Discovery of synthetic pesticides in 1940, the whole scenario of pest management has changed.
From late 1940 to mid 1960 has been called “the dark ages” of pest control.
The insecticidal properties of DDT (dichloro diphenyl trichlorethane) discovered by Paul Muller in 1939 triggered this “dark age” of pest control.
Resistance of pests to pesticides was observed, the minor pests to major pests due to killing beneficial insects.
Implementation and impact of IPM. Safety issues in pesticide use. Political, ...Nikhil Kumar
IPM packages tested at several research centres vis-a-vis the farmers’ practices indicate superiority of the former. IPM practices enabled reduction in the number of chemical sprays. IPM system also resulted in increase of natural enemies by three-fold, reduced the insecticide and environmental pollution (Dhaliwal and Arora, 1996).
An integrated strategy for the management of major pests and diseases is possible by
I. breeding new varieties with built-in resistance,
II. evolving efficient methods of pest control through pest surveys and monitoring, and
III. biological control of pests with the help of conservation and augmentation of natural enemies like parasites, predators and insect pathogens.
The
BLAST AND LEAF SPOT OF FINGER MILLET or RAGI or MANDUWA or NAACHNI, प्राचीन काल से ही हमारे देश में पारम्परिक मोटे अनाज जैसे कि ज्वार, जौं, मक्का आदि का सेवन किया जाता रहा है। इन्हीं मोटे अनाजों में से एक है रागी। यह अनाज सेहत के लिए बहुत ही लाभकारी है
Implementation and impact of IPM. Safety issues in pesticide use. Political, ...Nikhil Kumar
IPM packages tested at several research centres vis-a-vis the farmers’ practices indicate superiority of the former. IPM practices enabled reduction in the number of chemical sprays. IPM system also resulted in increase of natural enemies by three-fold, reduced the insecticide and environmental pollution (Dhaliwal and Arora, 1996).
An integrated strategy for the management of major pests and diseases is possible by
I. breeding new varieties with built-in resistance,
II. evolving efficient methods of pest control through pest surveys and monitoring, and
III. biological control of pests with the help of conservation and augmentation of natural enemies like parasites, predators and insect pathogens.
The
BLAST AND LEAF SPOT OF FINGER MILLET or RAGI or MANDUWA or NAACHNI, प्राचीन काल से ही हमारे देश में पारम्परिक मोटे अनाज जैसे कि ज्वार, जौं, मक्का आदि का सेवन किया जाता रहा है। इन्हीं मोटे अनाजों में से एक है रागी। यह अनाज सेहत के लिए बहुत ही लाभकारी है
In this PPT slides you will come to know about the different kinds of pest which is infesting in WHEAT plant. And also you will come to know about their management practices and also you will have an knowledge about some common chemicals which is being uses to eradicate the pests/diseases infesting in wheat plant.
In this PPT slides you will come to know about the different kinds of pest which is infesting in WHEAT plant. And also you will come to know about their management practices and also you will have an knowledge about some common chemicals which is being uses to eradicate the pests/diseases infesting in wheat plant.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Herbicides during Transition to Conservation Ag...Premier Publishers
The difficulty of manual hoe weeding presents a major challenge to the adoption of conservation agriculture (CA) by smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe. Herbicide use is known to reduce manual hoe weeding requirements during the season while increasing economic returns. Studies to determine the efficacy of herbicides in maize under CA were carried out in Zimbabwe. The treatments evaluated were:(i) manual hoe weeding (ii) paraquat (0.2 kg a.i. ha-1) (iii) glyphosate (1.025 kg a.i ha-1) (iv) atrazine (1.8 kg a.i. ha-1) (v) glyphosate (1.025 kg a.i ha-1) + atrazine (1.8 kg a.i. ha-1) (vi) glyphosate (1.025 kg a.i ha-1) + atrazine (1.8 kg a.i. ha-1) + metolachlor (1.152kg a.i. ha-1). Greater efficacy of weed control was higher in herbicide treated plots compared to hoe weeding alone. Atrazine combined with other herbicides or alone significantly (P<0.05) suppressed Garlinsoga parviflora, Bidens pilosa and other broadleaf weeds that dominated the weed spectrum at study sites. A tank mix of glyphosate + atrazine + metolachlor had significantly higher (P<0.05) maize grain yield than hoe weeding alone. Results showed that herbicides lowered weeding time requirement and were more effective in controlling weeds than manual hoe weeding alone. Farmers are thus likely to enjoy more net economic benefits if they adopt herbicide use as a weed control strategy in CA systems.
Two field experiment were run at the farms of Omar AL-Mokhtar university, in order to knew the effect of some methods used to control tomato pests on soil arthropod systemic groups in organic cultivated tomato field such as (BT, algifol, methyl salicylate, neem oil), Results indicated that application of B. thuringensis and Algifol achieved the highest performance showing 100% reduction in mites and other soil arthropods systemic groups, and gave reduction 55.5 and 54.96% in both insect and total population of soil arthropods collected with pitfall traps. As far as Neemazone and Methyl salicylate increased the insect population with percentages 132.5 and 310% and total soil arthropods with 133.2% and 308.6% respectively and reduced the mites and the other arthropods population with 100%. Also results showed that the pesticides (avermectin, indoxacarb, & neemazone) increased the average number of the total soil arthropod population groups, and these pesticides showed selective effect, so that, it will be recommended that in order to preserve the beneficial predators, carnivorous and parasitoids these biological and selective pesticides in conventional tomato field should be applied.
According to the results obtained from this work, the changes in diversity and equitability and decrease or increase of percent population of soil arthropods groups were differed according to the soil arthropod groups, sampling period, applied plant protection products and system of agricultural.
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
Efficiency of bio fertilizers and compost on soil arthropod diversity and spe...Salah Hussein
The effect of three types of bio fertilizers ( N, P and K), plant and animal compost on soil arthropod diversity and species abundance were studied in organic tomato field. Nitrogen fixation bacteria increased the insects population with 16.26%, and the total population of soil arthropods with 7.3% and caused reduction % in mites and other arthropods population with 66.53 and 100 % reduction. Fertilization with potassium soluble bacteria (K) increased the population of insects, mites, and the total population of soil arthropods systemic groups with 175, 1353.8 and 741.23 % respectively. Similar results were achieved in the treatments with phosphorous soluble bacteria (P)
The treatments with animal compost increased all soil arthropods systemic groups, insects, mites and the total population of soil arthropods systemic groups gave 486.48, 356.36 and 347% increasing percentages compared with pretreatment. While this treatment caused reduction in the other soil arthropods with 66.6%.
The two types of compost increased both the terrestrial soil arthropods systemic groups, which collected by pitfall traps , and the superficial soil arthropods systemic groups that found in the upper surface layer, until (30cm depth), which collected by Berlese funnel methods, with percentage arranged from 47% to 61% in animal compost.
Generally steep decline occurred in other arthropods in tomato organic cultivated after application of different bio-fertilizers and increased in insect population, mites and total population of soil arthropods collected with pitfall traps and Berlese funnel.
Keywords : (organic tomato system, soil arthropods, agro ecosystem, Diversity and equitability, biofertilizers, plant and animal compost).
Presentation on preventive measures of weed control.pptxSudha Neupane
Weeds have been known since the ancient times. Weed are unwanted plant that grow along with the main crop in the field. Weed are considered as cumbersome for successful agriculture production. Due to crop-weed competition the crop yield losses are generally high in agriculture production. So, in order to minimize such losses farmers are practicing several weed management strategies which includes prevention, eradication, control (mechanical, cultural, biological and chemical method). The cultural methods are expensive and time consuming so, farmer have to move towards other alternative methods of weed control Varga et.al (2000). Furthermore, due to rising labor cost and non-availability of labor for manual weeding during the critical period of weed control has contributed to use of herbicides. Herbicides not only timely and effectively controls the weed but also offer a great scope for minimizing the cost of production Varga et.al (2000). Control methods are applied after the emergence of weed on the field while prevention methods of weed control are adopted before sowing the crops. Generally, there are two objectives: 1. To prevent the entry and establishment of weed species in an area.2. To prevent the spread of weed or to limit the weed build up in a field.
These objectives are referred as prevention. And any method that are applied before sowing the crop to prevent there entry , establishment and spreads comes under the prevention category. Focusing on second objective of preventive measures of weed control we can say that some cultural methods such as crop rotation or crop diversification, stale seed bed, tillage system, cover crops ( used as green manures or dead mulches),soil solarization, irrigation and drainage systems and crop residues managements can be included under preventive methods of weed control. In practice, weed management strategies should integrate indirect (preventive) methods with direct (cultural and curative) methods. The first category includes any method used before a crop is sown, while the second includes any methods applied during a crop growing cycle. Methods in both categories can influence either weed density (i.e., the number of individuals per unit area) and/or weed development (biomass production and soil cover). However, while indirect methods aim mainly to reduce the numbers of plants emerging in a crop, direct methods also aim to increase crop competitive ability against weeds.The success of prevention depends on awareness of the problem, species, effort, Co-operation, area.
•Most effective where adopted against a single species on a large area on a cooperative basis.
In conclusion we can say that farmers have several preventive methods in their arsenal that they can put together to build up a good weed management strategy. Preventive weed control is permanent weed control and usually require community action. it. For this process, a collective or joint effort and commitment is required.
Zoogeographers formulate theories to explain the distribution, based on information about geography, physiography, climate, and geologic history, as well as knowledge of the evolutionary history and relationships of the animals involved
Protein synthesis, Structure and types of Nucleic.pptxsharanabasapppa
What is Protein?
Protein is a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides
or
Proteins are building blocks of Amino acids
Polypeptides are unbranched polymers built from the same set of amino acids
Bioluminescence is production of light without heat energy through chemical reaction by living organism.
The light emitted by a bioluminescent organism is produced by energy released from chemical reactions occurring inside the organism.
Fungi are the commonest pathogens in insects, with approximately 1000 species known to cause disease in arthropods.
most entomopathogenic fungi infect insects by direct penetration through the cuticle and killed by production of toxins.
Several entomopathogenic fungi, such as Metarhizium spp. And Beauveria spp., have been developed as environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical insecticides in biocontrol programs for agricultural pests and vectors of disease
DNA Fingerprinting for Taxonomy and Phylogeny.pptxsharanabasapppa
Deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material which is present in all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes.
DNA is made up of molecules called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar group and a nitrogen base.
The four types of nitrogen bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C). The order of these bases is what determinesDNA's instructions, or genetic code.
Biologists and ecologists have been concerned about the worldwide reduction in
biodiversity in by many terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates. However, only recently scientists
have voiced similar concerns about invertebrate taxa, mainly insects. The rapid rate of insect
decline may lead to the extinction of 40 per cent of the world's insect species over the next
few decades (Sánchez-Bayoa and Wyckhuysb, 2019). Indian entomologists too agree that the
country is witnessing a slump in insect numbers (Iyer, 2019).
The major factors responsible for the decline in insect fauna include habitat change,
pollution, invasive species and climate change (Ceballos et al., 2017). Habitat change is an
immediate consequence of urbanisation, industrialisation, intensive farming and
deforestation. The tremendous human population growth and urban development in the city
of Liberia, Costa Rica caused a decline in the diversity and abundance of bees on the
flowering tree, Andira inermis (W. Wright) (Frankie et al., 2009). Due to industrialisation,
the diversity of insect fauna reduced in Midnapur district of West Bengal by 23.33 per cent
(Jana et al., 2006).
Intensive farming practices following monocultures, recurrent use of synthetic
fertilisers, herbicides and pesticides are the major drivers of insect declines in both terrestrial
and aquatic ecosystems. Neonicotinoid insecticides, the most widely used molecules for
agricultural pest management have crucial negative side effects, especially on pollinators and
other beneficial insects feeding on floral nectar and pollen (Calvo-Agudo et al., 2019).
Water pollution reduces the quality of freshwater habitat, leading to a decline in
aquatic insects. Light pollution interferes with insects that use natural light from the moon or
stars as orientation cues for navigation (moths) and with communication of insects that use
bioluminescent signals (fireflies). Noise pollution interferes with acoustic communication in
insects like grasshoppers and cicadas. Electromagnetic radiation of mobile
telecommunication antennas have a detrimental effect on the abundance and composition of
pollinators like wild bees, hover flies, bee flies, beetles and wasps (Lazaro et al., 2016).
Introduction of invasive species may lead to local loss of native insects, particularly
those exhibiting narrow geographic distributions. A long-term field study to assess the
composition of ladybird beetles in the orchards of East Anglia, England revealed a decline in
the native ladybird beetles caused by the invasive harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis (Brown and Roy, 2017). Climate change causes threats to insects and the ecosystems they
depend on, Climate warming in central Spain resulted in a decline in species richness of
butterflies in 90 per cent of the region, due to the shift in the geographical range of many
species from plains to higher elevations (Wilson et al., 2007).
Many flower-visiting insects and other animals are engaged in a remarkable mutually beneficial interaction with the plants whose flowers they frequent. These animals are pollinators. As bees, butterflies and other pollinators forage for resources found within the flowers, such as pollen (a source of protein and lipids), nectar (mostly a source of sugars but also containing free amino acids and other compounds as well as microbes) or more rarely oils, scents or resins, their bodies contact the sexual organs of the plants.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
3. Introduction
• Discovery of synthetic pesticides in 1940, the whole
scenario of pest management has changed.
• From late 1940 to mid 1960 has been called “the dark ages”
of pest control.
• The insecticidal properties of DDT (dichloro diphenyl
trichlorethane) discovered by Paul Muller in 1939 triggered
this “dark age” of pest control.
• Resistance of pests to pesticides was observed, the minor
pests to major pests due to killing beneficial insects.
4. • Soon after World War II few scientists realized that
indiscriminate use of synthetic organic insecticides would
be problematic.
• Entomologists at the University of California, United States
of America (USA) developed the concept of integrated pest
management (IPM) during the 1950, two major factors:
1. Development of resistance to insecticides
2. Destruction of insect natural enemies by insecticides.
5. • Rachel Carson (1962) mentioned in Silent Spring the
problems caused by pesticides.
• The term “Integrated Pest Management” was used for the
first time by Smith and van dan Bosch (1967)
• In the 1970s, DDT was widely banned due to environmental
risks.
6. • In 1972, Bacillus thuringiensis, were released for control of
Lepidopteran pests.
• Transgenic pest resistant crops were released in 1996,
representing the biggest step in technology.
• IPM is the main strategy recommended for pest
management under Agenda 21 of the United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED,
1992).
7. • Use of pesticides application has been decreased from 2.6
billion kg to 1.7 billion kg in 2007 (Agranova, 2008).
• Total sales of pesticides were estimated in 2007 was US
$35.85 billion (insecticides 26.4%, fungicides 23.2%,
herbicides 45.6% and others 4.7%) (Agranova, 2008).
• Global pesticide market recorded a negative average annual
growth rate of 1.3 percent (after inflation) between 1998
and 2007 (Agranova, 2008).
8. IPM Programs in India
• In the era of green revolution the application of higher
inputs (pesticides, fertilizers and high yielding verities)
increased production from 5640 to 21200 tons in 1968–
1969.
• Most of the pesticide were consumed in the green
revolution areas of Punjab, Haryana, Andra Pradesh,
Western Uttar Pradesh (around 103 districts) and 50 percent
in cotton crop.
• A number of IPM programs have been launched in India from
1993 onwards.
10. Success Stories of Integrated Pest
Management in India
• Cotton is a cash crop of the farmers in Marathwada region
of Maharashtra.
• It continues to suffer heavily from a complex of insect-pests
and diseases, which affect the crop from seedling to harvest
stage.
• The losses due to pests leads to 50-60% yield reduction.
• It consumed 54% of the total chemical pesticides before
introduction of transgenic cotton in 2002.
11. ASHTA – the IPM Village
• Ashta is located in the tribal belt of Nanded district
(Marathwada region of Maharashtra) on the border of
Andhra Pradesh.
• Major crops such as cotton intercropped with pigeonpea,
blackgram, jowar, groundnut, maize, soybean and chickpea
covered the total arable land of 935 ha. The soil is light
black alluvial.
12. Reasons for the selection of Ashta
• Ashta was selected for implementing sustainable cotton
IPM strategy on a village basis for two reasons:
I. It was representative of rainfed cotton growing area of 11
districts of Maharashtra and four districts of Andhra
Pradesh.
II. The village had experienced a large-scale epizootic of
Helicoverpa armigera in 1997-98 season and faced a total
crop failure, and the farmers had decided to shift to other
crops in the subsequent year.
13. The village was found to be pest attacks due to
the following reasons:
1. More number of cotton cultivars
2. Sowing of crop May end to early July. As a result, the crop
having longer duration.
3. Imbalance in use of fertilizers
4. Continuous availability of Helicoverpa hosts in the
cropping system
5. Sanitation
6. Ratooning
14. Scenario of cotton protection practices
• Among the insecticides, monocrotophos (17.35%) was the
most widely used by Ashta farmers followed by endosulfan
(12.26%), dimethoate (10.8%), cypermethrin (9.95%) and
fenvalerate (7.35%) were widely used.
• Among the combinations, endosulfan + dimethoate ranked
first and was adopted by 56.5% of the farmers.
• The seed cotton yield ranged from a minimum of 0.75 q/ha
to a maximum of 3.75 q/ha with an average of 2.20 q/ha,
results in heavy dependence of the farmers on the use of
chemical pesticides.
15. Development and Validation of the IPM
Module
• Work carried out by ICAR institutes as well as SAUs on
rainfed cotton pest management through IPM modules for
their field during 1995.
• It was decided to carry out experimentation at Agricultural
College, Nanded in collaboration with Cotton Research
Station, MAU, Nanded.
• Four IPM modules were synthesized viz., Bio-intensive,
Biocontrol + insecticides, Biocontrol + intercrop and
Chemical modules.
16.
17. Components of the bio-intensive module
The observations made during three years (1995-1997) of
validation, a number of modifications were made in the
module.
• Mass motivation of farmers for large-scale field sanitation.
• Uniform sowing: using certified acid delinted seeds of single
hybrid (NHH-44) and a variety (Renuka) in the entire
village.
18. • Seed treatment with imidacloprid @ 7 g a.i./kg of seed.
• Use of recommended spacing of 90 cm x 60 cm and 60 cm x
30 cm, respectively for the hybrid and the variety.
• Sowing of maize (border crop), cowpea (inter crop) for
buildup of coccinellid (lady bird beetles) predators and their
migration to cotton.
• Sowing of Setaria between 9 or 10 rows of cotton to increase
the activity of predatory birds by serving as food source and
acting as live perch.
19. • Trichogramma chilonis @ 1,50,000/ha was released in cotton
• Neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5%
• Application of HaNPV @ 250 LE/ha
Trichogramma chilonis egg card
tagging demonstration
20. Economics of IPM
• The IPM module resulted in reduction of chemical
insecticide and cost of protection.
• Conservation of natural fauna and created ecological
balance.
• The bio-intensive technology provided higher net returns
and yields to the farmers.
• The average seed cotton yield was 962.5 kg/ha as compared
to 220 kg/ha during the previous season (1997), which
reflected a difference of 742.50 kg/ha or an increase of
77.1% (4.37 times) over the 1997,
21. The general impacts of the Ashta IPM
• The yields from cotton were supplemented by yields of
Setaria, Maize and Cowpea.
• Conservation and enhancement in the activity of the
natural enemies (predators and parasites)
• Reduction in the quantity of chemical insecticides used
• Environmental safety as evident by increase in the number
of bird population in the crop.
• Compensatory yields and higher net returns
22. Impact on environment
• Using eco-friendly bio-pesticides and conservation of
parasitoids and predators had resulted in restoration of
environment.
• Population of lady bird beetles was 0.04-0.36 adults/plant
under the non-IPM practices compared to the 3.00 to 4.8
adults/plant in IPM fields.
• Population of green lace wing (Chrysoperla) was negligible
in non-IPM plots compared to 1.4 eggs/plant in IPM plots.
23. • Planting Setaria as intercrop between 9th and 10th row of
cotton and providing bird perches enhanced the activity of
the predatory birds (bulbul),
• Field collected bollworm larvae had shown 100%
parasitisation.
• The conservation of natural enemies and reduced usage of
chemical pesticides.
• All the practices under the IPM provided for a safe
environment.
24. IPM Initiatives in other Countries
IPM Programs and Policies in the USA
• IPM strategies emerged in the USA in 1950s to reduce
pesticide use in agriculture.
• Political leaders and public understood the problems of
pollution and destruction of natural enemies due to
insecticides.
• This leads to entomologists conducted research on IPM.
25. • The US congress made pesticide regulation law, because due
to extensive damage of environment.
• After 1972, no pesticide could be sold
• In the same year, the report “Integrated Pest management”
was published (Council for Environmental Quality, 1972).
• A number of IPM programs were implemented in the USA.
• Among that “Huffaker Project,” also one, after its chairman,
Carl Huffaker of the Entomology Department of the
University of California at Berkeley.
26. • United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), National
Science Foundation (NSF) and Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) jointly financed a 5 year program of IPM to
cover around 1.6 million hectares (the Huffakar Project).
• Six crops viz. – alfalfa, citrus, cotton, pines, pome and stone
fruits and soybean were covered under the project
(Huffakar and Smith, 1972).
• Consortium for Integrated Pest Management was second
large scale project (1979 to 1985). The coverage of the
project was 5.76 million hectares.
27. • Adoption of IPM strategies saved USA agriculture US$ 500
million per year due to reductions in pesticide use (Rajotte
et al., 1987).
• During 2001, United States General Accounting Office
(USGAO) conducted an audit.
• The area under IPM was: cotton-86%, fruit and nuts-62%,
vegetables-86%, soybean-78%, corn-76%, barley-71%,
wheat-65%, alfalfa-40% and other crops 63%.
28. The West African Regional Integrated Production
and Pest Management (IPPM) Programme
29.
30. Indonesia’s Integrated Pest Management in Rice
• Rice is the important crop in Indonesia, occupied about 60%
of the total area (Raheja, 1995).
• Before 1969, Indonesia had been the world’s largest
importer of rice.
• After that Green Revolution (high yield seed varieties,
fertilizers, and intensive pesticide) Indonesia achieved self-
sufficiency in rice production in 1984.
31. • Initially, pest control was achieved only through pesticide
use.
• Government provided subsidy to farmers for purchase
pesticides (at one point in the 1980s, the subsidy rate was as
high as 85%).
• Given training to use of pesticide application equipment
(World Bank, 1995).
• Pesticide subsidies amounted was 179 million (US$), which
was about 0.17% of Indonesia’s Gross Domestic Product
(World Bank, 1995).
32. • Excessive pesticide use resulted in development of
resistance and pest resurgence. Minor pests became major
pests
• The brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens) was
considered minor pest, after the Green Revolution, it
become a major pest.
33. • The IPM concept was officially adopted by Indonesia in
1979.
• Indonesian government, November 5, 1986, was declared
IPM the national pest control strategy for rice.
• The insecticides should be applied only when an economic
threshold was reached.
34. • Later pesticide subsidies gradually decreased in January,
1989 (Raheja, 1995).
• The government has saved more than 100 million (US$) of
pesticide expenditures.
• Although financial returns, decreased pesticide inputs, and
increased yields are all measures of success for the
Indonesian IPM program,
37. IPM-FFS (Integrated Pest Management-
Farmer Field School).
• FFS model was initiated by FAO in Southeast Asia in the
late 1980s. Over the past two decades and spread to nearly
90 countries worldwide.
• IPM-FFS encourages farmers not to spray unless pest
thresholds reach a damaging level.
• This is an informal learning approach where “classroom” is
the farmers’ own field.
• FFS approach is to improve farmers’ livelihoods through
adoption of IPM practice and empowerment.
38. • IMP-FFS grouped into 25 farmers, learn together through
discovery and experience.
• FFSs make farmers better decision-makers.
• FFS having variety of objectives:
• Grow healthy crop, observe the field regularly, conserve on
natural enemies and to make farmers (IPM) experts on crop
production.
• It is an innovative tool to facilitate interactive learning.
• This case study was conducted to analyze the
implementation on the FFS approach of IPM during July
2010 to June 2013.
39. Adoption of IPM Practices
• The adoption of IPM practices by the farmers was
significantly higher after joining FFS compared to before
joining in the FFS.
• The area under higher adoption (100%) was use of balanced
fertilizer, synchronized crop production, transplanting
healthy seedlings & line sowing, bird perching, surveying
before using chemicals pesticides.
42. References
• Settle, W. and Garba, M.H. 2009. A case study of the West African
Regional Integrated Production and Pest Management (IPPM)
Programme by FAO, Rome, Italy.
• Vennila, S., Birah, A., Kanwar, V. And Chattopadhyay, C. 2016. Success
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