Bioprocess development and technology-Introduction,History of bioprocess,Milestones of Bioprocess development,Bioprocess development,Impact on Biotechnology
“Microbial Biomass” A Renewable Energy For The FutureAnik Banik
This document discusses microbial biomass as a renewable energy source for the future. It defines microbial biomass as the total organic matter present in microorganisms, which can decompose plant and animal residues. Microbial biomass includes bacterial, fungal, and algal biomass, and can be used to produce biofuels through microbial fuel cells, biodiesel production, and biogas production. While microbial biofuels have advantages like being renewable and causing less environmental impact than fossil fuels, they also have disadvantages including higher costs and needing specialized equipment and skilled personnel. The document concludes that microbial biomass can serve as an alternative to depleting fossil fuel reserves.
This document summarizes microbial degradation of various xenobiotics and pollutants. It discusses how microbes like bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes are able to degrade compounds like hydrocarbons, PAHs, pesticides, dyes and other xenobiotics. The microbes produce enzymes that allow them to use these compounds as carbon and energy sources and breakdown the compounds into simpler molecules like carbon dioxide and water.
The document discusses upstream processing in biomanufacturing. Upstream processing involves growing cells in bioreactors to produce target proteins for pharmaceuticals. Key aspects of upstream processing include media preparation and sterilization, inoculum development, and cell culture in bioreactors. The main goal of upstream processing is to provide optimal environmental conditions for cell growth and protein production before downstream processing separates and purifies the target proteins.
This document summarizes the application of computers in fermentation. It discusses the initial use of computers in the 1960s for modeling fermentation processes. Computers are now used for logging process data, analyzing the data, and controlling fermentation processes. Sensors are used to monitor important factors like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and mineral/nutrient levels to provide data inputs for computer control and modeling of fermentation.
This document discusses various types of fermenters used in industrial fermentation processes. It describes 7 types of fermenters: 1) Waldhof fermenter, 2) Acetators and cavitators, 3) Tower fermenter, 4) Cylindro-conical vessels, 5) Air lift fermenter, 6) Deep jet fermenter, 7) The cyclone column. For each type, it provides details on their design, operating principles, and applications. The key advantages of each fermenter type for different fermentation processes are highlighted.
Batch, fedbatch and continuous fermentationDhanya K C
The document discusses different types of fermentation processes including batch, fed-batch, and continuous fermentation. It explains the key characteristics of each type such as whether the system is open or closed, and how substrates and cells are added or removed. The stages of microbial cell growth including lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase are also summarized for batch fermentation.
Metagenomics is the study of genomes recovered from environmental samples without culturing. It involves extracting DNA from an environmental sample and sequencing the DNA. This allows study of the 99% of microbes that cannot be cultured. Metagenomics has applications in discovering new antibiotics, enzymes, and understanding microbial communities and host interactions. It provides a culture-independent way to access genetic diversity and biotechnological potential from uncultured microorganisms.
Bioprocess development and technology-Introduction,History of bioprocess,Milestones of Bioprocess development,Bioprocess development,Impact on Biotechnology
“Microbial Biomass” A Renewable Energy For The FutureAnik Banik
This document discusses microbial biomass as a renewable energy source for the future. It defines microbial biomass as the total organic matter present in microorganisms, which can decompose plant and animal residues. Microbial biomass includes bacterial, fungal, and algal biomass, and can be used to produce biofuels through microbial fuel cells, biodiesel production, and biogas production. While microbial biofuels have advantages like being renewable and causing less environmental impact than fossil fuels, they also have disadvantages including higher costs and needing specialized equipment and skilled personnel. The document concludes that microbial biomass can serve as an alternative to depleting fossil fuel reserves.
This document summarizes microbial degradation of various xenobiotics and pollutants. It discusses how microbes like bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes are able to degrade compounds like hydrocarbons, PAHs, pesticides, dyes and other xenobiotics. The microbes produce enzymes that allow them to use these compounds as carbon and energy sources and breakdown the compounds into simpler molecules like carbon dioxide and water.
The document discusses upstream processing in biomanufacturing. Upstream processing involves growing cells in bioreactors to produce target proteins for pharmaceuticals. Key aspects of upstream processing include media preparation and sterilization, inoculum development, and cell culture in bioreactors. The main goal of upstream processing is to provide optimal environmental conditions for cell growth and protein production before downstream processing separates and purifies the target proteins.
This document summarizes the application of computers in fermentation. It discusses the initial use of computers in the 1960s for modeling fermentation processes. Computers are now used for logging process data, analyzing the data, and controlling fermentation processes. Sensors are used to monitor important factors like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and mineral/nutrient levels to provide data inputs for computer control and modeling of fermentation.
This document discusses various types of fermenters used in industrial fermentation processes. It describes 7 types of fermenters: 1) Waldhof fermenter, 2) Acetators and cavitators, 3) Tower fermenter, 4) Cylindro-conical vessels, 5) Air lift fermenter, 6) Deep jet fermenter, 7) The cyclone column. For each type, it provides details on their design, operating principles, and applications. The key advantages of each fermenter type for different fermentation processes are highlighted.
Batch, fedbatch and continuous fermentationDhanya K C
The document discusses different types of fermentation processes including batch, fed-batch, and continuous fermentation. It explains the key characteristics of each type such as whether the system is open or closed, and how substrates and cells are added or removed. The stages of microbial cell growth including lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase are also summarized for batch fermentation.
Metagenomics is the study of genomes recovered from environmental samples without culturing. It involves extracting DNA from an environmental sample and sequencing the DNA. This allows study of the 99% of microbes that cannot be cultured. Metagenomics has applications in discovering new antibiotics, enzymes, and understanding microbial communities and host interactions. It provides a culture-independent way to access genetic diversity and biotechnological potential from uncultured microorganisms.
Strain improvement technique (exam point of view)Sijo A
The development of industrial strains, that can tolerate cultural environment and produces the desired metabolite in large amount from wild type strain is called strain improvement.
The rate of production is controlled by genome of an organism.
Hence the rate of production can be increased by inducing necessory changes in genome of the organism. Hence it is also called genetic improvement of microbial strain.
Fermentation
Scale up of fermentation
Steps in scale up
Scale up fermentation process
Optimizing scale up of fermentation process
Rules followed while doing scale up
Studies carried out during scale up
Reference
The document summarizes key aspects of upstream processing in fermentation. The upstream process includes culture isolation and screening to obtain desired microorganisms, inoculum preparation using increasing media volumes to actively grow cultures, and media formulation and sterilization. Primary screening qualitatively determines which microorganisms can produce compounds of interest, while secondary screening characterizes industrially important organisms and determines yield potentials under different conditions to select microbes suitable for industrial use. Important steps in inoculum preparation and considerations for media composition like carbon, nitrogen, minerals and growth factors are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of media formulation for fermentation and bioprocessing. It discusses the types of media, including complex and synthetic media. The key requirements for formulated media are then outlined, including carbon sources, oxygen sources, water, nitrogen sources, minerals, growth factors, and antifoams. Specific examples are given for each requirement. The document emphasizes that media formulation is essential for successful laboratory experiments and manufacturing processes.
This document discusses screening techniques used to isolate microorganisms of interest from a population. It describes primary screening as an initial process to discard many non-useful microbes while detecting a small percentage that may have industrial applications. Secondary screening further tests the capabilities of these isolated microorganisms to determine their real potential value. Some primary screening techniques mentioned include using crowded plates, detecting organic acid production, and screening for antibiotic production. The document also discusses improving crowded plate techniques and the goals and approaches of secondary screening to evaluate a microorganism's potential for industrial use.
This document discusses the key components required for microbial growth and fermentation, including carbon, nitrogen, minerals, vitamins and oxygen. It outlines the goals of optimizing fermentation media to maximize product yield while minimizing undesirable byproducts. Finally, it examines various carbon sources, nitrogen sources, minerals, trace elements and antifoaming agents used in fermentation media formulation.
The document discusses biofilms, which are complex aggregations of microorganisms that grow on surfaces in aquatic environments. Biofilms form when bacteria adhere to a surface and excrete a glue-like substance. They are found in places like rocks, water environments, living tissues, and industrial settings. Biofilms pose challenges for human health and industry because they are resistant to antibiotics and cause fouling. However, biofilms can also be beneficial in applications like water treatment. The document outlines the structure, formation process, impacts and threats of biofilms as well as some preventive measures and references on the topic.
This document discusses solid state fermentation and provides details about the process. It describes that solid state fermentation involves fermentation using solids in the absence of free water, though some moisture is needed. Microorganisms like fungi grow on the surface of solid substrates to produce things like enzymes, organic acids, and flavors. Agriculture wastes are commonly used as substrates. Fungi like Trichoderma and Aspergillus species are widely used to produce hydrolytic enzymes. Tray fermenters and rotating drum reactors are two common types of bioreactors used in solid state fermentation.
This document discusses bioreactor control systems. It describes different types of control systems including manual control, automatic control, two-position controllers, proportional control, integral control, and derivative control. It explains that automatic control systems use four basic components: a measuring element, controller, final control element, and the process to be controlled. The document also summarizes different combinations of control methods, such as proportional plus integral control and proportional plus integral plus derivative control.
This document discusses bioprocess control for cell cultivation systems. It covers various parameters that are measured for control, including cell inputs and outputs, substrate levels, oxygen, carbon dioxide, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and foam. Sensors used for online measurement of these parameters in bioreactors are also outlined. The document then describes basic feedback loops and controllers for bioprocess control, including PID and model predictive control. It concludes with an overview of using a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system connected over Ethernet for monitoring and controlling bioreactor systems.
This document discusses airlift fermenters, which are a type of bioreactor. It provides three key points:
1) Airlift fermenters are pneumatic bioreactors that use gas injection and density gradients to circulate liquids without a mechanical agitator, reducing shear stress and heat generation.
2) There are two main types - internal loop fermenters with a central draft tube, and external loop fermenters with separate circulation channels.
3) Airlift fermenters are commonly used for aerobic processes, producing products like single cell proteins, due to their efficiency and ability to handle fragile cells. They have simple designs but require higher gas pressures and throughputs than stirred
Degradative plasmids & superbug for oil spillsAnu Sreejith
The document discusses the development of a "superbug" bacterium for oil spill cleanup. It describes how researchers genetically engineered Pseudomonas putida by transferring plasmids containing genes for degrading various hydrocarbons. This created a strain that could break down compounds like camphor, octane, xylene and naphthalene. The superbug was the first genetically engineered microorganism to be patented. While genetically engineered microbes show promise for bioremediation, they also risk disturbing ecosystems if released.
This document discusses tower fermenters, which are elongated fermentation vessels with a height to width aspect ratio of 6:1 or more that allow for the unidirectional flow of gases. There are several types of tower fermenters including bubble columns, vertical tower beer fermenters, and multistage fermenter systems. Tower fermenters have been used for the production of products such as citric acid, tetracycline, beer, and to cultivate organisms like yeast and E. coli. They provide a simple design for aerobic fermentation of cells and enzymes.
Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms.
Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic.
The document discusses strain improvement, which is the process of manipulating microbial strains to enhance their metabolic capacities. The main methods discussed are selection of natural variants, induced mutants, and use of recombinant technology. Key characteristics for improving strains are selecting for stability, resistance to infection/components, favorable morphology, and tolerance to low oxygen. The goal is to develop strains that can be used commercially.
This document discusses biofilms in endodontic infections. It begins with definitions of biofilms and describes their ultrastructure, composition, and stages of formation. It then discusses the basic criteria for biofilms including autopoiesis, homeostasis, synergy, and communality. The document outlines the characteristics of biofilms including their protection of bacteria and enhanced tolerance to antimicrobials. It also discusses different types of endodontic biofilms and microorganisms involved in their formation. Methods to study and quantify biofilms are described.
Strain improvement technique (exam point of view)Sijo A
The development of industrial strains, that can tolerate cultural environment and produces the desired metabolite in large amount from wild type strain is called strain improvement.
The rate of production is controlled by genome of an organism.
Hence the rate of production can be increased by inducing necessory changes in genome of the organism. Hence it is also called genetic improvement of microbial strain.
Fermentation
Scale up of fermentation
Steps in scale up
Scale up fermentation process
Optimizing scale up of fermentation process
Rules followed while doing scale up
Studies carried out during scale up
Reference
The document summarizes key aspects of upstream processing in fermentation. The upstream process includes culture isolation and screening to obtain desired microorganisms, inoculum preparation using increasing media volumes to actively grow cultures, and media formulation and sterilization. Primary screening qualitatively determines which microorganisms can produce compounds of interest, while secondary screening characterizes industrially important organisms and determines yield potentials under different conditions to select microbes suitable for industrial use. Important steps in inoculum preparation and considerations for media composition like carbon, nitrogen, minerals and growth factors are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of media formulation for fermentation and bioprocessing. It discusses the types of media, including complex and synthetic media. The key requirements for formulated media are then outlined, including carbon sources, oxygen sources, water, nitrogen sources, minerals, growth factors, and antifoams. Specific examples are given for each requirement. The document emphasizes that media formulation is essential for successful laboratory experiments and manufacturing processes.
This document discusses screening techniques used to isolate microorganisms of interest from a population. It describes primary screening as an initial process to discard many non-useful microbes while detecting a small percentage that may have industrial applications. Secondary screening further tests the capabilities of these isolated microorganisms to determine their real potential value. Some primary screening techniques mentioned include using crowded plates, detecting organic acid production, and screening for antibiotic production. The document also discusses improving crowded plate techniques and the goals and approaches of secondary screening to evaluate a microorganism's potential for industrial use.
This document discusses the key components required for microbial growth and fermentation, including carbon, nitrogen, minerals, vitamins and oxygen. It outlines the goals of optimizing fermentation media to maximize product yield while minimizing undesirable byproducts. Finally, it examines various carbon sources, nitrogen sources, minerals, trace elements and antifoaming agents used in fermentation media formulation.
The document discusses biofilms, which are complex aggregations of microorganisms that grow on surfaces in aquatic environments. Biofilms form when bacteria adhere to a surface and excrete a glue-like substance. They are found in places like rocks, water environments, living tissues, and industrial settings. Biofilms pose challenges for human health and industry because they are resistant to antibiotics and cause fouling. However, biofilms can also be beneficial in applications like water treatment. The document outlines the structure, formation process, impacts and threats of biofilms as well as some preventive measures and references on the topic.
This document discusses solid state fermentation and provides details about the process. It describes that solid state fermentation involves fermentation using solids in the absence of free water, though some moisture is needed. Microorganisms like fungi grow on the surface of solid substrates to produce things like enzymes, organic acids, and flavors. Agriculture wastes are commonly used as substrates. Fungi like Trichoderma and Aspergillus species are widely used to produce hydrolytic enzymes. Tray fermenters and rotating drum reactors are two common types of bioreactors used in solid state fermentation.
This document discusses bioreactor control systems. It describes different types of control systems including manual control, automatic control, two-position controllers, proportional control, integral control, and derivative control. It explains that automatic control systems use four basic components: a measuring element, controller, final control element, and the process to be controlled. The document also summarizes different combinations of control methods, such as proportional plus integral control and proportional plus integral plus derivative control.
This document discusses bioprocess control for cell cultivation systems. It covers various parameters that are measured for control, including cell inputs and outputs, substrate levels, oxygen, carbon dioxide, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and foam. Sensors used for online measurement of these parameters in bioreactors are also outlined. The document then describes basic feedback loops and controllers for bioprocess control, including PID and model predictive control. It concludes with an overview of using a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system connected over Ethernet for monitoring and controlling bioreactor systems.
This document discusses airlift fermenters, which are a type of bioreactor. It provides three key points:
1) Airlift fermenters are pneumatic bioreactors that use gas injection and density gradients to circulate liquids without a mechanical agitator, reducing shear stress and heat generation.
2) There are two main types - internal loop fermenters with a central draft tube, and external loop fermenters with separate circulation channels.
3) Airlift fermenters are commonly used for aerobic processes, producing products like single cell proteins, due to their efficiency and ability to handle fragile cells. They have simple designs but require higher gas pressures and throughputs than stirred
Degradative plasmids & superbug for oil spillsAnu Sreejith
The document discusses the development of a "superbug" bacterium for oil spill cleanup. It describes how researchers genetically engineered Pseudomonas putida by transferring plasmids containing genes for degrading various hydrocarbons. This created a strain that could break down compounds like camphor, octane, xylene and naphthalene. The superbug was the first genetically engineered microorganism to be patented. While genetically engineered microbes show promise for bioremediation, they also risk disturbing ecosystems if released.
This document discusses tower fermenters, which are elongated fermentation vessels with a height to width aspect ratio of 6:1 or more that allow for the unidirectional flow of gases. There are several types of tower fermenters including bubble columns, vertical tower beer fermenters, and multistage fermenter systems. Tower fermenters have been used for the production of products such as citric acid, tetracycline, beer, and to cultivate organisms like yeast and E. coli. They provide a simple design for aerobic fermentation of cells and enzymes.
Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms.
Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic.
The document discusses strain improvement, which is the process of manipulating microbial strains to enhance their metabolic capacities. The main methods discussed are selection of natural variants, induced mutants, and use of recombinant technology. Key characteristics for improving strains are selecting for stability, resistance to infection/components, favorable morphology, and tolerance to low oxygen. The goal is to develop strains that can be used commercially.
This document discusses biofilms in endodontic infections. It begins with definitions of biofilms and describes their ultrastructure, composition, and stages of formation. It then discusses the basic criteria for biofilms including autopoiesis, homeostasis, synergy, and communality. The document outlines the characteristics of biofilms including their protection of bacteria and enhanced tolerance to antimicrobials. It also discusses different types of endodontic biofilms and microorganisms involved in their formation. Methods to study and quantify biofilms are described.
Biofilm is a complex community of microorganisms that attach to surfaces and produce an extracellular matrix. It forms in stages including initial attachment, adhesion, colonization and maturation. Biofilm provides microbes protection from environmental threats and antimicrobial agents. It is characterized by surface attachment, an extracellular matrix, structural heterogeneity and genetic diversity. Biofilm plays a role in various chronic infections like chronic rhinosinusitis, otitis media, mastoiditis and laryngitis. New therapies targeting biofilms include agents that neutralize, disperse or disrupt quorum sensing in biofilms.
BIOFILMS_which cause the our theeth coatingummeed2024
it's ppt on biofims, which is a cause of our mouth, in this ppt we described about how that can cause, also what the reason we got biofilms, what pracuosan we have to take and how to take care for not happening it.
This document provides an overview of biofilms in dentistry. It defines biofilms and discusses their importance, describing the basic structure and characteristics of biofilms including the extracellular polymeric substance matrix, microcolonies, and fluid channels. The document outlines the stages of biofilm development and characteristics such as resistance to antimicrobials. It discusses the role of biofilms in dental diseases like caries and endodontic infections. It also reviews current hypotheses around the role of biofilms in caries development and prevention strategies.
Biofilm formation provides benefits to microorganisms like increased access to nutrients, genetic exchange, and protection from threats. Biofilms can be studied using techniques like confocal laser microscopy. They develop in phases from initiation to maturation and contain extracellular substances that provide structure and nutrients. Some biofilms contain bacterial nanocellulose which retains moisture and traps carbon dioxide, and have applications in medicine, bioremediation, and as temporary skin substitutes or blood vessels.
This document discusses biofilm in endodontics. It defines biofilm as a community of microorganisms attached to a surface and embedded in a self-produced matrix. The document covers the ultrastructure of biofilm, its characteristics, development, and how it provides protection and benefits to microbes. Biofilm formation involves initial attachment, growth and maturation of microcolonies, and dispersion. Quorum sensing allows for genetic exchange between bacteria in biofilm. Due to its structure and physiology, biofilm exhibits high resistance to antimicrobial agents.
This document provides an overview of biofilms and dental plaque. It defines biofilms and dental plaque, describes the structure and composition of dental plaque biofilms. Key points include that dental plaque biofilms are composed of bacteria embedded in an extracellular matrix, form rapidly on teeth, and contribute to dental caries and periodontal disease. The document also summarizes the history of biofilm research and the multistep process of biofilm formation, including initial bacterial adhesion and attachment to the acquired pellicle coating teeth.
The immobilization of whole cells can be defined as “the physical confinement or localization of intact cells to a certain region of space, without loss of desired biological activity.”
In other words, cell immobilization means to freeze an entire cell in a state of suspended animation, such that its metabolism stops and hence does not die.
Biological films are the multilayer growth of cells on solid support surfaces ; community of micro-organisms enclosed in a polymeric matrix and adhered on inert or living surface
These attached cells are embedded in a self-produced exopolysaccharide matrix, and exhibit different growth and bioactivity compared with suspended cells.
Biofilm consists of three components:
microorganism, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS),
surface for attachment.
The excreted polymeric substances hold the biofilm together and cement it to a surface.
The thickness of a biofilm is an important factor affecting the performance of the biotic phase.
Thin biofilms - low rates of conversion due to low biomass concentration.
Thick biofilms - may experience diffusionally limited growth, which may or may not be beneficial depending on the cellular system and objectives
- Dental plaque begins as a biofilm that forms on teeth in several stages: pellicle formation, initial bacterial adherence, aggregation, and maturation.
- Early colonizers like Streptococcus attach within minutes and allow later colonizers like Actinomyces to adhere in about 2 hours.
- As plaque thickness increases due to bacterial proliferation, the microenvironment shifts from aerobic to anaerobic, changing the bacterial composition. Certain bacteria are implicated in dental diseases like gingivitis and periodontitis.
Biofilm is an aggregate of microorganisms that form on surfaces and produce an extracellular polymeric substance matrix. Microbes form biofilms in response to attachment sites on surfaces and exposure to sub-inhibitory antibiotic concentrations. A biofilm contains bacterial, fungal, and other cellular and non-cellular materials embedded in a polysaccharide matrix. Biofilms form on both living and non-living surfaces and are influenced by environmental and cultural factors. Biofilms are resistant to antibiotics due to genetic mutations, resistant phenotypes, and quorum sensing which regulates virulence factor production. Controlling biofilms is challenging as conventional antibiotics have low success rates due to poor penetration and hypoxia within the biofilm.
This document provides an overview of probiotics and biofilms. It begins with definitions of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. The mechanisms of action of probiotics are then described, including anti-cancer, anti-diarrheal, immunomodulation, and anti-allergy effects. Biofilm formation, development, and dispersal are explained. Key properties of biofilms like their structure, quorum sensing, and antibiotic resistance are covered. The roles of biofilms in infectious diseases and examples like dental caries are highlighted. Control and removal of biofilms is also discussed.
-Introduction
-About bacteriocins
-Classification of bacteriocins
-Role in food preservation
-How to add bacteriocins in foods
-Advantages and disadvantages
-Conclusion.
The document discusses biofilms in endodontics. It defines a biofilm as bacteria embedded in an extracellular matrix on a surface. In endodontics, biofilms can form on root canal walls (intracanal biofilms) and on root surfaces (extraradicular biofilms). Enterococcus faecalis is strongly associated with endodontic infections and has a unique ability to form biofilms that resist calcium hydroxide dressings. Current therapeutic options for removing endodontic biofilms, such as various irrigation systems, are discussed but eradicating the biofilm completely remains a challenge.
This document discusses microbial communities and biofilms. It begins by explaining that microbes thrive in diverse ecosystems under a range of conditions. Microbial communities are heterogeneous mixtures that interact. Biofilms provide advantages like nutrient sharing and protection. The document then discusses techniques to analyze microbial communities, including genetic methods. It covers positive and negative impacts of biofilms in areas like infections, food production, and wastewater treatment. Stress can impact microbial diversity by selecting certain organisms. Modern techniques allow direct analysis of constituent populations in communities.
The document provides an introduction to food microbiology. It discusses how microorganisms can cause food deterioration by utilizing nutrients and producing enzymatic changes. It also discusses the importance of microorganisms in food processing and preservation as well as foodborne illness and spoilage. The document then describes various microorganisms important in food, including molds, yeasts, bacteria, and viruses. It provides examples of both beneficial and spoilage microorganisms and discusses how spoilage occurs.
The document provides an overview of microbiology and bacterial cell structure. It discusses that microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. It then summarizes the different types of microorganisms studied in medical microbiology and branches of microbiology. Finally, it outlines the typical structures of a bacterial cell, including the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, capsules, pili, flagella, and their functions.
This document discusses the stages of formation, composition, and structure of microbial biofilms. It defines a biofilm as a group of microorganisms like bacteria that stick to surfaces and each other, embedded in an extracellular polymeric substance. The stages of biofilm formation include initial attachment, irreversible attachment, development, and maturation. The structure of a biofilm includes bacteria, polysaccharides, proteins, extracellular DNA, and water. The composition includes microbial cells, polysaccharides, proteins, DNA, RNA, and ions. Bacteria form biofilms to protect themselves from environmental stresses and antimicrobial agents.
Bacteria - General Characters & a Closure LookVinod Patil
This document provides an overview of bacteria, including their general characteristics, morphology, ultrastructure, and distribution. It discusses that bacteria are unicellular microorganisms that exist as single cells and have a very high surface area to volume ratio. Their cell structure includes a cell membrane, cell wall, mesosomes, ribosomes, and may also have a capsule, flagella, or fimbriae. Bacteria come in a variety of shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirilla) and sizes ranging from 0.2 to 500 micrometers. They are found widely in all environments including water, soil, plants, animals, and human bodies.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Biofilms
1. Topic :- Biofilms
Presented by:- Guided by:-
Tiasha Biswas Dr. Vaibhao Lule
Reg no:- D/19/007 (Asst.Professor)
Dept. of Dairy Microbiology, College of
Dairy Technology (PUSAD)
Subject :- Microbiology of Fluid Milk (DM/202)
1
2. Table Of Content
▪ INTRODUCTION
▪ WHEN MICROBES FORM BIOFILMS ?
▪ STEPS IN THE FORMATION OF BIOFILMS
▪ IDENTIFICATION
▪ HOW ARE BIOFILMS CHARACTERIZED?
▪ ULTRASTRUCTURE OF BIOFILM
▪ IMPORTANCE OF THE STRUCTURE OF BIOFILM
▪ FUNCTIONING OF BIOFILM
▪ BENEFITS OF BIOFILMS TO MICROBES
Dept. of Dairy Microbiology, College of
Dairy Technology (PUSAD) 2
3. INTRODUCTION
Dept. of Dairy Microbiology, College of
Dairy Technology (PUSAD)
Biofilm is an assemblage of microbial cells that is
irreversibly associated (not removed by gentle
rinsing) with a surface and enclosed in a matrix of
primarily polysaccharide material.
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4. INTRODUCTION
⮚ A biofilm is an assemblage of surface-associated
microbial cells that is enclosed in an
extracellular polymeric substance matrix.
⮚ Biofilms may form on a wide variety of
surfaces, including living tissues, indwelling
medical devices, industrial or potable water
system piping.
Dept. of Dairy Microbiology, College of
Dairy Technology (PUSAD) 4
5. WHEN MICROBES FORM
BIOFILMS?
⚫ Mainly when they are capable of recognition of
specific or non-specific attachment sites on a surface.
⚫ Nutritional cues.
⚫ Exposure to planktonic cells to sub-inhibitory
concentrations of antibiotics.
Dept. of Dairy Microbiology, College of
Dairy Technology (PUSAD) 5
6. STEPS IN THE FORMATION OF BIOFILM
❑ STEP 1: Planktonic (free floating) bacteria adhere to the
biomaterial surface.
❑ STEP 2: Cells aggregate, form micro colonies and excrete
extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), i.e. slime. The attachment
becomes irreversible.
❑ STEP 3: A biofilm is formed. It matures and cells form multi-
layered clusters.
❑ STEP 4: Three-dimensional growth and further maturation of the
biofilm, providing protection against host defense mechanisms and
antibiotics.
❑ STEP 5: The biofilm reaches a critical mass and disperses
planktonic bacteria, ready to colonize other surfaces.
Dept. of Dairy Microbiology, College of
Dairy Technology (PUSAD) 6
7. Dept. of Dairy Microbiology, College of
Dairy Technology (PUSAD) 7
8. Dept. of Dairy Microbiology, College of
Dairy Technology (PUSAD)
9. IDENTIFICATION
▪ A microbial biofilm is considered a community that meets the following
four basic criteria:
Dept. of Dairy Microbiology, College of
Dairy Technology (PUSAD)
1) Must possess the abilities to self-organize.
(Autopoiesis)
2) Resist environmental perturbations.
(Homeostasis)
3) Must be more effective in association
than in isolation. (Synergy)
4) Respond to environmental changes as a
group rather than single individuals.
(Communality)
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10. HOW ARE BIOFILMS CHARACTERIZED
⚫ Biofilms are characterized by:-
1. Surface attachment
2. Extracellular matrix or polymeric substances
3. Structural heterogeneity
4. Genetic diversity
Dept. of Dairy Microbiology, College of
Dairy Technology (PUSAD) 10
11. ULTRA STRUCTURE OF BIOFILM
Dept. of Dairy Microbiology, College of
Dairy Technology (PUSAD)
• Composed primarily of microbial cells
and glycocalyx like matrix
(Extracellular Polymeric Substance).
• Fully developed biofilm is described as
heterogeneous arrangement of microbial
cells on a solid surface.
• Basic structural unit of a biofilm is the
micro colonies or cell cluster formed by
the surface adherent bacterial cells.
i. 85% :- Matrix (Polysaccharides,
Proteins, Nucleic acids and Salts)
ii. 15% :- Bacterial Cells
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12. IMPORTANCE OF THE STRUCTURE
OF BIOFILM
Dept. of Dairy Microbiology, College of
Dairy Technology (PUSAD)
• Biofilm structure protects the residing bacteria from environmental threats.
• Structure of biofilm permits trapping of
nutrients and metabolic cooperativity between
resident cells of the same species and/or
different species.
• Biofilm structure displays organized internal
compartmentalization.
• Bacterial cells in a biofilm community
may communicate and exchange genetic
materials to acquire new traits.
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13. FUNCTIONING OF BIOFILM
⮚ Outermost layer
o Highest concentration of oxygen and nutrients, resembles their planktonic counterparts.
o They slough off and initiate biofilm formation downstream.
⮚ Middle layer
o Organisms here decrease their metabolic activities.
o Although they can clearly utilize the nutrients, exchange genes and have the potential for multiple drug
resistance.
o The benefit is obtained from their alignment in this layer which depends upon spatial arrangement,
physiologic heterogeneity and non uniformity.
⮚ Innermost layer
o Attached to the substratum and is the earliest part of the biofilm.
o Efficiently decrease the metabolic activities.
o Provides inheritance for future populations that transfer laterally.
Dept. of Dairy Microbiology, College of
Dairy Technology (PUSAD) 13
14. BENEFITS OF BIOFILMS TO
MICROBES
Dept. of Dairy Microbiology, College of
Dairy Technology (PUSAD)
• Helps the bacteria to survive in unfavorable
environment and nutritional conditions.
• Resistance to antimicrobial agents.
• Increase in local concentration of nutrients.
• Opportunity of genetic material exchange.
• Ability to communicate between bacterial
population of same and/or different species.
• Produce growth factors across species
boundaries.
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15. Dept. of Dairy Microbiology, College of
Dairy Technology (PUSAD) 15
QUERIES
16. Dept. of Dairy Microbiology, College of
Dairy Technology (PUSAD) 16