This lesson deals with 4 macromolecules

1. GUESS
YOUR
FOOD!

8.  This is called “LIFE”. BIO
 A group of atoms
bonded together,
representing the
smallest
fundamental unit
of a chemical
compound that can
take part in a
chemical reaction.
MOLECULES

9. BIOMOLECULES

10. TERMINAL OBJECTIVES:
After an hour, you will be able to:
Recognize the major categories of
biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids.
(S10MTIVc-d-22)

12. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION…
Yesterday:
Atoms  Molecules  Macromolecules…
Today we will dig into the four
macromolecules that are essential for life to
exist.

13. What are the 4 biomolecules?
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids
• Proteins
TODAY
TOMORROW
WE TYPICALLY GET BIOMOLECULES FROM FOOD…
THIS IS WHY WE MUST EAT IN THE FIRST PLACE!
THE BIOMOLECULES SERVE TO KEEP ORGANISMS ALIVE.

14. #1: CARBOHYDRATES
ARE SUGARS!
We get 4 kilocalories per gram
of carbs that we eat!

15. What are Carbohydrates?
 Most common organic molecule
 Function: Primary energy source our body
needs.
 Elements present: C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio)
 Monomer (building block):
Monosaccharides (Glucose is most common)
 Polymer: Polysaccharides (starch, Glycogen,
Cellulose, Chitin)
 Examples: Chocolate, Bread, Pasta, Fruits,
Vegetables (ALL FROM PLANTS!!!)
IMPORTANT!

16. Sugars that make
up Carbs

17. Sugars that make up Carbs
 Single sugar: monosaccharide
 Ex: glucose , fructose (in fruits)
 2 monosaccharides: disaccharide
 Ex: maltose, sucrose
 3+ monosaccharides: polysaccharide
 Ex: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, and Chitin
I am a
polysaccharide!

18. Single sugar: Monosaccharides
Glucose is found in
sports drinks, and in
sweet food we eat.
Fructose is found
in fruits

19. Disaccharides
Sucrose
(table sugar)
19
Lactose
(milk sugar)
e.g. yogurt, nestle cream
Maltose
(grain sugar)

20. 20
Polysaccharide

21. Types of Polysaccharides
 Starch:
 Used for energy storage in plants
 Potatoes, pasta and rice are starches
 They provide a quick form of energy for the
body
Glycogen:
• Used for energy storage in animals
I am formed in the
Liver!

22. More Polysaccharides
Cellulose:
• Provides structural
support in plants (found
in the cell wall)
Chitin:
• Found in exoskeletens of
arthropods (insects,
spiders)
• Found in cell wall of
some fungi
GIVES US FIBER!!!

23. Structure of Carbohydrates
• Remember: Elements are C, H, and O
• Primarily in a Ring shape

24. Take a minute to find the word that does NOT belong.

25. #2: LIPIDS
ARE FATS
We get 9 kcals per gram
of fat that we consume.

26. LIPIDS
 Function: Store energy, Insulates your
body, and make up the cell
membrane!
 Elements: C-H-O
 Monomer (Building blocks): glycerol
& 3 fatty acids
 Polymer: Phospholipids, triglycerides
 Example: Steroids, cholesterol, fats,
Oils make up part of the cell
membrane!

27. LIPIDS
Lipids are Hydrophobic (water fearing) and do
not dissolve in water!
• Lipids can be:
• Saturated: The bonds between all the carbons
are single bonds.
•Solid at room temperature
•Mainly animal fats (bacon grease, lard)
• Unsaturated: There is at least one double or
triple bond between carbons present.
•Liquid at room temperature
•Mainly plant based fats (olive oil, peanut oil) as well as
oily fish (Tuna, Sardines)
Important!

29. LIPID STRUCTURE
 Remember:
Elements
present are C,
H, O
 Long strands
of Carbon and
Hydrogen
Unsaturated Fats
Saturated Fats
CALLED
HYDROCARBONS!

30. Take a minute to find the word that
does NOT belong.

31. #3: PROTEINS
BUILD US
We get 4 kcals per gram
of protein that we consume.

32. PROTEINS
Function:
• Transport molecules in and out of the cell.
• Control the speed of chemical reactions.
• Used for growth and repair.
• Support structure
• Combat/Defense bacteria and viruses
Proteins make up the structure of living things…
Hair, nails, skin, bones, muscle are all built by protein!

33. Support
Structural proteins:
• Keratin – hair and nails
• Collagen – supports ligaments, tendons, and
skin
• Silk – cocoons and spider webs

34. Proteins
 Elements: C-H-O-N
 Monomer (Building Block):
amino acids (20 different
ones!)
 Polymer: Polypeptide
 Examples of proteins:
hemoglobin in red blood
cells, albumin in eggs,
enzymes that control
reactions in the body, and
antibodies
 Found in: fish, eggs, meat
NITROGEN IS PRESENT, NOW!

35. Protein Structure
 Remember: Elements are C, H, O, and N
 “R” groups represent one of the 20 Amino
Acids! (so, each amino acid has something
different in that spot)

36. Why are amino acids important?
• When groups of amino acids are joined
together, a protein is formed.
• There are 20 kinds of amino acids.
• They consist of a carboxyl group (COOH)
and an amino group NH2.
• Peptide bonds form between amino acids
(polypeptide = many peptide bonds =
protein!)

37. Amino acids
 Structure:
 central carbon (α carbon)
 amino group
 carboxyl group (acid)
 R group (side chain)
 variable group
 confers unique
chemical properties
of the amino acid —N—
H
H
C—OH
||
O
R
|
—C—
|
H

38. Nonpolar amino acids
 nonpolar & hydrophobic

39. Polar amino acids
 polar or charged & hydrophilic

40. Primary (1°) structure
Order of amino acids in chain
• amino acid sequence determined by
gene (DNA)
• slight change in amino acid sequence
can affect protein’s structure & it’s
function
• even just one amino acid change can
make all the difference!

42. (Non)Essential Amino Acids
The essential amino acids (10) are those that
our bodies cannot synthesize. We must obtain
them from our dietary intake.
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine,
methionine, phenylalanine, threonine,
tryptophan, valine (and arginine in infants).
The non-essential A.A. (10) can be synthesized in
our bodies from breakdown products of metabolism.
They are:

44. Each amino acid, aside from its name, has a three letter
abbreviation and a one letter code.

45. Functions of Amino Acids
(a) Some amino acids are converted to
carbohydrates and are called as glucogenic
amino acids.
(b) Specific amino acids give rise to specialized
products, e.g.
• Tyrsione forms hormones such as thyroid
hormones, (T3, T4), epinephrine and
norepinephrine and a pigment called melanin.
• Tryptophan can synthesize a vitamin called
niacin.
• Glycine, arginine and methionine synthesize
creatine.

46. Glycine and cysteine help in synthesis of Bile salts.
•Glutamate, cysteine and glycine synthesis
glutathione.
• Histidine changes to histamine on
decarboxylation.
• Serotonin is formed from tryptophan.
Some amino acids such as glycine and cysteine
are used as detoxicants.
Functions of Amino Acids

47. • Essential Amino Acids 10 in number, Can’t be
synthesized in the body, essential to be taken in
diet. Their deficiency affects growth, health and
protein synthesis.
• Semi-essential formed in the body but not in
sufficient amount for body requirements especially
in children. Arginine and histidine are semi-
essential.
• Non-essential can be synthesized in the body.
Functions of Amino Acids

48. Take a minute to find the word that does NOT
belong.

49. #4: NUCLEIC ACIDS
These biomolecules are not
necessarily from food.

50. NUCLEIC ACIDS
Function:
• Provide our genetic information
• Holds the instructions to make proteins.
Elements: C-H-O-N-P
Monomer : nucleotides
• A nucleotide is made up of:
• Sugar
• Phosphate
• Nitrogen Base: A, T, G, C, or U
Polymer: DNA, RNA and ATP
Genetic
code! Recipe for
proteins
Energy
carrier

51. STRUCTURE OF NUCLEIC ACID

52. Nucleotides link together to form nucleic acids. The
sugars bind to the phosphate groups to form the
backbone of the chain.

53. DNA is two strands of
nucleotides side-by-
side.
What is the type of
bond that forms the
cross-links holding the
two strands together?

54. Take a
minute to
find the
word that
does NOT
belong.