Bionanotechnology

Bionanotechnology
Concepts and Applications

Author
Mahmoud Abd-Allah Yusuf Azzazy
● MSc. Medical Microbiology and immunology, Faculty of
Science, Al-Azhar university in Cairo, egypt.
● Microbiology section Head, Marcyrl Pharmaceuticals.
● Email: azzazy73@live.com, azzazy73@gmail.com,
azzazy7@yahoo.com.
● Mobile: (+2) 01003119892, 01288407666, 01157098281
● Facebook: FBMahmoud Azzazy

Overview
I. What is the Bionanotechnology and related terms?
II. Historical review and current situation of nanotechnology
III. Types of bionanoparticles
IV. Different applications of bionanoparticles

Contents
I. Introduction
o Definitions
o Nanoscale
o Metric Prefix
o History
o Growth
o Benefits
o Bionanoparticles
o Examples
o Applications
o Ethicals
o Summary

Introduction: Definitions
★ The prefix ‘nano-’ is derived from the Greek word nannos, meaning “very short
man.” At its root, the prefix ‘nano-’ refers to a scale of size in the metric system.
‘Nano’ is used in scientific units to denote one-billionth (10-9) of the base unit.
★ National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) uses for its definition of nanotechnology:
“Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of
roughly 1 to 100 nm, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.”
★ Nanobiotechnology is the application of nanotechnology to the life science.
★ Bionanotechnology is concerned with molecular scale properties and applications
of biomolecular nanostructures.

Biology
Bionanotechnology
● Self assembled
nanostructures
● Bio-inspired materials
● bio-molecular electronics
● Metallization of bio-
assemblies
Nanobiotechnology
● Cell on a chip
● Nanoarray diagnostics
● Quantum dots in biology
● Tissue engineering on
nanotemplates

Introduction: Metric Prefix
Source: astro.unl.edu

Introduction: History
Richard Feynman
● The ideas and concepts behind nanoscience and nanotechnology started by
physicist Richard Feynman.
● Feynman described a process in which scientists would be able to
manipulate and control individual atoms and molecules.
● "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" was a lecture given by physicist
Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on
December 29, 1959.
● The Damascus swords of the Middle East were legendarily sharp, strong
and flexible. Now, an analysis of one of these weapons under an
electron microscope reveals that the key to its properties is
nanotechnology, inadvertently used by blacksmiths centuries before
modern science.
Cementite crystal structure. Iron atoms are in
blue, carbon atoms are in black. The Damascus swords

Introduction: Growth
Source: futuretimeline.net
Fields:
● Military
● Power
● Technology
● Health
● Safety
● Security
● Industry
● Space
● Agriculture
● Environment
● Water
● more..

Introduction: US Annual budget
Source: National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)

Introduction: Worldwide
Nanotechnology Company &
Research Labs Directory
Source : nanowerk.com
Conferences
● Japan January 2016
● France june 2015
● Spain July 2015
● Egypt March 2015
● Sri Lanka September 2015
● Israel March 2015

What is Bionanotechnology ?
Bionanotechnology is a field that concerns the
utilization of biological systems optimized through
evolution, such as cells, cellular components,
nucleic acids and proteins, to fabricate functional
nanostructured and mesoscopic architectures
comprised of organic and inorganic materials.
Why Bionanotechnology ?
Bionanotechnology is originally designed to
generate and manipulate nanostructured materials,
to basic and applied study of fundamental
biological processes.
The Numerical Aerospace
Simulation Systems Division (NAS)
of the NASA Ames Research
Center,

Introduction: Bionanoparticles
● Bionanoparticles are naturally produced entities that are of nanometer dimension.
DNA, Amyloid fibrile, Actin filaments, Aromatic peptides, Bacteriophages,
Minerals, Viruses, Enzymes and Nucleic acids are examples of naturally
occurring nanoparticles.
● The current research in this area can be
classified as:
a. Host-guest chemistry; used to
package hard and conducting
inorganic materials.
Example: ferritin, cowpea chlorotic
mottle virus (CCMV) and tobacco
mosaic virus (TMV).
a. Bioconjugate.

Introduction: Dendrimers
Dendrimers are highly branched,
star-shaped macromolecules
with nanometer-scale
dimensions. Dendrimers are
defined by three components: a
central core, an interior dendritic
structure (the branches), and an
exterior surface with functional
surface groups. The varied
combination of these
components yields products of
different shapes and sizes with
shielded interior cores that are
ideal candidates for applications
in both biological and materials
sciences.
source: Sigma Aldrich

Introduction: Ferritin
● Ferritin is an intracellular protein that stores iron
and releases it in a controlled fashion. The protein
is produced by almost all living organisms,
including algae, bacteria, higher plants, and
animals. In humans, it acts as a buffer against
iron deficiency and iron overload.
● The tertiary and quaternary structure of ferritins is
highly conserved.
● Ferritin is a globular protein complex consisting
of 24 protein subunits and is the primary
intracellular iron-storage protein in both prokaryotes
and eukaryotes, keeping about 4000 iron atoms in
a soluble and non-toxic form.
● The protein has both hydrophilic and
hydrophobic channels. Most ferritins are very
stable particles, which can withstand 65ºC and
tolerate a pH range between 4 and 9.
Structure of the murine ferritin complex
source: Sigma Aldrich

Introduction: DNA architecture
DNA is being used as a nano-wire involves the creation
of artificial, designed nanostructures out of nucleic acids,
such as this DNA tetrahedron. Each edge of the
tetrahedron is a 20 base pair DNA double helix, and
each vertex is a three-arm junction. The 4 DNA strands
that form the 4 tetrahedral faces are color-coded.

Introduction: DNA architecture

Introduction: Biosensorsaptamer
A schematic illustration of an aptamer-based assay of platelet-derived growth factor B-chain homodimer (PDGF-BB)
using aptamer-conjugated green fluorescent ferritin nanoparticles (gFFNP).
From: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Introduction: Viruses
Nanowires, nanotubes, and quantum dots
● A virus is a nonliving particle ranging from the size of 20
to 300 nm capsules containing genetic material used to
infect its host.
● The outer layer of viruses are remarkably robust and
capable of withstanding temperatures as high as 60 °C
and stay stable in a wide range of pH range of 2-10.
● Viral capsids can be used to create several nano device
components such as nanowires, nanotubes, and
quantum dots.
● Tubular virus particles such as the tobacco mosaic
virus (TMV) can be used as templates to create
nanofibers and nanotubes since both the inner and outer
layers of the virus are charged surfaces and can induce
nucleation of crystal growth.
● Production of platinum and gold nanotubes using TMV
as a template.

Introduction: VirusesMineralized
● Mineralized virus particles have
been shown to withstand various
pH values by mineralizing the
viruses with different materials
such as silicon, PbS, and CdS
and could therefore serve as a
useful carriers of material.
● Applications include using the
viral cage to produce uniformly
shaped and sized quantum dot
semiconductor nanoparticles
through a series of pH washes.
● Such materials could also be
used for targeted drug delivery
since particles release contents
upon exposure to specific pH
levels.
Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus (CCMV)

Introduction: Biomineralization
Scanning electron microscopy images of
cell walls from different diatom species.
The formation of inorganic materials with
complex form is a widespread biological
phenomenon (biomineralization) that
occurs in almost all groups of organisms
from prokaryotes (e.g., magnetite
nanocrystals in certain bacteria) to
humans (bone and teeth). Among the most
spectacular examples of biomineralization
are the intricately structured cell walls of
diatoms, a large group of single-celled
eukaryotic algae that are present in almost
all water habitats.
Source: chemistry.gatech.edu

Introduction: Benefits
Benefits of Nanotechnology:
● Creation of new products and improvement on existing products.
● Available of stronger, tougher and lighter materials for construction and engineering.
● Cleaner drinking water due to creation of filters that can entrap organisms and toxins.
● Cleaner environment through remediation to remove pollutants from the environment.
● Diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases.
● Improvement on transport systems.
Benefits of Bionanotechnology:
● Producing an environmentally friendly nanoparticles and materials.
● Decreasing use of toxic chemicals in synthetic protocol.
● Application of genetic control resulting in specific morphologies, sizes and crystallinity
of the structures.
● Improved healthcare by fabrication of devices and drug delivery systems for better
monitoring.
● Cheaper and clean energy.

Introduction: Applicationsmedicine
Nanomedicine:
● combines gears, levers, plates, sensors,
power + communication cables with
powerful microscopic comps → ‘smart
materials’.
● Medical nanites patrolling – possess patients
DNA and foreign invaders dispatched.
● Cell sentinels could form artificial
immunity to not just colds but AIDS too.
● Life – molecular machines controlled by
programmed DNA ⇒ possible age reversal
⇒ ethical implications.
Nanomachine to repair brain cells

Introduction: Fabrication
Biomimetic : ‫المحاكاة‬‫الحيوية‬
Biomimetics or biomimicry is the imitation of the models, systems,
and elements of nature for the purpose of solving complex human
problems.
bionics: ‫البيولوجيا‬‫اإللكترونية‬
Bionics (also known as bionical creativity engineering) is the
application of biological methods and systems found in nature to
the study and design of engineering systems and modern
technology.
Biomorphic mineralization is a technique that produces materials
with morphologies and structures resembling those of natural living
organisms by using bio-structures as templates for mineralization.
Compared to other methods of material production, biomorphic
mineralization is facile, environmentally benign and economic.
Artificial Model of Nano
Gears

Introduction: Applications
Artificial photosynthesis
A potentially game-changing
breakthrough in artificial
photosynthesis has been
achieved with the development
of a system that can capture
carbon dioxide emissions
before they are vented into the
atmosphere and then, powered
by solar energy, convert that
carbon dioxide into valuable
chemical products, including
biodegradable plastics,
pharmaceutical drugs and even
liquid fuels.
Source: Nano.gov
This break-through artificial photosynthesis systems has four general
components: (1) harvesting solar energy, (2) generating reducing
equivalents, (3) reducing CO2 to biosynthetic intermediates, and (4)
producing value-added chemicals.
Credit: Courtesy of Berkeley Lab

Introduction: Applicationsdiagnostics
Portable DNA Sequencer Can ID Bacteria and Viruses
The USB-powered sequencer contains thousands of wells, each containing nanopores—
narrow protein channels that are only wide enough for a single strand of DNA.
Source: nano.gov redirect to eurekalert.org

Introduction: ApplicationsWater
Scheme of the removal of heavy metals with the humic acid coated Fe3O4 magnetic
nanoparticles. (Reprinted with permission from American Chemical Society)
Source: Applying nanotechnology to water treatment

Samsung Silver nano®
Silver Nano (Silver Nano Health System) is a trademark name of an antibacterial technology which
uses ionic silver nanoparticles in washing machines,refrigerators, air conditioners, air purifiers and
vacuum cleaners introduced by Samsung in April 2003.
Introduction: home appliances
Silver Nano Health System™
Sophisticated nanotechnology which is applied to the Silver
Nano coating of SAMSUNG's refrigerator has an antibacterial
effect. Since propagation of fungi and bacteria inside
refrigerators is prevented, you can keep your refrigerator fresh
and clean.
Silver Nano Anti-bacterial coating
With SAMSUNG's Silver Nano anti-bacterial coating, the
inner walls of the refrigerator are coated with silver
particles that destroy 99.9% of bacteria. The propagation
of fungi and bacteria is stopped, giving you hygienic food
storage.

Introduction: Applicationsmilitary
First flight: This tiny robot weighs
just 60 milligrams and has a
wingspan of three centimeters. It’s
the first robot to achieve liftoff that’s
modeled on a fly and built on such a
small scale.
Robotic Insect Takes Off
Researchers have created a robotic fly for covert surveillance .
A life-size, robotic fly has taken flight at Harvard University. Weighing only
60 milligrams, with a wingspan of three centimeters, the tiny robot’s
movements are modeled on those of a real fly. While much work remains to
be done on the mechanical insect, the researchers say that such small
flying machines could one day be used as spies, or for detecting harmful
chemicals.
“Nature makes the world’s best fliers,” says Robert Wood, leader of
Harvard’s robotic-fly project and a professor at the university’s school of
engineering and applied sciences.
The U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency is funding Wood’s
research in the hope that it will lead to stealth surveillance robots for the
battlefield and urban environments. The robot’s small size and fly-like
appearance are critical to such missions. “You probably wouldn’t notice a fly
in the room, but you certainly would notice a hawk,” Wood says.
By Rachel Ross on July 19, 2007
Source: technologyreview.com
CNN News: Link

Introduction: Ethical
An important component of responsible
development is the consideration of the ethical,
legal, and societal implications of nanotechnology.
How nanotechnology research and applications are
introduced into society; how transparent decisions
are; how sensitive and responsive policies are to
the needs and perceptions of the full range of
stakeholders; and how ethical, legal, and social
issues are addressed will determine public trust and
the future of innovation driven by nanotechnology.
National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)

Introduction: Summary
● Bionanotechnology involves the use of biological
processes to manipulation/mimic these processes at the
nanoscale to create structures performing particular task.
● Various applications – predominantly in nanomedicine as
vast research being carried out worldwide.
● Understanding living systems is fundamental before we
can fully appreciate the true potential of this technology.

Bionanotechnology

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