Biological approach: Depression
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Mental health problems are regarded as illnesses according to the biological approach, which views abnormal behavior as reflecting an underlying disease process. This approach believes mental health problems are caused by damaged or malfunctioning biology, such as different parts of the brain controlling psychological and physical processes like thinking, feeling, and behavior.
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Bipolar disorder is a cyclical mood disorder that results in pathological mood swings from mania to depression. It has been recognized and studied for hundreds of years. There is strong evidence that bipolar disorder has a genetic component, with family and twin studies showing increased risk among relatives of those diagnosed. While specific genetic variants have not been consistently identified, heritability is stronger for bipolar disorder than for unipolar depression. Proper diagnosis distinguishes between bipolar I and II, as well as related disorders like cyclothymia, based on the presence and duration of manic or hypomanic episodes.
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is a serious mental illness characterized by extreme mood swings from mania to depression. Mania involves abnormally elevated mood and increased energy, while depression involves abnormally low mood. The causes of bipolar disorder are debated and approaches include psychoanalytic, trait, biological, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive, and family-focused treatment approaches.
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Bowlby maternal deprivation
John Bowlby developed the theory of maternal deprivation which argued that children have an innate need to form attachments, especially to their mother, during the critical first five years. Disruption of this attachment through separation, loss of the mother, or failure to attach could lead to long term emotional and behavioral problems. However, some studies have challenged Bowlby's claims, finding no link between deprivation and issues like delinquency or finding children were able to form relationships after deprivation.
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Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) conducted a meta-analysis of 32 studies from 8 countries that used the Strange Situation procedure to assess infant attachment styles. They found that secure attachment was the most common style across cultures, though rates varied between countries. Individualistic cultures tended to have higher rates of avoidant attachment, while more collectivist cultures had higher rates of resistant attachment. However, variations in attachment styles within cultures exceeded those between cultures, suggesting childrearing practices among sub-cultures may also influence attachment.
Mod 3 attachment types question sheet
The document provides descriptions of 6 children's behaviors when their mothers leave and return to the room. It asks to identify each child's attachment type based on the descriptions, with A signifying a secure attachment, B an insecure-avoidant attachment, and C an insecure-resistant attachment. It provides descriptions of Tom ignoring his mother upon her return (B), Kenny crying but being soothed (A), Yasmin ignoring her mother upon return (C), Tilda being comforted by a stranger (B), Larry seeming angry with his mother upon return (C), and Helen being pleased and comforted quickly settling to play (A).
Mod 3 attachment types evaluation
The document discusses Ainsworth's identification of three main types of attachment: secure attachment, insecure-avoidant attachment, and insecure-resistant attachment. It then provides a case study describing the behaviors of two brothers, Rob and Sam, and asks the reader to identify the type of attachment each boy demonstrates. Rob is identified as having an insecure-resistant attachment as he cried and seemed scared around strangers, while Sam displayed a secure attachment by happily greeting his mother and being comfortable with other adults. The document evaluates the strengths of Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment in reliably identifying attachment types, and also notes limitations, such as additional types of attachment identified by others and concerns about its cultural specificity.
Strange situation
Mary Ainsworth was a student of John Bowlby and the first psychologist to identify different types of attachment relationships between babies/children and their primary caregivers. She observed mothers in Uganda and found that sensitive mothers had securely attached infants who were less anxious, cried less, and explored their environment more. To study attachment types further, Ainsworth designed the "Strange Situation" experiment involving brief separations from and reunions with caregivers. It identified secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant attachments.
Mod 6 explanations of attachment
Here are 3 limitations of Bowlby's theory identified in the attachment booklet:
1. Bowlby did not consider individual differences in attachment styles. He assumed all children form a secure attachment.
2. Bowlby did not consider cultural differences in childrearing practices and attachment. His ideas were based mainly on Western societies.
3. Bowlby's theory does not fully explain how attachment behaviors and internal working models change over time in response to new experiences and relationships. He saw them as fixed after the critical period.
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This document discusses explanations for forgetting, specifically retrieval failure due to the absence of cues. It explains that while information is stored in long-term memory, we can forget due to an inability to retrieve it without cues. Cues can be external contextual details or internal state-dependent details associated with the initial learning that help with recall. The encoding specificity principle holds that cues present during learning must also be present during retrieval attempts. A lack of cues results in cue-dependent forgetting.
Mod 3 retrieval failur
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Mod 6 harlow
Harry Harlow conducted experiments with baby monkeys to test the hypothesis that animals learn to attach to the animal that feeds them. He found that baby monkeys kept in bare cages often died, while monkeys placed in cages with either a wire or cloth-covered "mother" spent more time clinging to and seeking comfort from the cloth mother, even when the wire mother dispensed milk. His research demonstrated that contact comfort is important for attachment formation and social/emotional development in young primates.
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The document summarizes research on caregiver-infant attachment. It describes Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study which identified 4 stages of attachment development. They found that most infants form their first attachment to their biological mother by 7 months. Additional research has explored attachments to secondary caregivers, particularly fathers. While some research suggests fathers play a distinct role through play and stimulation, other studies have been unable to clearly define the father's role in attachment. The role of fathers in infant development remains an area of ongoing research and debate.
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The cognitive interview is a technique developed by Fisher and Gieselman in 1992 to improve the accuracy and detail of eyewitness testimony. It involves having the witness reconstruct the original context of the crime, report every detail in any order, and recall the event from different perspectives. Research has found the cognitive interview results in a 34% increase in correct recall compared to standard police interviews, but it may be difficult to apply in real-life criminal investigations due to time and cost constraints.
Cognitive interview
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- Field research on eyewitness
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Biological approach: Depression
- 1. According to the biological approach or medical model abnormal behaviour reflects an underlying ‘ disease ’ process and can be thought of as an illness. The Biological Approach
- 2. Mental health problems are regarded as illnesses. Mental health problems are caused by damaged or malfunctioning biology.
- 4. Different parts of the brain control specific psychological and physical processes: How we think. What we feel. Our behaviour.
- 6. Neurons