected electrochemically by a platinum electrode transducer.
Dr.S.Karthikumar
Asst. Prof., Dept. of Biotechnology
Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology
S.P.G.C.Nagar, Virudhunagar, Tamilnadu, India
skarthikumar@gmail.com
Biosensor , its components, working and types of biosensorskavyaprakash17
The document discusses biosensors, which combine a biological component with a physicochemical detector. It defines biosensors as analytical devices used to detect analytes. The basic components of a biosensor are a biological recognition element, transducer to convert the biological response into an electrical signal, and a detector. Common types of biosensors include electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, and ion-sensitive biosensors. The document also outlines the basic principles, components, characteristics, and applications of biosensors.
Molecule selective electrode system and bio sensorMayurMarvaniya1
Electrodes designed for the detection of molecules instead of ions
Biosensor: A biosensor is an analytical device which converts the biological signal into a measurable electrical signal.
Professor Leland C Clark is the father of Biosenor. Professor Leland C Clark 1918–2005
This document discusses biosensors, which are analytical devices that combine a biological component with a physicochemical detector. It defines biosensors and describes their basic components and working principles. The document then provides a history of biosensors, noting key developments. It discusses the main types of biosensors, including optical, calorimetric, potentiometric, piezoelectric, and electrochemical biosensors. Finally, it outlines some ideal characteristics of biosensors and lists their applications in fields like food analysis, medical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and more.
Biosensors are analytical devices that measure the concentration of an analyte using a biological material like an enzyme, antibody, or nucleic acid. The biological material interacts with the analyte and produces a physical or chemical change detected by a transducer, which converts it into an electrical signal proportional to the analyte concentration. Biosensors can be classified based on their transducer, such as electrochemical, optical, thermal, and piezoelectric biosensors. They have applications in medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, food safety testing, and more due to their sensitivity, specificity, and ability to provide rapid, real-time results.
Respiratory stimulants: types, complete discussion on indications, contraindications, assessment, patient notes and examples of stimulants both central and respiratory
Expectorants and Antitussives: types, complete discussion on indications, contraindications, assessment, patient notes and examples of expectorants and antitussives
The document discusses the actions of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosteroids. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroids like cortisol and aldosterone. Corticosteroids have mineralocorticoid effects like sodium retention and glucocorticoid effects like increasing blood glucose. They suppress inflammation and immune responses. Common glucocorticoids used include hydrocortisone, prednisone, and dexamethasone. Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid. Corticosteroids have many beneficial effects but also side effects like high blood pressure, bone loss, and weight gain if overused.
Complete pharmacology of Non steroidal Anti inflammatory Drugs, classification, Mechanism of action, Pharmacological actions, Indications, Contraindications, Adverse effects
Pharmacology laboratory experiment, both invivo and invitro includes interpolation, matching , bracketing, three point, four point bioassays with a note on hypoglycemic activity, acute skin irritation, acute eye irritaiton, pyrogen test, gastrointestinal motility test, physiological salt solutions
This document discusses antiplatelet drugs, including their indications, mechanisms of action, administration, adverse effects, and limitations. Antiplatelet drugs are classified as oral or parenteral agents and can include aspirin, clopidogrel, ticagrelor, prasugrel, cilostazol, dipyridamole, tirofiban, and eptifibatide. They work by various mechanisms including inhibiting platelet aggregation and receptor antagonism. Common indications are acute coronary syndrome, stenting and other cardiovascular procedures. Adverse effects include bleeding risks, while limitations include variable patient responses, administration methods, and side effect profiles.
This document defines and describes the main types of shock: hypovolemic, septic, cardiogenic, neurogenic, and anaphylactic shock. For each type of shock, the summary lists common causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, and typical treatments.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
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ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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2. Definition
A biosensor is an analytical device containing an immobilized
biological material (enzyme, antibody, nucleic acid, hormone,
organelle or whole cell) which can specifically interact with
an analyte and produce physical, chemical or electrical signals
that can be measured.
3. • An analyte is a compound (e.g. glucose, urea, drug,
pesticide) whose concentration has to be measured.
• Biosensors basically involve the quantitative analysis
of various substances by converting their biological
actions into measurable signals. A great majority of
biosensors have immobilized enzymes.
4. • The performance of the biosensors is mostly
dependent on the specificity and sensitivity of the
biological reaction, besides the stability of the
enzyme.
5. The term is used in the literature in many ways.
Some definitions:
1. A device used to measure biologically-derived signals
2. A device that “senses” using “bio mimetic” (imitative of
life) strategies ex., "artificial nose”
3. A device that detects the presence of bio molecules
6. “A self-contained integrated device which [sic] is capable of
providing specific quantitative or semi-quantitative analytical
information using a biological recognition element which is
in direct spatial contact with a transducer element.
7. Uses of biosensors
1. Quality assurance in agriculture, food and pharmaceutical
industries ex. E. Coli, Salmonella
2. Monitoring environmental pollutants & biological warfare
agents ex., Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) spores
3. Medical diagnostics ex., glucose
4. Biological assays ex., DNA microarray
8. Classes of biosensors
A) Catalytic biosensors:
• kinetic devices that measure steady-state concentration of a
transducer-detectable species formed/lost due to a bio
catalytic reaction
• Monitored quantities:
• Rate of product formation
• Disappearance of a reactant
• Inhibition of a reaction
10. B) Affinity biosensors:
• Devices in which receptor molecules bind analyte
molecules “irreversibly”, causing a physicochemical
change that is detected by a transducer
• Receptor molecules:
– Antibodies
– Nucleic acids
– Hormone receptors
13. 1. Analyte: chemical/biological target
2. Semi permeable Membrane : allows preferential passage of
analyte (limits fouling)
3. Detection Element (Biological): provides specific
recognition/detection of analyte
4. Semi permeable Membrane : (some designs) preferential
passage of by product of recognition event
5. Electrolyte: (electrochemical-based) ion conduction medium
between electrodes
6. Transducer: converts detection event into a measurable
signal
14. Detection Elements
1) CATALYSIS STRATEGIES: enzymes most common ex.,
glucose oxidase, urease (catalyzes urea hydrolysis), alcohol
oxidase, etc.
• Commercial Example: glucose sensor using glucose oxidase
(GOD)
– Glucose + O2 + H2O → Gluconic acid + H2O2
• 3 potential measurement routes:
1. pH change (acid production)
2. O2 consumption (fluorophore monitor)
3. H2O2 production (electrochemical)
15. • Commercially Available Biosensors: glucose, lactate, alcohol,
sucrose, galactose, uric acid, alpha amylase, choline, L-
lysine—all amperometric based (O2 /H2O2)
2) AFFINITY BINDING STRATEGIES: antibodies & nucleic acid
fragments most common
• Commercial Example: DNA chip
16. Classification of biosensors
• Biosensors can be classified by their bio transducer type.
• The most common types of bio transducers used in biosensors are:
1. Electrochemical Biosensors
2. Optical Biosensors
3. Electronic Biosensors
4. Piezoelectric Biosensors
5. Gravimetric Biosensors
6. Pyroelectric Biosensors
7. Magnetic Biosensors
17. B) Transducers
1) Electrochemical: translate a chemical event to an electrical
event by measuring current passed (amperometric = most
common), potential change between electrodes, etc.
• Oxidation reaction of the reduced chemical species
Cred: Cred → C ox + ne−
• Amperometric Devices Measured current is mass transport
limited
18.
19. 2. Photochemical: translate chemical event to a
photochemical event, measure light intensity and wavelength
(λ)
A. Colorimetric: measure absorption intensity
– Examples: Indirect: H2O2 + Dye Precursor → Colored Dye peroxidise
enzyme
20.
21.
22. 3) Piezoelectric: translate a mass change from a
chemical adsorption event to electrical signal
Example: Quartz Crystal Microbalance
24. 4. Microencapsulation: inside liposome's, or absorbed in fine carbon
particles that are incorporated in a gel or membrane
5. Adsorption: direct adsorption onto membrane or transducer; can
also be adsorbed onto pre-adsorbed proteins, e.g., albumin; avidin
(via biotin linker)
6. Covalent binding (via –COOH, -NH2, -OH chemistries) or
crosslinking (ex., via glutaraldehyde) to transducer or membrane
surface
25. Ideal Biosensor Characteristics
1. Sensitivity: high ∆S/ ∆c analyte (S = signal)
2. Simple calibration (with standards)
3. Linear Response: ∆S/ ∆c analyte constant over large
concentration range
4. Background Signal: low noise, with ability for correction (ex.,
2nd fiber sensor head lacking biological species to measure
background O2 changes)
5. No hysteresis—signal independent of prior history of
measurements
26. 6. Selectivity—response only to changes in target analyte
concentration
7. Long-term Stability—not subject to fouling, poisoning, or oxide
formation that interferes with signal; prolonged stability of
biological molecule
8. Dynamic Response—rapid response to variation in analyte
concentration
9. Biocompatibility—minimize clotting, platelet interactions,
activation of complement when in direct contact with bloodstream
28. 2. Integration/Miniaturization (microfluidic “lab on a
chip” devices)
• Motorola Labs prototype microfluidic biochip for full
DNA analysis from blood samples (601002 mm3 )
1. Cell Separation
2. Cell Lyses
3. DNA Amplification
4. DNA Detection
29. 3. Implantable Devices: ex., Medtronic glucose sensor implant
in major vein of heart—shear from blood flow inhibits cell
attachment
4. Living cells/tissues as biological element
30. Components
1. Biological component —enzyme, cell etc.
2. Physical component —transducer, amplifier etc.
– The biological component recognises and interacts with the
analyte to produce a physical change (a signal) that can be
detected, by the transducer.
– In practice, the biological material is appropriately immobilized
on to the transducer and the so prepared biosensors can be
repeatedly used several times (may be around 10,000 times) for a
long period (many months).
31. Principle of a Biosensor:
• The desired biological material (usually a specific enzyme) is
immobilized by conventional methods (physical or membrane
entrapment, non- covalent or covalent binding).
• This immobilized biological material is in intimate contact
with the transducer.
• The analyte binds to the biological material to form a bound
analyte which in turn produces the electronic response that can
be measured.
32. •In some instances, the analyte is
converted to a product which may
be associated with the release of
heat, gas (oxygen), electrons or
hydrogen ions.
•The transducer can convert the
product linked changes into
electrical signals which can be
amplified and measured.
33. Types of Biosensors:
• There are several types of biosensors based on the
sensor devices and the type of biological materials
used.
• A selected few of them are discussed below
34.
35.
36. Electrochemical Biosensors:
• Electrochemical biosensors are simple devices based on the
measurements of electric current, ionic or conductance
changes carried out by bio electrodes.
37. Amperometric Biosensors:
• These biosensors are based on the movement of electrons (i.e.
determination of electric current) as a result of enzyme-
catalysed redox reactions. Normally, a constant voltage passes
between the electrodes which can be determined.
• In an enzymatic reaction that occurs, the substrate or product
can transfer an electron with the electrode surface to be
oxidised or reduced
38.
39. • This results in an altered current flow that can be measured.
The magnitude of the current is proportional to the substrate
concentration.
• Clark oxygen electrode which determines reduction of O2, is
the simplest form of amperometric biosensor. Determination of
glucose by glucose oxidase is a good example.
40. • In the first generation amperometric biosensors (described
above), there is a direct transfer of the electrons released to the
electrode which may pose some practical difficulties.
• A second generation amperometric biosensors have been
developed wherein a mediator (e.g. ferrocenes) takes up the
electrons and then transfers them to electrode. These
biosensors however, are yet to become popular.
41. Blood-glucose biosensor:
• It is a good example of amperometric biosensors, widely used
throughout the world by diabetic patients. Blood- glucose biosensor
looks like a watch pen and has a single use disposable electrode
(consisting of a Ag/ AgCI reference electrode and a carbon working
electrode) with glucose oxidase and a derivative of ferrocenes (as a
mediator).
• The electrodes are covered with hydrophilic mesh guaze for even
spreading of a blood drop.
• The disposable test strips, sealed in aluminium foil have a shelf-life
of around six months.
42. • An amperometric biosensor for assessing the freshness of fish
has been developed.
• The accumulation of ionosine and hypoxanthine in relation to
the other nucleotides indicates freshness of fish-how long dead
and stored.
• A biosensor utilizing immobilized nucleoside phosphorylase
and xanthine oxidase over an electrode has been developed for
this purpose.
43. Potentiometric Biosensors:
• In these biosensors, changes in ionic concentrations are
determined by use of ion- selective electrodes.
• pH electrode is the most commonly used ion-selective
electrode, since many enzymatic reactions involve the release
or absorption of hydrogen ions.
• The other important electrodes are ammonia-selective and
CO2 selective electrodes.
44.
45. • The potential difference obtained between the Potentiometric
electrode and the reference electrode can be measured.
• It is proportional to the concentration of the substrate.
• The major limitation of potentiometric biosensors is the
sensitivity of enzymes to ionic concentrations such as H+ and
NH+
4.
46. • Ion-selective field effect transistors (ISFET) are the
low cost devices that can be used for miniaturization
of potentiometric biosensors.
• A good example is an ISFET biosensor used to
monitor intra-myocardial pH during open-heart
surgery.
47. Conduct Metric Biosensors:
• There are several reactions in the biological systems that bring
about changes in the ionic species.
• These ionic species alter the electrical conductivity which can
be measured.
• A good example of conduct metric biosensor is the urea
biosensor utilizing immobilized urease. Urease catalyses the
following reaction.
48. • The above reaction is associated with drastic alteration in ionic
concentration which can be used for monitoring urea
concentration.
• In fact, urea biosensors are very successfully used during
dialysis and renal surgery.
49. Thermometric Biosensors:
• Several biological reactions are associated with the production
of heat and this forms the basis of thermometric biosensors.
• They are more commonly referred to as thermal biosensors or
calorimetric biosensors.
• It consists of a heat insulated box fitted with heat exchanger
(aluminium cylinder).
50.
51. • The reaction takes place in a small enzyme packed bed reactor.
• As the substrate enters the bed, it gets converted to a product
and heat is generated. The difference in the temperature
between the substrate and product is measured by thermistors.
• Even a small change in the temperature can be detected by
thermal biosensors.
52. • Thermometric biosensors are in use for the estimation of serum
cholesterol.
• When cholesterol gets oxidized by the enzyme cholesterol oxidase,
heat is generated which can be measured.
• Likewise, estimations of glucose (enzyme-glucose oxidase), urea
(enzyme-urease), uric acid (enzyme-uricase) and penicillin G
(enzyme-P lactamase) can be done by these biosensors.
• Thermometric biosensors can be used as a part of enzyme-linked
immunoassay (ELISA) and the new technique is referred to as
thermometric ELISA (TELISA).
53. Optical Biosensors:
• Optical biosensors are the devices that utilize the principle of
optical measurements (absorbance, fluorescence,
chemiluminescence etc.).
• They employ the use of fibre optics and optoelectronic
transducers.
• The word optrode, representing a condensation of the words
optical and electrode is commonly used.
• Optical biosensors primarily involve enzymes and antibodies
as the transducing elements.
54. • Optical biosensors allow a safe non-electrical remote sensing
of materials.
• Another advantage is that these biosensors usually do not
require reference sensors, as the comparative signal can be
generated using the same source of light as the sampling
sensor.
• Some of the important optical biosensors are briefly described
hereunder.
55.
56. • The amount of fluorescence generated by the dyed film is
dependent on the O2.
• This is because O2 has a quenching (reducing) effect on the
fluorescence.
• As the concentration of lactate in the reaction mixture
increases, O2 is utilized, and consequently there is a
proportionate decrease in the quenching effect.
• The result is that there is an increase in the fluorescent output
which can be measured.
57. Optical Biosensors for Blood Glucose:
• Estimation of blood glucose is very important for monitoring
of diabetes.
• A simple technique involving paper strips impregnated with
reagents is used for this purpose.
• The strips contain glucose oxidase, horse radish peroxidase
and a chromogen (e.g. toluidine).
58. • The intensity of the colour of the dye can be measured by
using a portable reflectance meter. Glucose strip production is
a very big industry worldwide.
• Colorimetric test strips of cellulose coated with appropriate
enzymes and reagents are in use for the estimation of several
blood and urine parameters.
59. Luminescent biosensors to detect urinary infections:
• The microorganisms in the urine, causing urinary tract infections,
can be detected by employing luminescent biosensors.
• For this purpose, the immobilized (or even free) enzyme namely
luciferase is used.
• The microorganisms, on lysis release ATP which can be detected by
the following reaction.
• The quantity of light output can be measured by electronic devices.
60. Other Optical Biosensors:
• Optical fibre sensing devices are in use for measuring
pH, pCO2 and pO2 in critical care, and surgical
monitoring.
61. Piezoelectric Biosensors:
• Piezoelectric biosensors are based on the principle of acoustics
(sound vibrations), hence they are also called as acoustic biosensors.
• Piezoelectric crystals form the basis of these biosensors.
• The crystals with positive and negative charges vibrate with
characteristic frequencies.
• Adsorption of certain molecules on the crystal surface alters the
resonance frequencies which can be measured by electronic devices.
• Enzymes with gaseous substrates or inhibitors can also be attached
to these crystals.
62. • A piezoelectric biosensor for organ phosphorus insecticide has
been developed incorporating acetylcholine esterase.
• Likewise, a biosensor for formaldehyde has been developed by
incorporating formaldehyde dehydrogenase.
• A biosensor for cocaine in gas phase has been created by
attaching cocaine antibodies to the surface of piezoelectric
crystal.
63. Limitations of Piezoelectric Biosensors:
• It is very difficult to use these biosensors to determine
substances in solution.
• This is because the crystals may cease to oscillate completely
in viscous liquids.
64. Whole Cell Biosensors:
• Whole cell biosensors are particularly useful for multi-step or
cofactor requiring reactions. These biosensors may employ
live or dead microbial cells.
• A selected list of some organisms along with the analytes and
the types of biosensors used is given in Table.
65.
66. Advantages of microbial cell biosensors:
– The microbial cells are cheaper with longer half-lives.
Further, they are less sensitive to variations in pH and
temperature compared to isolated enzymes.
Limitations of microbial cell biosensors:
– The whole cells, in general, require longer periods for
catalysis.
– In addition, the specificity and sensitivity of whole cell
biosensors may be lower compared to that of enzymes.
67. Immuno-Biosensors:
• Immune-biosensors or immunochemical biosensors work on
the principle of immunological specificity, coupled with
measurement (mostly) based on amperometric or
potentiometric biosensors.
• There are several possible configurations for immune-
biosensors and some of them are depicted in Fig. 21.18.
68.
69. Figure description:
• An immobilized antibody to which antigen can directly bind (Fig.
21.18A).
• An immobilized antigen that binds to antibody which in turn can
bind to a free second antigen (Fig. 21.18B).
• An antibody bound to immobilized antigen which can be partially
released by competing with free antigen (Fig. 21.18C).
• An immobilized antibody binding free antigen and enzyme labelled
antigen in competition (Fig. 21.18D).
70. • For the biosensors 1-3, piezoelectric devices can be used.
• The immuno-biosensors using enzymes (4 above, Fig. 21.18D)
are the most commonly used.
• These biosensors employ thermometric or amperometric
devices.
• The activity of the enzymes bound to immuno-biosensors is
dependent on the relative concentrations of the labeled and
unlabeled antigens.
• The concentration of the unlabeled antigen can be determined
by assaying the enzyme activity.