Debjyoti Chakraborty Msc(Ag) Entomology Agricultural college, Bapatla(ANGRAU).

1. PEST OF PULSES
Presented by:
Debjyoti chakraborty
ID.NO :- BAM-16-43

2. Introduction
• Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy contributing 13.7%
of its total GDP and employing around 55% of the total working
population in India.
• Around 65% of India’s total population is dependent upon
agriculture and allied sectors
• Various cereals (wheat, rice etc.), pulses such as (tur, gram etc.)
and oilseeds (groundnut, soybean) are produced largely in India
• India is the world’s largest producer and consumer of pulses
accounting about 27 percent of the total production and about 30
percent of the total consumption in the world
• The total production of pulses in India during the year 2013-14
was 18.5 million tons

3. World and Indian Scenario:
70
79 79 78 79
64 70 68 70 71
0
20
40
60
80
100
2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
World total area and production of pulses
Area(mha) Production(mt)
840
811
823
848 855
828
815
851
918
881
859
908 910
750
800
850
900
950
2001 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13
Yield(kg/ha)
World average yield(kg/ha) of pulses
Yield(kg/ha)
• There has been
approximately 20%
increase in area under
cultivation of pulses
and, 40% increase in its
production in the world
since 2000-01

4. 1722
854 808 795
719
513
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Canada China Australia Myanmar USA India
Value(millionUSD)
Exportquantity(mt) Export and import value for pulses in various countries (2012-
13)
Export(MMT) Value(million USD)
Canada is the largest exporter of pulses whereas India
ranks 6th with an export of 0.162 MMT and an export value
of 513 million USD

5. 18.5
6.02 4.96 4.34 3.89
0
5
10
15
20
India Burma Canada China Australia
Production(mt) Production(million tons) of pulses for major
countries (2013-14)
Production
730
1900
1100
1900
980
0
500
1000
1500
2000
India Canada Australia USA Myanmar
Yield(kg/ha)
Yield(in kg/ha) of pulses for major countries
(2013-14)
Yield
• The world total production
of pulses is around 72 mt
in the year 2013-14.
• India is the highest
producer of pulses in the
world with its best 18.5 mt
pulses.
• Canada is having the
highest productivity in
the world.
• India has an average
productivity of
730kg/ha in the year
2013-14
• The world average yield
was 910 kg/ha

6. Trends in supply and consumption:
• India accounts for about 35% of the world area
and 27% of the world production of pulses.
• Pulses are grown in India in an area of 26-27
million hectares with an annual production of 17-19
million tons (mt) of which 87% is rain fed.
• About 90% of the global pigeon pea, 65% of
chickpea and 37% of lentil area falls in India,
corresponding to 93%, 68% and 32% of the global
production, respectively.

7. Importance in human nutrition – Composition:
•High protein content in their structure and significant
importance in terms of nutrition source;
•The amino acid composition of pulses are complementary to
those of cereals, and if consumed in combination, increase the
overall protein quality of the meal;
•High content of fibre and relatively high amylose starch and
antinutrients (phytic acid)
•Low fat content and no cholesterol;
•Low glycemic index;
•Rich in minerals (iron, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, zinc)
and B-vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B6, and folate).
•The high iron content contributes to meeting iron requirements
•However, phytate is negatively impacting on the mineral
absorption
•Produce flatulance because of the oligosaccharide content

8.  Deep rooted, Self
pollinated
 Hypogeal germination
 C3 short day plant
 Hardy crop, most
drought tolerant crop
among major pulses
•
Area and Distribution:
In India 90% area & 85% production on
global basis .
Ranks 6th in area and production in
comparison to other pulses.
India:-
Area-3.61 mha
Production-2.7mt
Productivity-747kgha
Area: Maharashtra > UP > Karnataka
Production: UP > Maharashtra > Gujrat
Productivity: Bihar > UP

9. Soil & Land preparation :
• At least one ploughing during the dry season followed by 2 or 3
harrowings.
• Summer ploughing
- to control weeds
- to control soil moisture
• Well-drained soils for good root and
nodule development.
• Contour beds or a ridge-and-furrow systems prevent water
logging due to draining excess surface water, also soil erosion.
• It can be grown on a wide range from Sandy loams to clay loams.
• Avoid Saline, Alkaline and water logged.

10. Nutrient management:-
• RDF = 20 – 50 – 20 kg/ha NPK
• Zinc Sulphate : 5 kg/ ha
• Manures: 5 tons/ha of FYM
Bio-fertilizers:
• For early and effective
nodulation, seed treatment
with Rhizobium.

11. Irrigation:-
• Pulses is largely grown as a rainfed crop.
• The critical periods for Irrigation are
-flower-initiation
-pod-filling stages.
• Redgram grown in Kharif does not require any irrigation.
Weed management
Pigeonpea is a slow -growing crop during the first 6-8 weeks, and 2
harrowings during this period would be adequate to check weed
growth.
Herbicides recommended :-
pre -emergence application of Alachlor (Lasso) @ 1.5 kg a.i/ha,
Fluchloralin (Basalin) @ 1.5kg a.i/ha.

12. • Harvested when 75 - 80 % of the pods are at
physiological maturity.
• The whole plants are cut when most of the pods are
dried. Plants are usually cut 7.5 – 25 cm above ground.
• Delayed harvesting, during bad weather, may increase
the risk of damage to mature seed.
• The harvested plants are tied in bundles and transported
to a threshing floor. These are stacked in upright bundles
to dry. The pods and grain are separated by beating the
dry plants with sticks or by using a thresher .
Yield:-
For irrigated – 15-18 qt/ha
Rainfed – 10-15 q/ha
Inter/Mixed cropping- 5 - 6 q/ha
Stick – 50 – 60 q /ha

13. PEST OF PULSES

14. Pests as Root feeders:
S.
No
Common Name Scientific Name Crops Attacked
1 Nodule
damaging fly
Rivellia angulata
(Platystomatidae: Diptera)
Redgram& other
legumes also
2 Sitona
weevils
Sitona macularus
(Curculionidae: Coleoptera)
Redgram& other
legumes also
3 Cutworms Agrotis ipsilan
(Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)
Redgram& other
legumes also
4 Termites Odontotermes obesus
(Termitidae: Isoptera)
Redgram &
Bengalgram

15. Pests as Stem feeders
S.
No
Common Name Scientific Name Crops Attacked
5 Jewel
beetles
Sphenoptera indica
(Buprestidae: Coleoptera)
Redgram & other legumes
6 Stem fly Ophiomyia phaseoli
(Agromyzide: Diptera)
Redgram, Bengal-gram, Cowpea
& Horsegram
7 Soil beetles Gonocephalum spp
(Tenebrionidae: Coleoptera)
Bengalgram
8 Cowbugs Oxyrachis tarandus
(Membracidae:Hemiptera)
Redgram
9 Scales Ceroplastodes cajani
(Coccidae: Hemiptera)
-do-
10 Stem weevils Alcidodes spp
(Curculionidae: Coleoptera)
-do-

16. FOLIAGE FEEDER

17. Pests as foliage feeders
S.
No
Common Name Scientific Name Crops Attacked
11 Eriophyid mite Aceria cajani (Eriophyidae: Acarina) Redgram
12 Leaf cutter bees Megachile spp(Megachilidae:Hymenoptera) Redgram
13 Leaf damaging weevils Myllocerus undecimpustulatus (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) Redgram
14 Leaf –flower beetles Oxycetonia versicolor (Cetonidae: Coleop) Redgram
15 Leaf webber Grapholita critica (Gracillaridae: Lepidoptera) Redgram
16 Leaf tiers Caloptilia soyella (Tortricidae: Lepidoptera) Redgram
17 Leaf miner Liriomyza spp (Agromyzide: Diptera)
Aproarema modicella (Gelechiidae: Lepido)
Bengalgram & Cowpea
Redgram
18 Leaf hopper Empoasca kerri
(Cicadellidae: Hemiptera)
Redgram, Bengalgram,
Cowpea &Horsegram
19 Aphids Aphis craccivora (Aphididae: Hemiptera) Redgram, Bengalgram,
Cowpea &Horsegram
-
20 Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera) Redgram, Bengalgram,
Cowpea &Horsegram

18. Pests as Pod feeders
S.No Common Name Scientific Name Crops Attacked
21 Gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera
(Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)
Redgram, Bengalgram &
Cowpea
22 Spotted pod borer Maruca vitata
(Pyralidae: Lepidoptera)
Redgram & Cowpea
23 Blue butterfly Lampides boeticus
(Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)
Redgram & Cowpea
24 Plume moth Exelastis atomosa
(Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)
Redgram & Cowpea
25 Spiny pod borer Etiella zinckenella
(Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)
Redgram & Cowpea
26 Pod weevils Apion clavipes
(Apionidae: Coleoptera)
Redgram & Cowpea
27 Pod Bugs Riptortus pedestris
Clavigralla gibbosa
(Coreidae:Hemiptera)
Redgram & Cowpea
28 Stink Bugs Nazara viridula
(Pentatomidae:Hemiptera)
Redgram
29 Pod fly Melanagromyza obtuse
(Agromyzide: Diptera)
Redgram
3o Pod wasp Tanaostigmodes cajaninae
(Tanaostigmoidae: Coleoptera)
Redgram
31 Lab lab pod borer Adisura atkinsoni
(Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)
Redgram

19. Major pests of Red Gram:
I. BORER
1. Gram pod borer: Helicoverpa armigera
Symptoms of damage:
• Defoliation in early stages.
• Larva’s head alone thrust inside the pods and the rest of the body
hanging out.
• Pods with round holes.
• Bore holes on the pod Larva feeding the pod.
Identification of the pest
• Eggs – are spherical in shape and creamy white in colour, laid singly.
• Larva-shows colour variation from greenish to brown. Green with dark
brown grey lines laterally on the body with lateral white lines and also
has dark and pale bands.
• Pupa – brown in colour, occurs in soil, leaf, pod and crop debris
• Adult- light pale brownish yellow stout moth. Fore wing grey to pale
brown with V shaped speck. Hind wings are pale smoky white with a
broad blackish outer margin.

20. Egg,larva and
adult of gram
pod borer

21. 2. Blue butterfly: Lampides boeticus
Symptoms of damage:
• Buds, flowers and young pods with boreholes
• Presence of slug like caterpillar.
• Honey dew secretion with black ant movements
• Identification of the pest:
• Larva – It is flat and slightly rounded; Pale green with a rough
skin.
• Adult moth is grayish blue with prominent black spots in the hind
wings and a long tail, Ventral side of wings with numerous stripes
and brown spots.
Egg,
infestation
and adult of
lluue
butterfly

22. 3. Grass blue butterfly: Euchrysops cnejus
Symptoms of damage:
• Buds, flowers and young pods with bore holes and presence of
slug like caterpillar.
• Larval entry hole on the pod is plugged with excreta.
Identification of the pest
• Larva pale green or yellow with a red line and short black hairs on
the body.
• Adult butterfly is blue, medium sized with 5 black spots in the
hind wings and two black spots in the inner margin
Life stage of
grass blue
butterfly

23. 4. Plume moth: Exelastis atomosa
Symptoms of damage:
• Pin head size holes on pods
• Small spiny caterpillars and pupae seen on the pods
Identification of the pest:
• Larva is greenish brown, fringed with radiating hairs and spines
• Adult is delicate, brown coloured small moth with plumed wings.
Adult stage
and its
infestation

24. 5. Spotted pod borer: Maruca testulalis
Symptoms of damage:
• Bore holes on the buds, flower or pods
• Infested pods and flowers are webbed together.
Identification of the pest
• Larva: Greenish white with brown head. It has two pairs of dark spots
on the back of each segment.
• Adult: Forewing slight brown colour with white markings; Hindwings
– white colour with brown markings at the lateral edge.
Larva and its infestation

25. 6. Spiny pod borer: Etiella zinckenella
Symptoms of damage:
• Dropping of flowers and young pods
• Older pods marked with a brown spot where a larvae has entered
Identification of the pest:
• Larva – greenish initially, turns pink before pupation.
• It has 5 black spots on the prothorax
• Adult
• Brownish grey moth
• Prothorax – orange in colour
• Fore wing has a white stripe along the anterior margin
• Aah Adult infestation

26. 7. Field bean pod borer: Adisura atkinsoni,
Symptoms of damage:
• The larva bores inside the pod and feeds on the seeds within.
Identification of the pest:
• Larva greenish having brown lateral marking, It has humped anal
segment
• Adult moths are yellowish brown in colour, forewings yellow
coloured with ‘V’ shaped specks, hindwings – has pale brown
marking.

27. 8. Red gram pod fly: Melanagromyza obtusa
Symptoms:
• Dark brown encrustation on the pod wall
• Dry pods showing pin head size hole,
• Seeds shriveled, striped and partially eaten
Identification of the pest:
• Larva greenish having brown lateral marking
• It has humped anal segment
Adult:
• Moths are yellowish brown in colour
• Forewings- yellow coloured with ‘V’ shaped specks
• Hindwings – has pale brown markings.

28. Female fly of Melanagromyza
obtusa & eggs inside the pod

29. 9. Stem fly: Ophiomyia phaseoli
Symptoms of damage:
• Drooping of the tender leaves and seedling wilt
• Yellowing of young plants.
• Stem become swollen and start ribbing where maggot and pupae are
present
Identification of the pest:
• Maggot, Small yellow coloured.
• Adult, Tiny, black fly

30. II. Sap Feeders

31. 1. Pod bugs: Riptortus pedestris
• Symptoms of damage:
• Pods with black spots
• Shedding of green pods
• Poorly filled pods with shriveled grains inside
Identification of the pest;
• Brownish black and hemispherical
• Nymphs – resemble dark brown ants.
Effected pod

32. 2. Lab lab bug or Stink bug: Coptosoma cribraria
Symptoms of damage:
• Cluster on the plant parts and suck the sap
Identification of the pest:
• Nymphs and Adult sub globular, oval and greenish shield bug
• It has a characteristic buggy odour

33. 3. Bean Aphids: Aphis craccivora
Symptoms of damage:
• Leaves, inflorescence stalk and young pods covered with dark
coloured aphids
• Honey dew secretion with black ant movements
Identification of the pest:
• Nymphs and Adult – dark coloured with cornicles in the abdomen.
Bean Aphids colony

34. 4. Leaf hopper: Empoasca kerri
Symptoms of damage:
• Leave mottled and yellowish in colour
• Green colour insects found under surface of leaves
Identification of the pest:
• Adult – elongate, active, wedge shape, green insects

35. 5. Whitefly: Bemisia tabaci
Symptoms of damage:
• Leave mottled and yellowish in colour
• vector of yellow mosaic virus
Identification of the pest:
• Adults are small, yellow bodied insects with white wings which are densely covered
with a waxy powder.
• Nymphs and pupae are black and round or oval. Pupae have marginal bristles.
Adult Eggs.
White fly
colony and
its
infestation

36. 6. Eriyophite mite: Aceria cajani
Symptoms of damage:
• Vector of red gram sterility mosaic virus
Identification of the pest:
• Nymphs & Adult – white in colour.
• Very small microscopic and vermiform like with two pairs of
anteriorly located legs

37. III. Leaf Feeders

38. 1. Leaf folder: Anticarsia irrorata
Symptoms of damage:
• Leaves folded together
Identification of the pest:
• Larva green coloured
• Adult – yellowish brown moth with an oblique black line on the wings
Adult leaf folder

39. 2. Leaf Webber: Eucosma critica
Symptoms of damage:
• Leaves rolled up apically and become white and dried up
Identification of the pest:
• Larva creamy yellow
3. Red gram leaf roller: Caloptilia soyella
Symptoms of damage:
• leaves folded together with tender shoots showing bore holes
Identification of the pest:
• Larva stout, long, smooth yellow with brown head

40. 4. Lab lab leaf miner: Liriomiza trifoli
Symptoms of damage:
• leaves with large irregular papery mines on the dorsal surface
Identification of the pest:
• Larva orange coloured caterpillar

41. Flower Feeder
Blister beetle: Mylabris phalerata
Symptoms of damage:
• The adult feeds voraciously on buds and flowers.
Identification of the pest:
• Eggs are light yellowish in colour.

42. BENGAL GRAM
Crop: Bengal gram
Scientific name: Cicer arietinum L.
Common name: Bengal gram
Major insect pests of bengal gram:
1. Gram Pod Borer : Helicoverpa armigera
Identification of the pest:
Eggs – are spherical in shape and creamy white in colour, laid singly Pupa – brown
in colour, occurs in soil, leaf, pod and crop debris
Adult- light pale brownish yellow stout moth.
• Forewing grey to pale brown with V shaped speck.
• Hind wings are pale smoky white with a broad blackish outer margin.
• Symptoms of damage:
• Skeletinization of leaves – feeding chlorophyll only
• leaving veins by young larvae Defoliation
• Feeds flower and green pods
• In green pods – make circular holes and feed the grains and make empty

43. 2. Cut worm: Agrotis ipsilon
Symptoms of damage:
• The caterpillar remains the soil at a depth of 24 inches.
• The caterpillars cut the tender plants at the base, and branches or
stems of growing plants.
Identification of the pest:
Eggs are laid on earth clods,
chickpea stem bases and on both
sides of leaves.
Larva is dark brown with red head.
Pupa Pupation takes place in
earthen cocoon.
Adult moths are brownish with
numerous wavy lines and spots,
measuring 3 to 5 cm across wings.

44. 3 .Termites: Odontotermes obesus
Symptoms of damage:
Termite bores into the roots and stem. Due to the bore the plants soon dries.
Attack may continue to the standing crop also especially during the period of drought.
Identification of the pest:
These are social insects, live in termitaria, in distinct castes, workers, kings and
queen.
Eggs are laid on plants and in the soil.
'Workers are small (4 mm) and have a soft, white body and a brown head.
Termite attack

45. PEST OF COWPEA
Common name: Cow pea
S.N: Vigna unguiculata
Family: Fabacace

46. 1. Spotted pod borer: Maruca testulalis
Symptoms of damage
• Bore holes on the buds, flower or pods
• Infested pods and flowers are webbed together.
Identification of the pest
• Larva - Greenish white with brown head. It has two pairs of dark spots on the
back of each segment
• Adult - Forewings- light brown colour with white markings;
Hindwings – white colour with brown markings at the lateral edge
a M. obtusa larva,
puparia & seed damage.
C: M. chalcosoma
puparia.

47. 2. Spiny pod borer:Etiella zinckenella
Symptoms of damage
• Dropping of flowers and young pods
• Older pods marked with a brown spot where a larvae has
entered
Identification of the pest
Larval – greenish initially, turns pink before pupation.
• It has 5 black spots on the prothorax
Adult
• Brownish grey moth
• Prothorax – orange in colour
• Fore wing - has a white stripe along the anterior margin

49. CULTURAL PRACTISE
• Deep summer ploughing to expose pupae in soil.
• Adoption of tolerant varieties
• Adopt high seed rate, seed treatment with carbosulfan @
40g/kg seed or imidacloprid 3 g/kg or thiamethoxam @ 4g/kg.
• Crop rotation with less favourable crops like jowar, gingelly,
blackgram, horsegram, dry paddy (in redgram)
• Collection and destriction of the infested material from the
field.
• Early sowings in Pod fly endemic areas.
• Raising intercrops/ Guard crop: In bengalgram, mustard,
coriander as intercrops. In kharif redgram like greengram,
blackgram, cowpea @ 1:7 rows and jowar in 2 rows in rabi
redgam to encourage and conserve natural enemies viz.,
Campoletis chloridae, Carcelia illote, Apanteles sauros,
Microbracon brevicornis

50. Proper
preparatory
cultivation

51. HORSEGRAM
LRG 41 Red gram variety

52. Adoption of Intercrops with other
pulses in Redgram/ boarder
crops like maize or jowar to
attract natural enemies
Destruction
of alternate
hosts

53. MECHANICAL CONTROL:
Clipping of a terminal twig upto
one foot at 90 – 100 DAS to remove
ovipositional niches (depending on
moisture availability in soil).

54. Mechanical collection of
nymphs and adults and
destroying them by dipping into
kerosinized water and foliar
spray with carbaryl @3 g/l or
monocrotophos 1.5 ml /l or
dimethoate 2 ml/l or methyl
parathion 2 ml/l or
phosphamidon 2 ml/l in case of
bugs.

55. Shaking of redgram plants to
collect and destroy later
instars of Helicoverpa
armigera
shaking of trees & bushes by
which the insects fall to the
ground and they can be
collected.

56. POISON BAIT TRAP:
For the larvae of Spodoptera litura 500 g
of molasses + 5 kg of rice bran + 500 g of carbaryl
50 wp/acre. Mix with water & make small Pellets
and broadcast them along the irrigation channels
during evening hours to attract the caterpillars.

57. CHEMICAL CONTROL
• Avoid indiscriminate use of insecticides, synthetic pyrethroids and
mixtures
• Foliar application of systemic insecticides like dimethoate 2 ml/l or
monocrotophos 1.6ml/l or acephate 1.5g/l against Stem fly, leaf
miners.
• In severe incidence, indoxacarb 1 ml/l or spinosad 0.3 ml/l.
• Adopt community approach.
• Foliar sprays should commence at 50% flowering.
• Foliar spray from flower bud initiation with combination of
chlorpyriphos 2.5 ml/l or quinalphos 2 ml/l or novaluron 0.75 ml/l
or spinosad 0.75 ml/l or lamda cyhalothrin 1 ml/l in combination
with dichlorvos 1 ml /l at wekly intervals in case of Maruca
• Foliar sprays with 5% NSKE / Botanicals or monocrotophos 1.5 ml/l
or dimethoate 2 ml/l in combination with dichlorvos 1 ml /l at
wekly intervals from pod formation stage against podfly and pod
wasp.

58. Seed treatment with
carbosulfan @ 30-40g/kg seed,
spraying with thiamethoxam
0.4g/l or imidacloprid 0.4 ml/l. SUCKING PEST MANAGEMENT IN
PULSES

59. Foliar spray with systemic insecticides like dimethoate 2 ml/l or
phosphamidon 2 ml/l or malathion 2 ml/l or acephate 1.5 g/l or
triazophos 2 ml/l or profenophos 2 ml/l

60. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

61. • Apantels sp parasitise larvae.
• Leafminer maggots are parasitized by Braconids,
Eulophids.
• Pre-pupal stage of podfly is parasitized by
Euderus agromyzae and pupa is parasitized by
Euderus lividus.
• Removal of affected pods of first brood during
winter.

62. Release of egg parasitoid Trichogramma @ 50,000/ha/week four
times based on the adult trap catch.

63. Erect bird perches @ 50/ha to attract
predatory birds like Drongo.

64. Conserve larval parasitoids Aproaerema sp,
Hyperencyrtus lycaenephila, Listrodromus
crassipes.
Aproaerema sp