This lesson discusses Biodiversity and Evolution
define biodiversity and evolution;
cite the contributions of Charles Darwin to the theory of evolution;
account for the evidence of evolution;
explain how biodiversity and evolution affect life;
demonstrate how biodiversity and evolution help an ecosystem to function;
explain the role of natural selection in the evolutionary process; and
relate evolution and speciation.
define what an ecosystem is;
identify the components of ecological structures in an ecosystem;
explain how diversity contributes to stability and survival;
cite examples of what helps and what disrupts the interaction in an ecosystem;
analyze how the human population affects the different ecosystems; and
apply the knowledge of biodiversity in the maintenance of an ecosystem and vice versa.
This subject is designed to enhance the understanding of the principles and concepts in the study of biology, particularly heredity and variation, and the diversity of living organisms, their structure, function, and evolution
This subject is designed to enhance the understanding of the principles and concepts in the study of biology, particularly heredity and variation, and the diversity of living organisms, their structure, function, and evolution
Introduction to Life Science and The Theories on the Origin of LifeSimple ABbieC
I. Introduction to Life Science
II. The Concept of Life
III. Characteristics of Life
IV. Theories on the Origin of Life
V. Unifying Themes in the Study of Life
Origin Of Life: Are we here by chance? Theories on origin of life, Scientific and Special Creation. Different Theories of life's origin including Aristotle's theory, Pasteur, Redi and Leuwenhook experiment, Abiogenesis, etc.
Fossils and its evolutionary significance.
BIODIVERSITY -GRADE 8 (ORAL PRESENTATION IN Science 604) CURRENT TRENDS AND I...WELFREDO LUBRICO YU,JR.
BIODIVERSITY (ORAL PRESENTATION IN Science 604) CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES IN TEACHING SCIENCE
GRADUATE SCHOOL,SUMMER CLASS 2020 (AUGUST)
CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,MAIN CAMPUS
Student,Welfredo Lubrico Yu,Jr.,LPT
FEATURING THE SUMMARY OF SCIENCE 10 UNIT 3 MODULE 3
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
THEORIES OF EVOLUTION
BIODIVERSITY
FOSSILS
RELATIVE DATING METHOD
RADIOMETRIC DATING METHOD
HOMOLOGOUS
ANALOGOUS
THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION
Introduction to Life Science and The Theories on the Origin of LifeSimple ABbieC
I. Introduction to Life Science
II. The Concept of Life
III. Characteristics of Life
IV. Theories on the Origin of Life
V. Unifying Themes in the Study of Life
Origin Of Life: Are we here by chance? Theories on origin of life, Scientific and Special Creation. Different Theories of life's origin including Aristotle's theory, Pasteur, Redi and Leuwenhook experiment, Abiogenesis, etc.
Fossils and its evolutionary significance.
BIODIVERSITY -GRADE 8 (ORAL PRESENTATION IN Science 604) CURRENT TRENDS AND I...WELFREDO LUBRICO YU,JR.
BIODIVERSITY (ORAL PRESENTATION IN Science 604) CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES IN TEACHING SCIENCE
GRADUATE SCHOOL,SUMMER CLASS 2020 (AUGUST)
CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,MAIN CAMPUS
Student,Welfredo Lubrico Yu,Jr.,LPT
FEATURING THE SUMMARY OF SCIENCE 10 UNIT 3 MODULE 3
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
THEORIES OF EVOLUTION
BIODIVERSITY
FOSSILS
RELATIVE DATING METHOD
RADIOMETRIC DATING METHOD
HOMOLOGOUS
ANALOGOUS
THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION
Overview
In simpler terms, Evolutionary Genetics is the study to understand how genetic
variation leads to evolutionary change.
Evolutionary Genetics attempts to account for evolution in terms of changes in gene
and genotype frequencies within populations and the processes that convert the
variation with populations into more or less permanent variation between species.
The central challenge of Evolutionary Genetics is to describe how the evolutionary
forces shape the patterns of biodiversity.
Evolutionary Genetics majorly deals with;
a. Evolution of genome structure
b. The genetic basis of speciation and adaptation
c. Genetic change in response to selection within populations
If you look around you will see a large variety of living organisms, be itpotted plants, insects, birds, your pets or other animals and plants. Thereare also several organisms that you cannot see with your naked eye butthey are all around you.
This lesson is entended for applied economics 11.
This aims to develop knowledge among learners the topics about Econonics which is very timely and rampant nowadays.
This Lesson tackles about simple generators and motors
Be able to;
Define generator and motor;
Enumerate the parts of a generator and electric motor;
Explain how generators work;
Differentiate generator from electric motor.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. At the end of this lessons, you will be able to:
define biodiversity and evolution;
cite the contributions of Charles Darwin to the theory
of evolution;
account for the evidence of evolution;
explain how biodiversity and evolution affect life;
demonstrate how biodiversity and evolution help an
ecosystem to function;
explain the role of natural selection in the
evolutionary process; and
relate evolution and speciation.
3. Assess Your Prior Knowledge
What is biodiversity?
What is evolution?
How is biodiversity and evolution related to each other?
5. Charles Darwin
and Evolution
In the early 1800s, French naturalist Jean-
Baptiste Lamarck developed a more concrete
theory about organic evolution. He stressed
two important theme in his work.
First, he stated that animals adapt to the
changes in the environment. He cited that
giraffes’ necks elongate as a result of them
trying to reach leaves in higher places.
Second, bodies and all their different parts
make it probable for the “organic movement”
in animals, and that life (as how it came to be)
is organized and structured in an orderly
manner.
6. Charles Darwin and Evolution
Lamarck’s ideas about the relationship of environment and
evolution helped set the stage for Darwin’s theory of evolution.
Charles Darwin was born in 1809, the same year that Lamarck
published his ideas on evolution. At the age of 22, Darwin
ventured on an expedition collecting thousands of specimens,
fossils, and other living animals and plants.
After five years of voyage, Darwin strongly questioned the
belief that Earth and organisms are unchanging and have been
specifically created a few thousands of years prior.
7. Charles
Darwin and
Evolution
He believed that Earth was indeed very old and
constantly changing.
Throughout the years and after writing several essays,
Darwin offered a great deal of evidence supporting
evolution.
He described his theory of natural selection, which
supported and provided an explanation of how evolution
occurs.
8. Evidence and
Evolution
Darwin’s “On the origin of Species”
paved the way of continuing knowledge
and biological research up to date.
Most of the evolutionary evidences
were grouped in the following
categories: fossil records, biochemical
evidence, comparative anatomy, and
observable events.
Fossil records. Darwin collected
traces and remains of organisms that
lived long ago. Fossils are usually found
in the sedimentary layers which means
the more the layers, the more
evidence there is of different
organisms.
9. Evidence and
Evolution
Biochemical evidence. The
nitrogen base sequences in the
genetic code are the same in
almost all organisms.
Comparative anatomy.
Comparative anatomy is seen
mainly in the biological structure
of animals. Most have similar
structures but have different
functions.
Observable events. Changes
have been observed in species
over time. These observable
changes show that evolution is an
ongoing process.
10. What is Evolution?
Evolution is defined as any change in the inheritable traits within a certain
population across generations.
These inheritable traits pertain to physical aspects such as color of petals in
flowers, spots on the wings of butterflies, or instinctive behaviours like migration
patterns of animals, among others.
DNA plays an important role in the evolution process. Changes in the genetic code
affect the characteristics and traits in the succeeding generations. As the certain
traits are manifested and are carried on in the next generations, evolution can be
observed.
12. Buzz Session
Divide the class into two groups.
Create a diagram of how you are connected to
the other life-forms (biodiversity) in your
locality.
Write the benefits derived from biodiversity.
After 10 minutes, each group will have a
representative to discuss the diagram.
13. Natural
Selection
Darwin recognized that all species produced quite a
number of offspring.
He reasoned that organisms possessing adaptive
characteristics have a better chance to survive and
reproduce, compared to individuals who do not have
such characteristics.
Darwin sought the basic and central mechanism of
evolution of reproduction in a process called natural
selection.
14. Natural
Selection
The environment plays an
important role in filtering
changes and variations in traits.
Favored traits are being
expressed compared to
unfavored traits which become
less and unlikely expressed in
the succeeding generations.
Natural selection can be
summed up through a famous
Filipino line: “Matira ang
matibay.”
Artificial selection is the
selective breeding of
domesticated plants and animals
with desirable characteristics.
15. Natural Selection
Genetic variation is extensive in most populations. It is
defined as the difference between cells, individual
organisms, and/or groups of organisms of any species.
caused by their genotypic and phenotypic variation.
Variation may be expressed largely in physical appearance
but can also be observed in behavior, metabolism, or mode
of reproduction.
Factors that affect genetic variation can be linked to
mutation, which is the permanent change in the chemical
structure of a gene.
16. Speciation
Most of Darwin’s theory of
evolution focused on natural
selection and the gradual
adaptation of a population in a
given environment
(microevolution).
Speciation is the evolutionary
process in which new species
arise. It is the process wherein
a group of one species will
acquire new characteristics,
and eventually make an entirely
species.
17. Related
Concepts to
Speciation
Species
Species comes from the Latin word specio for
“kind” or “appearance,” as we can easily observe and
learn to distinguish between the different kinds of
animals and plants.
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is a branch of biology that deals with
naming and classifying the diverse forms of life.
Carolus Linneaus, the father of taxonomy,
introduced a binomial system of naming organisms –
the Linnaean classification which is still used at
present.
18. Related Concepts to
Speciation
The two-word name given to an organism, also known as
scientific name, consists of the genus and species where
an organism belongs. In Zea mays, the scientific name of
corn, Zea is the genus and mays is the species. The
species, therefore, occupies the lowest taxonomic rank in
the biological classification of living things.
Biological Species Concept
The biological species concept views species as a
population or a group of populations whose members have
the ability and potential to interbreed and produce fertile
offspring.
19. Related
Concepts to
Speciation
Other Species Concepts
Morphological species concept is how scientists were
able to identify more than 1.8 million species. Scientists
make use of measurable phenotypic rates.
Ecological species concept identifies species based on
the ecological environments or niche.
Polygenic species concept defines organisms and
species based on unique genetic history. Biologists
compare a species’ genetic code and physical
characteristics with other organisms.
20. Related
Concepts to
Speciation
Adaptive radiation is a process wherein the
evolution of species from a common ancestor
diversify rapidly into different new forms due to
changes in the environment.
Being exposed to a new environment makes new
resources available, creating and opening various
opportunities and challenges for the survivors.
The final mechanism of speciation is the tempo of
speciation. Two models have developed for
interpreting and analysing evolutionary patterns. One
model indicates that differences in population
gradually evolve as a result of organisms adapting to
their environments. The formation of new species
gradually evolve from their parent or ancestor.
21. Related Concepts to Speciation
Gradualism is a slow, gradual accumulation of changes
over time. Over a short period of time, it is difficult to
notice.
In punctuated equilibrium, the change comes on spurts.
There may be period of no very little change then all of a
sudden huge changes take place through mutations.
Mutations are changes in the DNA that can be passed on
to succeeding generations.
23. Earth is home to a large number of diverse organisms.
Organisms evolve and adapt in many ways to survive in
their ever-changing environment.
How does the environment influence their evolution and
behavior?
In this chapter, you will learn how everything in the
natural world is connected and how living and nonliving
things work together to achieve stability.
24. In this chapter, you will find answers to the
following questions:
1. What impact do my actions have in an ecosystem?
2. How do the different interactions of living and
nonliving things affect the ecosystem?
3. What role do humans play in an ecosystem?
25. At the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
define what an ecosystem is;
identify the components of ecological structures in an
ecosystem;
explain how diversity contributes to stability and survival;
cite examples of what helps and what disrupts the
interaction in an ecosystem;
analyze how the human population affects the different
ecosystems; and
apply the knowledge of biodiversity in the maintenance of an
ecosystem and vice versa.
26. Introduction: Ecosystem Structure
The interaction of living things in the physical
environment consists an ecosystem.
In an ecosystem, the flow of energy and matter moves
in one direction. The light coming from the sun is the main
source of energy for organisms living on Earth.
This radiant energy is used by plants to convert
inorganic compounds, such as carbon dioxide, and water,
into energy-rich compounds through photosynthesis.
27. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms can manufacture
their own food, they are called producers or autotrophs.
Examples of producers: phytoplankton in the ocean and algae
in the pond
Some producers called chemosynthetic autotrophs
synthesize organic compounds without the aid of sunlight.
They make their own food using the dissolved chemicals from
hydrothermal vents found on the ocean floor.
Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that feed mainly
on producers because they cannot make their own food.
For instance, in a cornfield, corn crops are the producers
and the cutworms who feed on the leaves and stems are the
consumers.
28. A food chain illustrates the flow of energy and matter
in a given ecosystem.
For example, a grasshopper mainly feeds on leaves from
a cornstalk. The grasshopper in turn is devoured by the
maya bird, which is also a consumer. These organisms will
die, and their remains are broken down by decomposers
like bacteria and fungi.
The position an organism occupies in a food chain is
called a trophic level.
The first trophic level in a food chain are comprised of
the producers, and is typically composed of plants and
other autotrophic organisms.
29. The second trophic level is mainly composed of herbivores,
or organisms that feed only on plants. Since the herbivores
feed on producers directly, they are known primary
consumers.
The third and fourth trophic levels in a food chain are
either comprised of carnivores (organisms that only eat meat)
or omnivores (organisms that feed on both plants and
animals).
Depending on which organism they eat, they can either be
secondary consumers (those that feed on primary consumers)
or tertiary consumer (those that feed on the secondary
consumers).
Scavengers are consumers that feed on the tissues of dead
animals. Their trophic level in a food chain is highly dependent
on what they consume.
30. Decomposers such as fungus or bacterium, feed on dead
organic matter from all trophic levels. As decomposers
feed, dead organic matter is transformed and broken
down into simpler nutrients. These nutrients are returned
into the soil or water where the producers can cause
them again. This recycling process is very important to all
members of the food chain.