This article aims to scientifically demonstrate that living beings and planets like the Earth, stars like the Sun and the Universe we live in will come to an end due to entropy because they will evolve over time to a state of disorder. Entropy is commonly associated with the degree of disorder in a system. The greater the disorder of a thermodynamic system, the greater its entropy. All forms of life have a net increase in entropy. To sustain life, it is necessary to transfer energy to the living being. If you fail to do so, the organism soon dies and always tends towards the destruction of the order it had, that is, towards disorder or an increase in entropy. Planet Earth increases its entropy due to the increased exploitation of its resources, deforestation, pollution, among other sources of degradation. The greater this degradation, the greater the entropy of the planet, which could reach such a high stage that life on Earth will no longer be possible. The Sun's death will occur when it is in an advanced phase of its life and all its fuel, hydrogen, is consumed. The thermal death of the Universe will occur when it reaches its state of maximum entropy (state of thermodynamic equilibrium) and darkness reigns in the Universe, marking its "death". Based on the above, all living beings, all planets, all stars and the Universe, which constitute thermodynamic systems, will end when their respective entropies reach the maximum value. To avoid the end of human beings as a species, it is necessary to make scientific and technological advances that ensure human life outside Earth and identify the existence of parallel universes to open the possibility for human beings to survive the end of our Universe by heading to parallel universes.

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SCIENCE EXPLAINS THE CAUSES OF THE FINITUDE OF EVERYTHING
Fernando Alcoforado*
This article aims to scientifically demonstrate that living beings and planets like the Earth,
stars like the Sun and the Universe we live in will come to an end due to entropy because
they will evolve over time to a state of disorder. Entropy is commonly associated with the
degree of disorder in a system. The greater the disorder of a thermodynamic system, the
greater its entropy. Entropy is a thermodynamic quantity associated with the
irreversibility of the states of a physical system. The article Sistemas abertos, fechados e
isolados (geologia) (Open, closed and isolated systems (geology)) informs that, in Nature,
three types of systems can be considered [1]: 1) open system, where there is exchange of
energy and matter with the surrounding environment; 2) closed system, where there is an
exchange of energy with the environment, but no exchange of matter, so that it remains
constant and, 3) isolated system, in which there is no exchange of energy or matter.
Living beings are examples of an open system because they are capable of exchanging
energy and matter with the external environment (planet Earth). The planet Earth and the
Sun are examples of closed systems, as they exchange energy with the surrounding
environment, but the exchange of matter is not significant. Our Universe is an example
of an isolated system because it does not exchange matter or energy with parallel
universes, if they exist.
1. Entropy and thermodynamic system
At the beginning of studies on thermodynamics, it was discovered that not all the heat
produced in a steam engine was transformed into work. This energy that was lost from
the system to the external environment was called entropy, which is the ratio between the
amount of heat exchanged with the system and the initial absolute temperature of the
system.. Entropy theory aims to measure the energy degradation that occurs in a system
according to the Second Law of Thermodynamics and the fact that in any physical change
not all of the energy that is in the initial system and that constitutes the body is found in
the system and constitution of the final body. According to the Second Law of
Thermodynamics or second principle of Thermodynamics, the amount of entropy of any
thermodynamic system tends to increase with time, until it reaches a maximum value.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics is related to the concept of entropy. It completes
the First Law of Thermodynamics, which is based on the principle of conservation of
energy. A thermodynamic system consists of input, processing and output elements. The
steam engine is an example of a thermodynamic system that transforms the thermal
energy of steam into mechanical energy using a piston that moves inside a cylinder. The
difference between the heat input to the thermodynamic system of a steam engine and the
output heat corresponds to the work done. A boiler is another example of a
thermodynamic system that produces work by converting the energy of the fuel used into
heat, and therefore into thermal energy. Another example of entropy is the lighting
provided by incandescent lamps, in which not all of the electricity (energy) used is
converted into the form of light (useful energy), but a part is lost as heat (useless energy
for lighting). Thermal energy cannot be completely converted into work due to entropy.
In his work, Até o fim do tempo (Until the end of time) [2], Brian Greene, American
theoretical physicist and mathematician, professor of Physics at Cornell University from
1990 to 1995 and at Columbia University since 1996 and president of the World Science
Festival since 2008, states that, in the case of the steam engine, approximately 95% of the
heat generated by burning wood or coal was lost to the environment as waste. Greene

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adds that “the Second Law of Thermodynamics applies to the entire Universe. According
to Brian Greene, the Second Law of Thermodynamics describes a fundamental
characteristic inherent in all matter and energy, regardless of its structure or form, whether
animate or inanimate. It reveals that everything in the Universe has the overwhelming
tendency to degrade, deteriorate, languish. Greene also claims, referring to Bertrand
Russell (British mathematician, philosopher, logician and intellectual who had a
considerable influence on mathematics, logic, set theory, linguistics, artificial
intelligence, cognitive science, computer science and various areas of analytical
philosophy , especially philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of language,
epistemology and metaphysics) who said that “the future apparently holds continual
deterioration, a relentless conversion of productive energy into useless heat, a constant
exhaustion, as it were, of the batteries that power reality”. The Second Law of
Thermodynamics applies to living beings like humans, to planets like Earth, to stars like
the Sun and to the Universe in which we live.
2. Entropy of living beings
The article Entropia dos seres vivos (Entropy of living beings) [3] informs that living
beings are open thermodynamic systems, that is, they are capable of exchanging energy
with the external environment. The human body can be compared to a thermodynamic
system that draws heat from a source (food) and does work using part of that energy. The
World Health Organization recommends that every human being, to stay healthy, should
ingest about 2000 food calories daily. As entropy designates the generalized tendency of
all systems in the Universe, whether natural or man-made, to deteriorate, the human body
also goes through a process of entropy because it grows old and one day it dies. Figure 1
explains the entropy of living beings.
Figure 1- Entropy of living beings
Source: https://evolucionismo.org/rodrigovras/termodinamica-e-evolucao-o-velho-argumento-da-
segunda-lei/
Entropy shows us that the order we find in nature is the result of the action of fundamental
forces that, when interacting with matter, allow it to organize itself. Since the formation
of our planet, around five billion years ago, life has only managed to develop at the
expense of transforming the energy received by the Sun into a useful form, that is, capable

3. 3
of maintaining organization. For this, we pay a high price: much of this energy is lost,
mainly in the form of heat. Thus, in order for us to exist, we pay the price of increasing
the disorganization of our planet. When the Sun can no longer provide this energy, in
another five billion years, there will be no more life on Earth..
The article A entropia é contrária à existência de seres humanos? (Is entropy contrary to
the existence of human beings?) [4] reports that the Second Law of Thermodynamics may
seem contradictory to the existence of living organisms, because they are extremely
organized. That is why the dilemma arises of knowing whether its existence is contrary
to this principle of Thermodynamics. The answer is no, there is no contradiction. The
explanation is that all living organisms, be they bacteria, plants or animals, draw energy
from their surroundings, for example, obtaining energy through the combustion of
organic matter, to increase and maintain their complex organization. For this reason,
entropy decreases in living beings. However, that degree of order of its components,
which decreases entropy, continues to increase the entropy around it. So, in summary: all
forms of life, plus the waste products of their metabolisms, have a net increase in entropy.
In addition, to sustain life, it is necessary to transfer energy to the living being. If you fail
to do so, the organism soon dies and always tends towards the destruction of the order it
had, that is, towards disorder or an increase in entropy.
The article Vida, morte e termodinâmica (Life, death and thermodynamics) [5] informs
that living beings, according to thermodynamics, are capable of controlling this disorder
caused by entropy due to the fact that they are open systems, have the capacity to
incorporate free energy received from an external source, allowing the living being to
maintain order in its system. All this causes the life cycle to maintain its thermodynamic
balance. Our life constantly depends on the exchange of substances, and it depends a lot
on solar energy, which is indispensable for life, for the continuation of species and for the
conservation of morphological and functional characteristics. Everything that happens in
Nature means an increase in entropy in the part of the world where it happens. Thus, a
living organism continually increases its entropy – or, as one might say, produces positive
entropy – and thus tends to approach the dangerous state of maximum entropy, which is
death. An organism can only keep itself aloof, that is, alive, through a continual process
of extracting negative entropy from the environment. An organism actually feeds on
negative entropy. All living beings that we know obey the same set of laws: the physical
laws, which govern the macro and microscopic world. All activities carried out by living
beings depend on energy, which, according to Physics, is "capacity to perform work".
With regard to entropy in human beings, it is clear that, over time, our organism is no
longer able to win the battle of life. We begin to feel the effects of time and age. Our body
can no longer keep the skin with the same elasticity, hair falls out and our organs no
longer work properly. At a certain point, a fatal failure occurs and we die. As the
maintenance of life is a struggle for organization, when this ceases, the body immediately
begins to deteriorate and quickly loses all the characteristics that took many years to
establish. The information accumulated over the years, recorded in our brain from specific
configurations of neurons, will be lost and cannot be recovered again with the complete
deterioration of our brain.
3. Entropy and the planet Earth
The article O planeta Terra como um sistema que opera como um organismo vivo (Planet
Earth as a system that operates like a living organism) [13] demonstrates that the Earth
behaves in accordance with the Gaia Hypothesis formulated by scientist James Lovelock,

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which describes the Earth as a system that operates like a living organism. System is an
integrated set of interrelated and interdependent components that seek to achieve a goal.
The planet Earth is a system that is part of a larger system that is the solar system that is
characterized as a group of planets, small celestial bodies, natural satellites, etc., which
are under the gravitational domain of a star like the Sun. In turn, the solar system is part
of a larger system that is the Milky Way Galaxy, which, in turn, is part of a larger system
that is the Universe. The Earth establishes energetic exchanges with the Universe, suffers
the gravitational effect of the Moon, the Sun and the planets of the solar system, receives
energy emanating from the Sun, which is used in several of its biological and geological
processes and loses energy to space under the heat form.
The article A Terra, o cosmos e a entropia (The Earth, the cosmos and entropy) [6]
informs that planet Earth is not an isolated system. The Earth receives electromagnetic
radiation, mostly coming from the Sun, it is continuously bombarded both by elementary
particles (cosmic radiation, neutrinos, etc.) and by meteorites, and even converts
gravitational energy from the Earth-Moon and Earth-Sun systems into energy mechanics
of planetary fluids (tidal), of which a small part is transformed into heat. However, almost
all energy exchanges between Earth and outer space take the form of electromagnetic
radiation. The article cited above informs that our planet acts as an energy converter or a
net entropy producer and this need imposed by the laws of Physics translates precisely
into the immense phenomenological diversity that occurs on the planet and into the most
astonishing of all phenomena: the life. The circulation of planetary fluids is not only a
gigantic energy conversion machine, but also provides the gathering of substances that
make possible the occurrence of a multiplicity of physical-chemical processes. All these
processes must, according to the 2nd Principle of Thermodynamics, increase the global
entropy. This does not mean that in a particular subsystem of the global system (Earth)
entropy cannot decrease while in the global system the overall balance is positive.
The article A Terra, o cosmos e a entropia (The Earth, the cosmos and entropy) [6] also
informs that the concept of entropy is extremely important when we study the growing
disorder that has occurred on planet Earth, due to the increased exploitation of its
resources, deforestation, pollution, among other sources of degradation. The greater this
degradation, the greater the entropy of the planet, which could reach such a high stage
that life on Earth will no longer be possible (Figure 2).
Figure 2- Environmental entropy on planet Earth

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Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Figura-2-A-entropia-ambiental-gerada-pelo-processo-
economico-resulta-em-um-fluxo_fig2_366810383
Entropy shows us that the order we find in nature is the result of the action of fundamental
forces that, when interacting with matter, allow it to organize itself. Since the formation
of our planet, around five billion years ago, life has only managed to develop at the
expense of transforming the energy received by the Sun into a useful form, that is, capable
of maintaining organization. For this, we pay a high price: much of this energy is lost,
mainly in the form of heat. Thus, in order for us to exist, we pay the price of increasing
the disorganization of our planet. When the Sun can no longer supply this energy, in
another five billion years, there will be no more life on Earth.
4. Entropy and the Sun
The book A escalada da ciência e tecnologia e sua contribuição à sobrevivência da
humanidade (The Escalation of Science and Technology and Its Contribution to
Humanity's Survival) [8] reports that the Sun and the rest of the solar system formed from
a giant rotating cloud of gas and dust known as the Solar Nebula. As the nebula collapsed
under its gravity, spinning very fast and becoming flattened into a disk, most of the
material was pulled towards the center to form the Sun. Like most other stars, the Sun is
composed primarily of hydrogen, followed by helium. Almost all the rest of the Sun's
matter consists of seven other elements: oxygen, carbon, neon, nitrogen, magnesium,
iron, and silicon. When the Sun reaches the end of its existence in 4 billion years it will
become a red giant. Astronomers' calculations indicate that when the Sun becomes a red
giant, the Sun's diameter at its equator will grow to the point of surpassing the planet
Mars, consuming all the rocky planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. That will indeed
be the end of planet Earth. The Sun's death will occur when it is in an advanced phase of
its life. As its fuel is consumed, the temperature increases and the Sun expands. In this
phase, the Sun is called a red giant. After this stage, the gravitational force prevails and
the star begins to shrink. When that happens, the solar system will fall into chaos and the
Sun will lose a tremendous amount of mass. As it grows, the Sun loses mass and dies,
bringing the solar system to an end.
The article O que é a Morte Térmica do Universo? (What is the Thermal Death of the
Universe?) [7] informs that the end of life of smaller stars, such as the Sun, is not
characterized by a dramatic explosion (supernova), but by a slower process of loss of the
outermost layers until leaving to behind a very massive core, absurdly dense, very hot,
and the approximate size of the Earth, known as a White Dwarf. Even with the drastic
reduction in nuclear fusion capacity, the gravitational collapse of White Dwarfs is
prevented by counterbalancing forces caused by electrons (electronic degeneracy
pressure). Laws of Quantum Mechanics prevent the electrons in atoms from being
squeezed together beyond a certain point (impossibility of occupying the same state),
allowing the stability of the remaining mass. In that sense, the atoms inside a White Dwarf
take on a locked crystalline structure that radiates heat for billions-trillions of years.
Eventually, however, these bodies become extremely cold, giving rise to a Black Dwarf.
5. Entropy and the Universe
The article O que é a Morte Térmica do Universo? (What is the Thermal Death of the
Universe?) [7] also informs that thermal death is the phenomenon in which all processes
in the Universe will eventually stop, because of the action of the temporal flux on entropy,
that is, with entropy continuously growing. In other words, given enough time, energy
will be distributed equally throughout the Universe, and there will be no hot or cold

6. 6
sources to do work, because everything will have the same temperature. When the
Universe reaches its state of maximum entropy - state of thermodynamic equilibrium - no
work will be possible to be done and all available energy will be converted into
unavailable energy. Furthermore, since the moment of the Big Bang, the average
temperature of the Universe has steadily decreased by 10-43
seconds. The initial
temperature of the Universe was 1032 K, but now it's around 2.73 K on average. That is,
the Universe is also moving towards absolute zero (0 K), following the maximum entropy
that tends to "infinity". That is why the Thermal Death of the Universe is also known as
the 'Great Cold'.
The article cited above also informs that, moving towards maximum entropy, only stars
will remain, which will still be able to continue releasing a flow of heat for billions of
years, until the fuel for nuclear fusion runs out and they die. If the mass is sufficient, their
"death" will give rise to either a neutron star or a black hole. The neutron stars will cool
down to the temperature of the surrounding environment, leaving only black holes and a
bit of matter. Without energy for the birth of new stars, there will be no more stars,
galaxies or life. Black holes will begin to suck in all remaining visible matter, and starting
10100
years after the Big Bang, black holes themselves will begin to "evaporate", due to
the emission of Hawking radiation that results from quantum effects from black holes that
can emit radiation with a blackbody spectrum. Only darkness will reign in the Universe,
marking its "death". That would be the probable end of our Universe. In this sense, it is
also easy to understand why the existence of a beginning for the Universe is so obvious.
At that beginning, the entropy of the Universe was so low that it becomes something
beyond comprehension. Everything was concentrated in a singularity, until the explosion
in the form of the Big Bang. This very low entropy is what allows everything we see
today. Everything is happening because the Universe evolved from a very low entropy to
a continuous increase in entropy.
6. Conclusions
Based on the above, all living beings, all planets, all stars and the Universe, which
constitute thermodynamic systems, will come to an end when their respective entropies
reach the maximum value. To avoid the end of human beings as a species, which will
occur with an increase in its entropy, it is necessary to make scientific and technological
advances in medicine that provide the conditions for increasing human longevity. The
article Mundo rumo à singularidade humana (World towards human singularity) [9]
informs that the year 2045 will mark the beginning of an era in which medicine will be
able to offer humanity the possibility of living for a time never seen in history. Organs
that are not working can be exchanged for others, better and created especially for us.
Parts of the heart, lungs and even the brain could be replaced. Tiny computer circuits will
be implanted in the human body to control chemical reactions that take place inside cells.
We will be just a few steps away from immortality. This is the prediction of a group of
scientists known for being at the forefront of research that permeates topics such as
computer science, biology and biotechnology. Among them are George Church, a
professor at Harvard University, in the United States, Aubrey de Gray, a gerontologist
and biomedical specialist in anti-aging, and engineer Raymond Kurzweil, from the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). They are the leaders of a new philosophy,
called the Singularity.
To avoid the end of human beings as a species, which could occur with the increase in
entropy of the planet Earth, the Sun and the Universe, it is necessary to overcome the
challenges described below [10]: 1) Production of rockets that reach speeds close to that

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of light to travel by the Universe; 2) Production of technologies capable of protecting
human beings in space travel; 3) Identification of other Earth-like worlds capable of being
habitable by humans; and, 4) Enabling human beings to survive in space and in habitable
places outside Earth. The first great human challenge is the production of rockets capable
of reaching speeds close to the speed of light (300,000 km/s) given the need to promote
intergalactic travel by human beings to the ends of the Universe and even to other
universes parallel. The second great human challenge is the production of technologies
capable of protecting human beings in space travel by dealing with the lack of gravity and
cosmic radiation, which, on Earth, are protected by the magnetic field and the atmosphere.
The third great human challenge is to identify other worlds similar to Earth capable of
being habitable by human beings by sending space probes to carry out research in possible
locations inside and outside the solar system. So far there is no evidence that there is
another place inside or outside the solar system conducive to Earth-like life. The fourth
great human challenge is the ability of human beings to survive in space and in habitable
places outside the Earth with the development of science and technology to overcome the
biological limitations of human beings.
The article Rumo à colonização de outros mundos (Towards the colonization of other
worlds) [11] informs that, currently, there are efforts to colonize the planet Mars.
However, from what is known about Mars, this planet does not present the necessary
conditions for human beings to inhabit it because it does not have a magnetic field or
atmosphere and biosphere similar to those of Earth, as well as an average gravitational
acceleration of about 38% at of the Earth that is harmful to human life. There is no
evidence on Mars that it has a structured global magnetic field similar to Earth's that
protects us from cosmic rays and solar winds. Mars lost its magnetosphere 4 billion years
ago, but has locally induced magnetism spots. Mars does not have a global magnetic field
to guide charged particles entering the atmosphere, but it does have multiple umbrella-
shaped magnetic fields, mostly in the southern hemisphere, that are remnants of a global
magnetic field that decayed billions of years ago. Compared to Earth, Mars' atmosphere
is very thin. Martian soil is slightly alkaline and contains elements such as magnesium,
sodium, potassium and chlorine that are nutrients found on Earth and necessary for plant
growth.
The aforementioned article also informs that the surface temperatures of Mars vary from
−143 °C (in the winter in the polar ice caps) to maximums of +35 °C (in the equatorial
summer). Mars has the biggest dust storms in the Solar System. These can range from a
storm over a small area to massive storms covering the entire planet. They tend to occur
when Mars is closest to the Sun as its global temperature increases. It is also known that
liquid water cannot exist on the surface of Mars due to the low atmospheric pressure,
which is about 100 times weaker than that of Earth. The two Martian ice caps appear to
be made largely of water. The volume of water frozen in the south polar ice sheet, if
melted, would be enough to cover the entire surface of the planet to a depth of 11 meters.
There was the detection of the mineral jarosite (hydrated sulfate of iron and potassium
formed by the oxidation of iron sulfides), which forms only in the presence of acidic
water, demonstrating that water once existed on Mars. The loss of water from Mars to
space results from the transport of water into the upper atmosphere, where it is dissociated
to hydrogen and escapes the planet due to its weak gravity. Mars has Earth-like seasons
due to the similar inclinations of the two planets' rotation axes. The lengths of Martian
seasons are about twice as long as those on Earth, as Mars is farther away from the Sun,
which makes the Martian year about two Earth years long. The attempt to colonize the
planet Mars could mean the beginning of the process of developing space colonies for

8. 8
use by humans outside Earth. The challenges to colonizing Mars need to be overcome to
make this planet a more immediate escape alternative for humanity when needed.
The article A inteligência artificial na conquista humana do espaço, suas outras
aplicações e seus riscos (Artificial intelligence in the human conquest of space, its other
applications and its risks) [12] reports that Mars, like other planets in the Solar System,
is not even remotely similar to Earth, which is why, to make its colonization possible, it
is necessary to “terraform” it, that is, to reproduce on this planet an environment that
offers the minimum premises for the survival of the human species. Terraforming will be
one of the breakthroughs in the new era of space exploration. Terraforming (adaptation
of the atmosphere, temperature, topography and ecology of a planet or a natural satellite
to make it capable of sustaining an ecosystem with Earth beings) is just one of the
advances expected for the new era of space exploration, in addition to the increase in new
materials and the production of complex cutting-edge propulsion rockets.
To avoid the end of humans as a species, which could occur with increasing entropy and
the end of the Universe, it is necessary to research the existence or not of a multiverse or
parallel universes, which is an important question to study because the existence or not
of a multiverse or parallel universes opens up the possibility of humans surviving the end
of our Universe by heading to other parallel universes. Multiverse is a term used to
describe the hypothetical set of possible universes, that is, parallel universes, including
the Universe we live in. Together, these universes comprise all that exists: the totality of
space, time, matter, energy, and the physical laws and constants that describe them. The
concept of the Multiverse has its roots in extrapolations, so far unscientific, of modern
Cosmology and Quantum Physics, and also encompasses several ideas arising from the
Theory of Relativity in order to configure a scenario in which the existence of countless
universes may be possible where, on a global scale, all probabilities and combinations
occur in some of the universes. Simply because there is enough space to couple other
universes in a larger dimensional structure: the so-called Multiverse [8].
The universes would be, in an analogy, similar to bubbles floating in a larger space
capable of sheltering them. Some would even be interconnected with each other by black
holes, which are cosmic objects whose gravitational pull is so intense that nothing that
penetrates their perimeter – not even light – can escape, or wormholes, which are purely
hypothetical shortcuts between two distant points in the cosmos. That is, it is a tunnel, not
a well. A black hole could function as the entrance to a wormhole. The idea that we live
in a 'multiverse' composed of an infinite number of parallel universes has, for many years,
been considered a scientific possibility. The challenge is to find a way to test this theory.
In-depth research needs to be carried out, therefore, to determine the existence or not of
a multiverse or parallel universes where humanity would head with the end of the
Universe in which we live.
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* Fernando Alcoforado, awarded the medal of Engineering Merit of the CONFEA / CREA System, member
of the Bahia Academy of Education, of the SBPC- Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science and of
IPB- Polytechnic Institute of Bahia, engineer and doctor in Territorial Planning and Regional Development

10. 10
from the University of Barcelona, college professor (Engineering, Economy and Administration) and
consultant in the areas of strategic planning, business planning, regional planning, urban planning and
energy systems, was Advisor to the Vice President of Engineering and Technology at LIGHT S.A. Electric
power distribution company from Rio de Janeiro, Strategic Planning Coordinator of CEPED- Bahia
Research and Development Center, Undersecretary of Energy of the State of Bahia, Secretary of Planning
of Salvador, is the author of the books Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC-
O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil
(Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de
doutorado. Universidade de Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização
e Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século
XX e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions
of the Economic and Social Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller
Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária
(Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o
progresso do Brasil e combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo,
São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV,
Curitiba, 2012), Energia no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI
(Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o
Mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba,
2017), Esquerda x Direita e a sua convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018), Como
inventar o futuro para mudar o mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019), A humanidade ameaçada e as
estratégias para sua sobrevivência (Editora Dialética, São Paulo, 2021), A escalada da ciência e da
tecnologia e sua contribuição ao progresso e à sobrevivência da humanidade (Editora CRV, Curitiba,
2022), a chapter in the book Flood Handbook (CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida United States, 2022) and
How to protect human beings from threats to their existence and avoid the extinction of humanity (Generis
Publishing, Europe, Republic of Moldova, Chișinău, 2023).