Polymer: introduction, processing technique, production method, bio polymer process, application of polymer, principle of green chemistry, bio diesel production, sustainable polymer production, green polymer production, bio replacement, bio advantage,application of green polymer

1. POLYMER: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Presented by
Pranav Mazumdar

2. CONTENT
• Introduction
• Application of polymers
• Polymer processing technique
• Production of polymeric material
• Green polymer

3. INTRODUCTION

4. INTRODUCTION
Polymers are molecules that contain many atoms, typically tens of
thousands to millions. While many polymers occur naturally as
products of biological processes, synthetic polymers are made by
chemical processes that combine many small units, called monomers,
together in chains, branched chains, or more complicated geometries.
Starch, cellulose, proteins, and DNA are examples of natural
polymers, while Nylon, Teflon®, and Polyethylene are examples of
the synthetic polymer.

5. Applications of polymers

6. • The polymer industry has grown and diversified into one of the
fastest growing industries in the world.
• Today, polymer are commonly used in thousands of products as
plastics, elastomers, coating, and adhesives.
• It is difficult to find aspect of our lives that is not affected by
polymer.
Applications of polymers

7. POLYMER
Building &
Construction
Medical
Electronics
&
Electrical
Consumer
Packaged
Sports
Transportati
on
Spacecraft
Oil &
natural gas
exploration
Applications of polymers in different industries

8. Application of polymer in medical
Biodegradable suture
Bone cement

9. Application of polymer in Electronics & Electrical
Organic solar cell

10. Application of polymer in sports

11. Application of polymer in Building & Construction
Light weight concrete

12. Application of polymer in space
Example of shape memory polymer composite

13. POLYMER PROCESSING
TECHNIQUE

14. Polymer processing technique
• Polymer processing may be defined as an engineering
specialty used to polymeric materials into useful end products.
• Polymeric materials are used in many forms such as rods,
tubes, sheets, Foams, coatings or adhesives
• It is also used as moulded and fabricated articles implies that
there must be a variety of way in which and compounded resin
can be processed and converted into finished products.

15. Classification of polymer processing
Processing
Technique
Shaping
Calendering
Film Casting
Compression
Moulding
Injection
Moulding
Blow
Moulding
Extrusion
Bonding
Laminating
Coating
Modification
Surface
Activation
Polymer
Modification
Post
Shaping
Decorating
Fastening
Dyeing/
Printing
Electroplating

16. Shaping
• Calendering
Schematic diagram of a calendering machine

17. • Film Casting
Schematic diagram of a film casting machine

19. • Injection Moulding
Schematic diagram of injection moulding

20. • Blow Moulding
Schematic diagram explaining the steps involved in blow moulding process

21. • Extrusion
Schematic diagram of a simple extrusion machine

22. Bonding
• Laminating
Schematic diagram of a continuous lamination technique

23. • Coating

24. Modification
• Surface Modification

25. PRODUCTION OF POLYMERIC
MATERIAL

26. Production of Nylon 66
Flow diagram of Nylon 66 filament yarn production

27. Production of Nylon 6
Flow diagram of Nylon 6 filament yarn production

28. Production of Polyester filament
Flow diagram of Polyester filament yarn production

29. Production of Polypropylene filament
Flow diagram of Polypropylene filament yarn production

30. GREEN POLYMER

31. Green Polymer
A polymer is to be called as green polymer if it is produced using green
chemistry or in other terms we can say green polymers are produced by
considering the environmental issues and sustainability.
Biodegradable plastics production

32. Biodiesel production

33. 12 principles of Green Chemistry

34. 1. Prevent waste: design chemical syntheses to prevent waste, leaving no waste
to treat or clean up.
2. Design safer chemicals and products: design chemical products to be fully
effective, yet have little or no toxicity.
3. Design less hazardous chemical syntheses: design syntheses to use and
generate substances with little or no toxicity to humans and the environment.
4. Use renewable feedstock: use raw materials and feedstock that are
renewable, rather than depleting. Renewable feed stocks are often made from
agricultural products or are the wastes of other processes; depleting feed
stocks are made from fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, or coal) or are
mined.
5. Use catalysts, not stoichiometric reagents: minimize waste by using
catalytic reactions. Catalysts are used in small amounts and carry out a single
reaction many times. They are preferable to stoichiometric reagents, which
are used in excess and work only once.
6. Avoid chemical derivatives: avoid using blocking or protecting groups or
any temporary modifications if possible. Derivatives use additional reagents
and generate waste.

35. 7. Maximize atom economy: design syntheses so that the final product contains
the maximum proportion of the starting materials. There should be few, if any,
wasted atoms.
8. Use safer solvents and reaction conditions: avoid using solvents, separation
agents, or other auxiliary chemicals. If these chemicals are necessary, use
innocuous chemicals. If a solvent is necessary, water is a good medium as well
as certain eco-friendly solvents that do not contribute to smog formation or
destroy the ozone.
9. Increase energy efficiency: run chemical reactions at ambient temperature and
pressure whenever possible.
10. Design chemicals and products to degrade after use: design chemical
products to break down into innocuous substances after use so that they do not
accumulate in the environment.
11. Analyze in real time to prevent pollution: include inprocess real-time
monitoring and control during syntheses to minimize or eliminate the
formation of by-products.
12. Minimize the potential for accidents: design chemicals and their forms
(solid, liquid, or gas) to minimize the potential for chemical accidents including
explosions, fire, and release to the environment.

36. Production techniques of Green polymers
There are mainly 2 approaches to produce green polymers:
Production techniques of green
polymers
Bioreplacement
Metabolic
Engineering
Catalytic
conversion
Thermal
Conversion
Bioadvantage
Multifunctional
biopolymer
Biomass
(eg. cellulose, starch)
Plant extraction

37. Different approaches of plastics production

38. Bioreplacement Polymer:
• Production of bio-based monomers chemically identical to those
currently derived from petroleum.
• Using the tools of synthetic biology and advanced catalysis, the
“bioreplacement” strategy upgrades the sugars, starches, lignin,
cellulose, and hemicellulose found in trees, plants, and animals to
the monomers that we currently derive from petroleum.

39. Common biomonomers along with their starting material, chemical formula, uses

40. Engineered metabolic pathway to produce styrene from glucose

41. Bioadvantage Polymer
• Polymers produced from biological monomers unheard-of in the
petrochemical world: unmodified or minimally modified vegetable
oils, proteins, cellulose, starch chitosan, alginates, and other
polysaccharides.
• Raw feed stocks that have their origin in plants, especially in widely
grown crops, such as corn or soybeans, have received special
attention as potential substitutes for materials traditionally derived
from petroleum.
• Compounds (vegetable oils, proteins, cellulose, starch chitosan,
alginates, and other polysaccharides) possess the capability, through
some chemical modification and with the use of commonly used
polymerization techniques, to produce a wide range of plastics.

42. Table of common fatty acids along with their corresponding formulas and vegetable or animal oil’s
sources

43. In the production of polymers, green principles include:
• A high content of raw material in the product
• A clean (no-waste) production process
• No use of additional substances such as organic solvents
• High energy efficiency in manufacturing
• Use of renewable resources and renewable energy
• Absence of health and environmental hazards
• High safety standards
• should not promote intensified farming or deforestation
• Low carbon footprint
• Controlled product lifecycles with effective waste recycling
• should not use transgenic plants or genetically modified bacteria
• Should not produce inhalable spores or nanoparticles.

44. Application of green polymer
Biodegradable Product
(Eg. Medical, Agriculture etc.)
Packaging

45. Biodegradable Product:
• Temporary sutures or controlled release of drugs into the body is the
example of first application where biodegradability is a function of
the product.
• Similarly in agriculture, very thin films of photo-biodegradable
polyethylene are used to ensure earlier cropping and to reduce weed
formation. It helps in increase crop yields and ensures earlier harvest
by increasing the soil temperature. The very advantage of using
these films is the reduction in irrigation water and use of fertilizers,
as it left no residue in the soil to make the land less productive.

46. Packaging:
Packaging is the second application of green polymers. Today, retail
outlets claiming that their packaging material is ‘environmental
friendly' because it can be `recycled'. However, unless facilities are
available to reprocess polymers, the claim is meaningless. Nowadays,
emerging a more convenient alternative mean of adding value to
recovered packaging wastes is called Aerobic composting (oxo-
biodegradation). Since, polyolefins on fragmentation mineralize slowly
and increase the fertilizer value of the compost; they have a particular
advantage in compost.

47. Thank You