This document summarizes research on producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil via transesterification. Two experimental methods (B1 and B2) were tested using different catalysts and conditions. Method B1 used KOH as a catalyst at 87°C for 120 minutes and yielded biodiesel that met quality standards. Method B2 used H2SO4 at 80°C for 240 minutes and produced biodiesel with viscosity and carbon residue levels above limits. The research demonstrated the feasibility of producing biodiesel from low-cost waste oil and established a small-scale laboratory production system.
FUEL ETHANOL FROM CELLULOSIC BIOMASS
Fuel ethanol is currently produced from sugar cane in Brazil and from corn and other starch rich grains in the United States, ethanol can be synthesized from cellulosic materials such as wood, grass, and wastes. The technology for ethanol production from cellulosic materials is basically different from that for production from food crops. Failure to appreciate this difference has resulted in difference in opinion about the potential of ethanol as a large-scale transportation fuel. There are ethical concerns about the use of food as fuel raw materials have encouraged research efforts to be more focused on the potential of inedible feedstock alternatives. Lignocellulosic biomass materials encompass a substantial renewable substrate for bioethanol production that do not compete with food production and animal feed (Sreeremya et al., 2014) [4]. These cellulosic materials also contribute to environmental sustainability. Furthermore, lignocellulosic biomass can be supplied on a large-scale basis from different low-cost raw materials such as municipal and industrial wastes, wood and agricultural residues (Sreeremya et al., 2016) [5]
Bioethanol production from cotton wastes using fusarium sp. was discussed in the slide. This slide is for promotional purpose of our publication. This slide is based on our publication “Venkatramanan.V et al /Int.J. ChemTech Res.2014,6(9),pp 4061-4069”. Please cite this article if used in research.
Degradation of oil during frying and its effect on biodiesel productioneSAT Journals
Abstract
The effects of frying unripe plantain and sweet potato (separately) in soyabean oil on the properties of the oil were investigated.
Also, the effect of the degradation of the oil on biodiesel yield obtained from the oil was considered. Physico-chemical properties
of soyabean oil (acid value, saponification value, viscosity, density, colour) were measured daily after being used for frying for
days. The fatty acid profile of the oil was analysed daily using GC/MS and biodiesel was produced daily from the oil sample. The
results of the frying process showed increase in oil Acid values in the two cases; sweet potato (1.10 – 1.16mgKOH/g) and unripe
plantain (1.12 – 1.71mgKOH/g). And increase in oil saponification values (146 – 271mgKOH/g for sweet potato and 175 –
340mgKOH/g for unripe plantain). The oil became less dense, less viscous and darker in colour for both batches during repeated
frying. Five day Frying process reduced the percentage unsaturated fatty acid contents of oil (for unripe plantain from 81.94% to
36.80% and for sweet potato from 82.46% to 40.10%) and increased the percentage saturated fatty acid composition of the oil
(unripe plantain from 12.18% to 34.70% and sweet potato from 12.24% to 27.50%). As frying progress, there was reduction in
biodiesel yield, though insignificant difference in yield was observed between the biodiesel obtained from unripe plantain frying
process and that obtained from the sweet potato frying process.
Keywords: Biodiesel, Soyabean Oil, Sweet Potato, Trans-Esterification, Unripe Plantain
FUEL ETHANOL FROM CELLULOSIC BIOMASS
Fuel ethanol is currently produced from sugar cane in Brazil and from corn and other starch rich grains in the United States, ethanol can be synthesized from cellulosic materials such as wood, grass, and wastes. The technology for ethanol production from cellulosic materials is basically different from that for production from food crops. Failure to appreciate this difference has resulted in difference in opinion about the potential of ethanol as a large-scale transportation fuel. There are ethical concerns about the use of food as fuel raw materials have encouraged research efforts to be more focused on the potential of inedible feedstock alternatives. Lignocellulosic biomass materials encompass a substantial renewable substrate for bioethanol production that do not compete with food production and animal feed (Sreeremya et al., 2014) [4]. These cellulosic materials also contribute to environmental sustainability. Furthermore, lignocellulosic biomass can be supplied on a large-scale basis from different low-cost raw materials such as municipal and industrial wastes, wood and agricultural residues (Sreeremya et al., 2016) [5]
Bioethanol production from cotton wastes using fusarium sp. was discussed in the slide. This slide is for promotional purpose of our publication. This slide is based on our publication “Venkatramanan.V et al /Int.J. ChemTech Res.2014,6(9),pp 4061-4069”. Please cite this article if used in research.
Degradation of oil during frying and its effect on biodiesel productioneSAT Journals
Abstract
The effects of frying unripe plantain and sweet potato (separately) in soyabean oil on the properties of the oil were investigated.
Also, the effect of the degradation of the oil on biodiesel yield obtained from the oil was considered. Physico-chemical properties
of soyabean oil (acid value, saponification value, viscosity, density, colour) were measured daily after being used for frying for
days. The fatty acid profile of the oil was analysed daily using GC/MS and biodiesel was produced daily from the oil sample. The
results of the frying process showed increase in oil Acid values in the two cases; sweet potato (1.10 – 1.16mgKOH/g) and unripe
plantain (1.12 – 1.71mgKOH/g). And increase in oil saponification values (146 – 271mgKOH/g for sweet potato and 175 –
340mgKOH/g for unripe plantain). The oil became less dense, less viscous and darker in colour for both batches during repeated
frying. Five day Frying process reduced the percentage unsaturated fatty acid contents of oil (for unripe plantain from 81.94% to
36.80% and for sweet potato from 82.46% to 40.10%) and increased the percentage saturated fatty acid composition of the oil
(unripe plantain from 12.18% to 34.70% and sweet potato from 12.24% to 27.50%). As frying progress, there was reduction in
biodiesel yield, though insignificant difference in yield was observed between the biodiesel obtained from unripe plantain frying
process and that obtained from the sweet potato frying process.
Keywords: Biodiesel, Soyabean Oil, Sweet Potato, Trans-Esterification, Unripe Plantain
seminar horticulture.
Bioethanol production from fruit and vegetable wastes
The need for energy is continuously increasing due to rapid increase in industrialization and automobiles usage. The major sources to fulfil these energy demands are petroleum, natural gas, coal, hydro and nuclear energy. Increasing concern of fuels as well as escalating social and industrial awareness towards global climate change leads to exploration for the clean renewable fuels (Saifuddin et al., 2014). Therefore, bioethanol production from food sources as well as non-edible feed stocks as a renewable source of energy is believed to be one of the options wide open, to answer our concern towards climate change.
Research is being carried¬-out to convert food waste or inedible parts of fruits like peel and seeds into bioethanol. Although the idea is not new, but has gained considerable attention in recent years due to the escalating price of petro-fuel throughout the world.
Memon et al. (2017) conducted studies on bioethanol production from waste potatoes as a sustainable waste-to-energy resource via enzymatic hydrolysis. The results showed that significant bioethanol production was achieved at 30°C, 6 pH and 84 hours incubation time. About 42 ml of bioethanol was produced from 200 g of potato wastes.
Similarly, Saifuddin et al. (2014) experimented on bioethanol production from mango waste (Mangifera indica L. cv Chokanan). The highest production of bioethanol yield could be obtained from mango pulp of rotten fruits in the 3g/L of yeast concentration at a temperature of 30°C that yielded 15 per cent (v/v) of ethanol. Ethanol production increased with the increase in fermentation time until five days of incubation.
Comparative studies of ethanol production from different fruit wastes using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, revealed that the rate of ethanol production through fermentation of grape fruit waste was very high (6.21%) followed by banana (5.4%), apple (4.73%) and papaya (4.19%) (Janani et al., 2013).
Studies on production of bioethanol using rinds of pineapple, jackfruit, watermelon and muskmelon by saccharification and fermentation process were undertaken by Bhandari et al., (2013). Significant amounts of ethanol was obtained at the end of the process, with jackfruit rind (4.64g/L) followed by pineapple rind (4.38g/L).
Results of the experiment conducted on production of bioethanol from cassava and sweet potato peels revealed that maximum yield was obtained in cassava (26%) and sweet potato (12%) using combination of Gloeophyllum sepiarium and Pleurotus ostreatus for hydrolysis and combination of Zymomonas mobilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for fermentation (Oyeleke et al., 2012).
Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil By Co-Solvent Method.IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Biodiesel is a mixture of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from a renewable lipid feedstock. It can be used as an alternative fuel as the fossil fuels are getting depleted day by day. Moreover the use of biodiesel leads to the substantial reduction in the pollution caused by PM, HC, CO etc. This paper consists of the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using alkaline catalysts NAOH and KOH and cosolvent acetone in the presence of methanol. Waste cooking oil is used because of its high oil content and abundant availability. This method used is co-solvent method.
seminar horticulture.
Bioethanol production from fruit and vegetable wastes
The need for energy is continuously increasing due to rapid increase in industrialization and automobiles usage. The major sources to fulfil these energy demands are petroleum, natural gas, coal, hydro and nuclear energy. Increasing concern of fuels as well as escalating social and industrial awareness towards global climate change leads to exploration for the clean renewable fuels (Saifuddin et al., 2014). Therefore, bioethanol production from food sources as well as non-edible feed stocks as a renewable source of energy is believed to be one of the options wide open, to answer our concern towards climate change.
Research is being carried¬-out to convert food waste or inedible parts of fruits like peel and seeds into bioethanol. Although the idea is not new, but has gained considerable attention in recent years due to the escalating price of petro-fuel throughout the world.
Memon et al. (2017) conducted studies on bioethanol production from waste potatoes as a sustainable waste-to-energy resource via enzymatic hydrolysis. The results showed that significant bioethanol production was achieved at 30°C, 6 pH and 84 hours incubation time. About 42 ml of bioethanol was produced from 200 g of potato wastes.
Similarly, Saifuddin et al. (2014) experimented on bioethanol production from mango waste (Mangifera indica L. cv Chokanan). The highest production of bioethanol yield could be obtained from mango pulp of rotten fruits in the 3g/L of yeast concentration at a temperature of 30°C that yielded 15 per cent (v/v) of ethanol. Ethanol production increased with the increase in fermentation time until five days of incubation.
Comparative studies of ethanol production from different fruit wastes using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, revealed that the rate of ethanol production through fermentation of grape fruit waste was very high (6.21%) followed by banana (5.4%), apple (4.73%) and papaya (4.19%) (Janani et al., 2013).
Studies on production of bioethanol using rinds of pineapple, jackfruit, watermelon and muskmelon by saccharification and fermentation process were undertaken by Bhandari et al., (2013). Significant amounts of ethanol was obtained at the end of the process, with jackfruit rind (4.64g/L) followed by pineapple rind (4.38g/L).
Results of the experiment conducted on production of bioethanol from cassava and sweet potato peels revealed that maximum yield was obtained in cassava (26%) and sweet potato (12%) using combination of Gloeophyllum sepiarium and Pleurotus ostreatus for hydrolysis and combination of Zymomonas mobilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for fermentation (Oyeleke et al., 2012).
Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil By Co-Solvent Method.IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Biodiesel is a mixture of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from a renewable lipid feedstock. It can be used as an alternative fuel as the fossil fuels are getting depleted day by day. Moreover the use of biodiesel leads to the substantial reduction in the pollution caused by PM, HC, CO etc. This paper consists of the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using alkaline catalysts NAOH and KOH and cosolvent acetone in the presence of methanol. Waste cooking oil is used because of its high oil content and abundant availability. This method used is co-solvent method.
Effect of injection pressure on performance and emission analysis of ci engin...eSAT Journals
Abstract Gradual depletion of world petroleum reserves and increase in the exhaust emissions day by day have led to an urgent need for alternative fuels to replace diesel. Vegetable oils biodiesel is considered as an alternative for diesel because of their properties which have been close to pure diesel. In the present study non edible vegetable oils like Honge and Jatropha oils biodiesel and their blends were used as fuel in a constant speed direct injection diesel engine. Further effect of injection pressure on the performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, brake power and emission parameters such as HC, CO and NOX were investigated in a constant speed direct injection diesel engine with varied injection pressures of 180, 200 and 220 bar.The test results showed that Honge and Jatropa oil biofuel blends are having good performance and emission results at 200 bar injection pressure when compared to 180 and 200 bar injection pressure. The test results also showed that performance and emission results of Honge and Jatropa biofuel blends are near to that of the results obtained for pure diesel and they can be used to replace pure diesel. Keywords: - Performance parameters, Emission parameters, Biodiesel, Jatropa oil, Honge oil
The Investigation Of Utilizing Rapeseed Flowers Oil As A Reliable Feedstock T...IJERA Editor
The world demand for energy in recent decade has been dramatic. Indeed, several hydrocarbons reservoirs are depleted around the world. Moreover, the using of fossil fuels for example, natural gas and coal is emitted high quantities of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to the environment that contributed in global worming phenomenon. Hence, many researchers and energy companies are attended and investigated to find out a new and reliable renewable energy source for example, biogas and biodiesel. Indeed, biodiesel can consider a reliable fuel due to many advantages for instance, reduce the global worming phenomenon, reduces carbon dioxide emissions and sustainable energy source. In fact, biodiesel can be produced from several resources for example, vegetable oil and animal fats. Rapeseed oil may consider a quite reliable and cheap source to produce biodiesel. Indeed, it has been observed that during the spring session in Iraqi Kurdistan region, wild rapeseed flowers are growing naturally in many cities of Iraqi Kurdistan for example, Sulaymaniyah, Ranya and Koya. The observed wild rapeseed flowers are produced considerable amounts of rape seed that can be invested to produced rapeseed oil and biodiesel. Therefore, this study is aimed to produce a reliable biodiesel from rapeseed flower oil by adopting transesterification reaction. Furthermore, this study has also applied process production parameters to find out the optimum operating conditions to produce biodiesel form the rapeseed oil for instance, amount of catalyst 1.25 % KOH and amount of methanol on biodiesel production yield about 7:1.Moreover, several laboratory tests for example, density, cloud point, pour point and cetane value have been applied for the produced biodiesel.
Biodiesel production from neem oil –an alternate approachIJERA Editor
In this study, neem oil which is one of the abundant non-edible oils in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and bangladesh is used for biodiesel production. The conventional 2-step transesterification production of biodiesel using sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide as catalysts is carried out. The optimum process parameters like reaction time, temperature, catalyst loading and methanol-oil molar ratio were investigated with respect to maximum yield. A maximum yield of 88% biodiesel is obtained via this method. A novel technique to produce biodiesel via complete hydrolysis followed by acid esterification is developed. Optimum reaction conditions were found to be 100ml 0.5N sulphuric acid loading, reaction temperature of 40ºC and reaction time of 2 hours. This resulted in a maximum FFA of 82%. Then acid esterification was carried out at the following reaction conditions of 0.55:1 v/v methanol-oil-ratio, 0.5% v/v H2SO4 acid catalyst loading, 50˚C and 4 hours reaction time. A maximum biodiesel yield of 92% was obtained by this method. The viscosity of biodiesel produced by this method as well as the other physicochemical properties, were found to be in compliance with international standard.
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Due to increase demand of energy, increasing price
of petroleum fuels, depletion of petroleum fuels, and
environmental pollution by these fuel emissions, it is very
necessary to find the alternative fuels. This work focused on use
of hybrid blends of Karanja and Cottonseed oil Biodiesels. In this
work 20% and 25% blends are used and the performance and
emission tests were conducted on single cylinder, 4-stroke, water
cooled CI engine by running the engine at a speed of 1500rpm, at
a compression ratio of 16.5:1 and at an injection pressure of
205bar and performance parameters like BP, BSFC, BTE and
the emissions like CO, HC and NOx are compared. It was found
that the blends gave comparatively good results in respect of
performance and emissions.
Performance Analysis of An Automated Biodiesel ProcessorAdib Bin Rashid
The extraction of Biodiesel from vegetable oil is time-consuming and requires human involvement to perform and keep track of chemical titration, stirring, and washing
the product for each batch of production. A well-designed system can significantly eliminate human interaction and expedite the whole process. The construction of an inexpensive automated biodiesel plant can help produce Biodiesel on a large scale and make a
breakthrough in Bangladesh's economy as no such effort has been undertaken so far.
To achieve the desired aim, this paper focuses on implementing the construction of a cheap,
compact, and automatic system that will exhaustively reduce human interactions and the
processing time and increase biodiesel yield. For this purpose, an automated biodiesel processor was designed and constructed in conjunction with pumps, solenoid valves, level
sensors, temperature sensors, etc., using a programmable logic controller (PLC).
Upon completing a full cycle, the plant delivers certified Biodiesel and the leftover
by-products are collected for further recycling. Different batches of Biodiesel were produced.
A comparative study of the physical properties of the fuel and the diesel engine's performance characteristics by these fuel samples was analysed and showed satisfactory results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Study On The Performance And Combustion Of A Diesel Engine Fuelled With B...theijes
This paper highlights the performance and combustion of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine operated on blends of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil. An additive Diethyl ether (DEE) has been added in three different proportions to B20 blended fuel to study the effect of additive on the performance and combustion of the diesel engine. Our results conclude that the break thermal efficiencies of the diesel engine show an increasing trend with both blended fuels and additive mixed blended fuels, slightly higher than the case of pure diesel fuel.
Effect of Oil Extraction Method on the Functional Properties of Biodiesels of...ijtsrd
Owing to the rise in demand for petroleum and environmental concerns, the search for alternative fuels has gained prominence. This study examined the effect of the method of extraction of the base oil on the functional properties of biodiesel produced from Jatropha, Yellow oleander and Castor oilseeds. The study revealed that the method of extraction had significant effect on the properties of the oil extracted and hence the biodiesel produced from the oil. Hydrogenation during oven heating after solvent extraction affected the unsaturation of the base oils and the biodiesels produced from them. The kinematic viscosities of the biodiesel samples obtained from the oil samples extracted by solvent extraction were generally higher than those obtained from the oil samples extracted by mechanical extraction. The flash and fire points of the biodiesel samples obtained from the oil samples extracted by solvent extraction were higher than that obtained from the oil samples extracted by mechanical extraction. The pour points of the biodiesels produced from the oils extracted by mechanical extraction were lower than those produced from the oils extracted by solvent extraction. Gbashi M. Samuel | Yanshio T. Emmauel | Kingsley N. Nwankwo "Effect of Oil Extraction Method on the Functional Properties of Biodiesels of Selected Oilseeds" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25252.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/25252/effect-of-oil-extraction-method-on-the-functional-properties-of-biodiesels-of-selected-oilseeds/gbashi-m-samuel
Characterization of biodiesel produced by meth butanolysis of castor oileSAT Journals
Abstract Crude Castor oil was transesterified using methanol, mixtures of methanol and butanol in molar percentages and potassium hydroxide as catalyst. The optimum reaction conditions, based on the percentage yield of biodiesel, were 45 mins reaction time at 650C and 1.5w/w% catalyst. The alcohol/oil ratio and agitation rate were both held constant at 12:1 and 450rpm respectively throughout the process. The yield of biodiesel from castor oil at such optimum reaction conditions were 87.1%, 85.7 % and 81.7 for 100%, 95% and 90% methanol-butanol molar blends respectively. . The specific gravities at 150C were 0.898 and 0.902ml/g, kinematic viscosities at 400C varied from 6.4 to 7.8 cSt. The calorific values were between 10690 and 10708 cal/g and the flash points were found to be within the range 144 to 1500C. The standard specifications for biodiesel (ASTM D67651) show that the specific gravity, flash point and calorific value requirements were satisfied. The higher viscosity (above 6.0 cSt.) can be controlled by the use of additives. Alternatively, blending with petroleum diesel will lead to improvement of the flow properties of the biodiesel fuel. Keywords: Transesterification, Castor oil, methanol/butanol molar blend, Biodiesel yield.
Production and Application of Bio-diesel in Compression Ignition Engineijsrd.com
The continuous increasing demand for energy and diminishing tendency of petroleum resources has led to the search for alternative renewable and sustainable fuel. Biodiesel seems to be a solution for future and being viewed as a substitute of Diesel. The vegetable oil, fats, grease are source of feedstock for the production of biodiesel. Out of four methods viz. dilution, micro emulsion, thermal cracking and Transesterification, the last one is used to produce biodiesel and reduce viscosity. Biodiesel is more suitable for use as an engine fuel rather than straight vegetable oils for a number of reasons; the more notably is its low viscosity. The aim of the paper at hand is towards the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils viz. Karanja, Jatropha by Transesterification process. Fuels were manufactured by direct blending 5% of biodiesels, namely, Karanja and Jatropha and Rice Bran vegetable oil using Magnetic stirrer. The physical properties of the fuels were also found out. Later, these fuels were run in Compression Ignition engines to test and compare the performance and pollution characteristics of fuels.
Predictive Data Mining with Normalized Adaptive Training Method for Neural Ne...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- Predictive data mining is an upcoming and fast-growing field and offers a competitive edge for the benefit of organization. In recent decades, researchers have developed new techniques and intelligent algorithms for predictive data mining. In this research paper, we have proposed a novel training algorithm for optimizing neural networks for prediction purpose and to utilize it for the development of prediction models. Models developed in MATLAB Neural Network Toolbox have been tested for insurance datasets taken from a live data warehouse. A comparative study of the proposed algorithm with other popular first and second order algorithms has been presented to judge the predictive accuracy of the suggested technique. Various graphs have been presented to analyse the convergence behaviour of different algorithms towards point of minimum error.
The development of the Islamic Heritage in Southeast Asia tradition and futur...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This research explores the historical development of Islamic architecture in Southeast Asia from the first idea to design a mosque by the Prophet Mohammad until the development at these days with the various purism passages And as developed up these days with the passages of the development of the traditional type to the postmodern, finally to modern Southeast Asia. The Islamic architecture has been developed in six traditional typologies of types of mosques is renowned throughout the world. Southeast Asia mosques are divided into various types according to the regional culture as Arabic type, Turkish type, the Iranian type, the Indian type, the Chinese type and South East Asian type. This research describes the main characteristics of these types. The main purpose of this research is to draw a correlation between the descriptions of the mosques in Malaysia as presented in the traditional typology that contains in its features in main types, relations in common throughout the Islamic world, however, distinguishes itself with the architectural form according to the local tradition.
An Iot Based Smart Manifold Attendance SystemIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- Attendance has been an age old procedure employed in different disciplines of educational institutions. While attendance systems have witnessed growth right from manual techniques to biometrics, plight of taking attendance is undeniable. In fingerprint based attendance monitoring, if fingers get roughed / scratched, it leads to misreading. Also for face recognition, students will have to make a queue and each one will have to wait until their face gets recognised. Our proposed system is employing “manifold attendance” that means employing passive attendance, where at a time, the attendance of multiple people can get captured. We have eliminated the need of queue system / paper-pen system of attendance, and just with a single click the attendance is not only captured, but monitored as well, that too without any human intervention. In the proposed system, creation of database and face detection is done by using the concepts of bounding box, whereas for face recognition we employ histogram equalization and matching technique.
A Novel Approach To Detect Trustworthy Nodes Using Audit Based Scheme For WSNIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In multi-hop ad hoc networks there exists a problem of identifying and isolating misbehaving nodes which refuses to forward packets. Audit-based Misbehavior Detection (AMD) is a comprehensive system that effectively and efficiently isolates both continuous and selective packet droppers. The AMD system integrates reputation management, trustworthy route discovery, and identification of misbehaving nodes based on behavioral audits. Compared to previous methods, AMD evaluates node behavior on a per-packet basis, without employing energy-expensive overhearing techniques or intensive acknowledgment schemes. Moreover, AMD can detect selective dropping attacks even if end-to-end traffic is encrypted and can be applied to multichannel networks or networks consisting of nodes with directional antennas. This work implements the AMD approach by considering the rushing attack. The analysis of the results confirms that AMD based method with rushing attack performs better as compared to the non rushing attack.
Human Resource Competencies: An Empirical AssessmentIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Human beings are the essential part of the process. Today, technology and machines are taking over the human resource, as claimed by many people; but technology and machines can never replace human resource entirely. Humans are required for operating and maintaining these machines. Human resource is extremely important for developing or bringing about new and required changes to these machines and technologies. The study of the history and the current Human Resource Management trends points out some important facts
Prospects and Problems of Non-Governmental Organizations in Poverty Alleviati...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The World Bank sponsored Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), launched in 1990 envisaged a world free of poverty by the year 2015. The North-East (where Gombe State is centrally located) is experiencing significantly higher poverty and lack of progress in poverty reduction efforts. With coming to end of 2015, much still need to be done to attain the MDGs. With over 62.6% Nigerian population still very poor, there is need for a continuous search for alternative planning & development options that would help ameliorate poverty and sustained our dream for a world free of poverty and wants. This study examines the prospects and investigates the constraints of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in poverty alleviation and community development. Literature review, questionnaire and interview methods were used for the study. The findings revealed that: finance, continuity of projects/programmes, conflicts and insecurity were the major problems confronting the NGOs. An interesting revelation is that majority of the respondents indicated that they wait for the NGOs or Government to initiate poverty alleviation programmes/projects. The implication is that the community dwellers need attitudinal change necessary for self reliance. The prospect of NGOs in poverty alleviation and community development in the study area is very bright due to rapid population growth & increasing poverty levels with the attendant positive effects on urban planning and regional development. The study recommends that NGOs should (1) form an association to enable them work together, and utilize social capital in their operation/services. (2) seek to explore avenues for funding from donor agencies. Finally, the Government needs to address some of its short comings.
Development of Regression Model Using Lasso And Optimisation of Process Param...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- Metal Spinning is a concept of describing the forming of metal into seamless, axisymmetric shapes by a combination of rotational motion and force. Sheet metal spinning is one of the metal forming processes, which a flat metal blank is rotated at a high speed and formed into an axisymmetric part by a roller which gradually forces the blank on to a mandrel, bearing the final shape of the spun part. Over the last few decades, sheet metal spinning has developed significantly and spun products have been used in various industries. Nowadays the process has been expanded to new horizons in industries, since tendency to use minimum tool and equipment costs and also using lower forces with the output of excellent surface quality and good mechanical properties. The automation of the process is of greater importance, due to its wider applications like decorative household‟s goods, rocket nose cones, gas cylinders etc. The objective of the current work is to develop the mathematical model for the spinning process with surface roughness as response and the input parameters as Mandrel speed (rpm), geometry of the Roller and Thickness of sheet (mm). Type of mandrel (EN8 Material) considered in the spinning process has the geometrical profile of parabola and single roller and double roller tools (EN8 Material) are used to deform the Al2024-T3 sheet metal paper aims to understand the process parameters that affect the surface finish of the spun component. Full factorial Design of Experiments technique is used to find the minimum number of experimental trials that are required to develop the regression model. A regression model using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (Lasso) is developed to further deepen the understanding between the input parameters and the surface roughness. The model was optimised using Sequential Quadratic Programming.
Use of Satellite Data for Feasibility Study And Preliminary Design Project Re...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In the developing countries like India, need of infrastructure is very high as compared to the available resources. The various organizations put their demands to state and center government for sanction of their project, government depends upon its various department to provide an approximate cost so that priorities can be assigned. The conventional procedure depends upon the land surveying, collection of data from various departments resulting in delay in necessary decision making or some time shelving due to unreasonable cost estimate due to field data being very old. Survey of India, The National Survey and Mapping Organization single handily taking this responsibility thus up gradation of data is far behind the actual development. From the satellite data, which is available in the form of images and terrains (even in 3d LiDAR points for some areas) is very useful for Feasibility Study, and Preliminary Project Report. In the present study natural drain named „Chai Nala‟ meanders through the prime property of Greater Mohali Area Development Authority (GMADA) thus making a big chunk of commercial land inoperative. It was proposed to straighten and channelize to reclaim the land from drain regime. Being the precious land department wanted the most economical and technically sound design without taking any risk. It was decided to counter check the hydraulic data, ground profile, acquired from the Punjab Irrigation Department with the satellite data and Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS). The data from the Google Earth was acquired using Cad Earth software and water shed analysis was carried out using Autodesk Civil 3D software. Comparison of results shows that this technique is quite useful and can be for preliminary feasibility and project preparation. Thus saving huge money and time.
Microwave Assisted Sol Gel Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide(Mgo)IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles have been synthesized by Microwave assisted Sol gel synthesis method by using the precursors citric acid (C2O4H2) and magnesium chloride (Mgcl2.6H2O). It is a simple, novel and cost effective method. The structure, morphology and crystalline phase of the magnesium oxide nanocrystals have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD).Presence of functional groups and optical characters are analyzed by using FTIR and UV- visible techniques
Development of Enhanced Frequency Drive for 3-Phase Induction Motors Submitte...IJERDJOURNAL
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The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
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A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
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Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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Biodiesel Production from waste Oil with Micro-Scale Biodiesel System Under Laboratory Condition
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 13, Issue 1 (January 2017), PP.11-18
11
Biodiesel Production from waste Oil with Micro-Scale Biodiesel
System Under Laboratory Condition
Birol Kayişoğlu1
, Türkan Aktaş2
,M. Recai Durgut3
Namık Kemal University Agricultural Faculty Biosystems Engineering Dept./Turkey
ABSTRACT:- The aim of this project is to produce biodiesel from waste oil. The use of vegetable oils as
diesel fuel started with the invention of diesel engines in the 1900s and is also common in many countries today.
The fact that the oils used in biodiesel production are also an important input of the food industry is a limiting
factor in production. For this reason, it is aimed to produce biodiesel from waste oil which can not be assessed
in food production in this study. The most important contribution of the study to biodiesel researches is the
establishment of a small-capacity biodiesel unit in laboratory conditions. The waste oils from the food
production facilities of Namık Kemal University (NKU) have been collected and biodiesel has been produced
using two different experimental methods. The analyses that determine the quality of the biodiesel samples have
been carried out by Energy Agriculture Research Center of Black Sea Agricultural Research Institute in
Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. As a result of the research, it has been
determined that the biodiesel fuel obtained by the B-1 method using KOH as a catalyst conforms to the
standards and can be used with confidence in diesel engines.
Keywords:- Biodiesel, Biomass, Transesterification, Biofuels, Waste Oil
“This work was supported by Research Fund of the Namık Kemal University. Project Number:
NKUBAP.00.24.AR.13.18”.
I. INTRODUCTION
This research focuses on producing of biodiesel from low cost feedstocks such as used cooking oil
which is not available for any other evaluation via catalyzed transesterification process.
Biodiesel is a type of fuel that is chemical transformation of vegetable/animal oils and it can be used as
fuel in engines either directly or through blending with diesel fuel at certain ratios. The inventor of biodiesel
engines, Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel (1858–1913) demonstrated the use of vegetable oils as a substitute for
diesel fuel in the 19th century. The direct use of vegetable oils in diesel engines leads to various problems, such
as poor atomization of fuel, incomplete combustion with heavy smoke emission, carbon deposition, sticking of
oil rings, injector chocking mainly due to the high viscosity of its, low volatility of vegetable oil due to high
flashpoint [1].
It is more advantageous to convert the oils to biodiesel in order to overcome these problems. Biodiesel
is a renewable fuel produced from vegetable/animal oils and fats, produces lower exhaust emissions than
conventional gasoline, requires little or no modification for use in diesel engines, has biodegradability, is
superior to conventional petroleum-based diesel in terms of sulphur and aromatic content and flash point, has
high performance in case of lubricity properties for biodiesel-fueled engine compared with the diesel-fueled
engine. On the other hand, the low calorific value of biodiesel also leads to an increase in consumption,
biodiesel fuel releases higher NOx emission than that of petroleum-based diesel fuel, for long term storage
stability of biodiesel is not available due to defects in fuel properties, biodiesel has a relatively poor
performance in cold weather because of the low flash point [2]-[4].
Biodiesel, as an alternative fuel of diesel, is described as fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters from
vegetable oils or animal fats [5].The fatty acids are classified according to carbon and hydrogen bonds such as
stearic, oleic, linolenic, linoleic etc.
The main process for producing biodiesel is transesterification reaction. The reaction is based on one
mole of triglyceride reacting with three moles of methanol to produce three moles methyl ester (bio-diesel) and
one mole glycerol Chemical reaction occurring in biodiesel production stage i shown in Fig.1.
2. Biodiesel Production From Waste Oil With Micro-Scale Biodiesel System ...
12
Fig.1: The transesterification process of triglyceride
The basic process schematic of biodiesel production is given in Fig. 2.
Fig.2: The basic process schematic of biodiesel production
The catalyst is used for speed up reactions. It is not consumed by the reaction, as well as removed with
washing water and glycerin. NAOH is widely used as catalyst.
In view of the potential properties, vegetable oils are the main resources for biodiesel production.
Biodiesel has been predominantly (more than 95 %) produced from edible vegetable oils (biodiesel first
generation) all over the world, which are easily available on large scale from the agricultural industry [6].
Resent research has found that biodiesel is produces from waste oil and algaes may provide a viable alternative
to future biodiesel production.
The most common that is being developed and used at present is biodiesel, which is produced from
seed oils with high content of fatty acid such as sunflower, rapeseed, soy, etc. However, continuos and large
scale production of biodiesel from seed oils has recently been of great concern because they are used as food
material. This is a major disadvantage, especially for Turkey which is one of the oil importer country. In this
context, the purpose of this paper is to produce the biodiesel,which can be converted from waste oil obtained
from NKU food manufacturing facilities, in a small-scale biodiesel facility to be installed. The present study is
also aimed at determining the parameters affecting biodiesel quality.
II. MATERIAL & METHOD
A. Material
Waste sunflower oil is used as a trial material, which is obtained from the food production facilities of
the NKU and filtered for biodiesel production. The filtration process of waste oil is given in Fig.3.
Fig.3: The filtration process of waste oil
3. Biodiesel Production From Waste Oil With Micro-Scale Biodiesel System ...
13
A biodiesel unit with a reactor capacity of 1 liter is used to obtain biodiesel from the filtered waste oil.
The reactor is made of heat resistant pyrex glass. The reactor is equipped with a temperature control unit that
allows the temperature control to be adjusted between -20 ° C and + 120 ° C ,± 0,1 and a digital controlled
mechanical mixer that can be adjustable of speed (200-3000 rpm). The biodiesel production unit is given in
Fig.4.
Fig.4: The biodiesel reactor
B. Method
The basic processes in both methods can be explained as feedstock pretreatment, preparation of
methanol and catalyst mixture, adding the mixture to the waste oil in the reactor, glycerin removal, washing
biodiesel and storage. Two different experiment methods have been applied to compare the effect of catalysts to
be used in waste oils. The process steps are described in detail below.
B1 Method
The transestrification of oil is achieved with 120 min of reaction time using KOH as a catalyst at a
reaction temperature of 87 o
C, 6% of catalyst in relation to the oil mass, a methanol to oil molar ratio of 9:1.
The preheating of oil at temperature as 122 oC and stirring (at ~3000 rpm) is maintained throughout the entire
reaction [2],[7]. The preheating phase of the waste oil at the temperature determined in the first method is given
in Fig.5.
Fig.5: Preheating phase of waste oil
Methanol and the used KOH catalyst are mixed with magnetic stirrer at 400 d / min. The preparation
phase is given in Fig.6.
Fig.6: The preparation phase of (methanol-catalyst) mixture
4. Biodiesel Production From Waste Oil With Micro-Scale Biodiesel System ...
14
The oil fed to the reactor is preheated before the catalyst and methanol are added. The methanol and
catalyst are placed in the reactor and stirring is carried out during the reaction time. The process is given in Fig.7.
Fig.7: Adding the mixture in the reactor (B1)
After reaction time, the mixture is placed in the separator tunnel and allowed to stand. The process
time for glycerin to settle down because of high density to 8 hours. The valve of the separation funnel is opened
for the separation of glycerin from biodiesel. The separation of glycerin from biodiesel is given in Fig.8.
Fig.8: The glycerin removal process
As the spilled water from the top of the separation funnel passes through the biodiesel it also collects
the catalyst and other foreign substances at the bottom. After this process is finished, the valve under the
separation funnel is opened to remove water. This process step is given in Fig.9.
Fig.9: Washing biodiesel (B1)
5. Biodiesel Production From Waste Oil With Micro-Scale Biodiesel System ...
15
The biodiesel sample obtained after washing process is given in Fig.10.
Fig.10: Biodiesel (B1) sample
B2 Method
The transesterification of oil is achieved with 240 min of reaction time using H2SO4 as a catalyst at a
reaction temperature of 80 o
C, 1.9% of catalyst in relation to the oil mass, a methanol to oil molar ratio of 162:1
and stirring (at ~3000 rpm) is maintained throughout the entire reaction. In addition, preheating is not applied in
this method [8]. The experiment is started at the reaction temperature without preheating.
Fig.11: Pereperation of catalyst and methanol mixture
The H2SO4 catalyst and methanol are mixed and preperated as shown in Fig.11. The prepared mixture
is added to the waste oil in the reactor as in Fig.12. and stirring is carried out during the reaction time.
Fig.12: Adding the mixture in the reactor (B1)
6. Biodiesel Production From Waste Oil With Micro-Scale Biodiesel System ...
16
The subsequent processing operations are the same as in the B1 method, except that the separation
time of glycerin. Glycerol complete separation has been achieved in 12 h. The biodiesel produced by the B2
method is shown as in Fig.13.
Fig.13: Biodiesel (B2) sample
Properties of Biodiesel
The physical and chemical properties of biodiesel are identified according to standards [9] as follows to
compare the quality of biodiesel obtained by two different methods.
Efficiency
Density
Kinematic Viscosity
Flash Point
Carbon Residue
Water Content
Copper Strip Corrosion
Asid Value
Iodine Value
Sulfur Content
Cloud Point
Cold filter plugging point
III. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Biodiesel experiments are repeated two times both B1 and B2. The biodiesel samples have been carried
out by Energy Agriculture Research Center of Black Sea Agricultural Research Institute in Republic of Turkey
Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. The results of the analysis are as shown in Table II.
Table II: The Physical and Chemical Properties of Biodiesel Experiments
Properties Unit European Committe
for Standardization
Biodiesel Experiments
Min Max B1 B2
Efficiency % - - 93 86
Density, 15°C kg/m3
860 900 888,1 892.9
Viscosity 40°C mm2
/s 3,5 5,0 5,64 7,05
Flash Point °C 120 - ˃120°C ˃120°C
Carbon Residue (10%
distillation residue)
% (m/m) - 0,3 0,33 0,61
Water Content mg/kg - 500 424,6 385,4
Copper Strip Corrosion 50°C, 3h - 1 1a 1a
Asid Value mgKOH/g - 0,5 0,18 0,18
Iodine Value - - 120 119,49 119,28
Sulfur Value mg/kg - 10 3,6 1,4
Cloud Point °C - - 2°C 6°C
Cold Filter Plugging
Point
°C -20°C 0°C -6°C -3°C
7. Biodiesel Production From Waste Oil With Micro-Scale Biodiesel System ...
17
Efficiency of Biodiesel production is expected to be over 90%. This value is 93% in the first method
(B1) and 86% in the second method (B2). The first method has the desired value in terms of efficiency. Density
is the measure of the fluidity of biodiesel. The density is expected to be between 860-900 kg / m3. This value
was between the desired values of 888.1 and 892.9 kg / m3
respectively in B1 and B2 methods. Viscosity is one
of the most important characteristics of biodiesel. High viscosity fuel causes poor atomization, bad combustion,
clogging of the injectors and carbon build-up in the segments. This value should be between 3.5-5 mm2
/s for
biodiesel. However, the upper limit is accepted as 6 mm2
/s in some literature [10]. For this reason, the viscosity
value obtained in the B1 method can be accepted within the limit metrics.
For biodiesel with a high carbon residue, it impedes the efficient operation of the engine, which results
in increased deposits in the combustion and exhaust spaces. While the accepted value in the European Standards
is a maximum of 0.3%, some researchers indicate that a maximum of 0.4% of this value would be sufficient [10].
This value was 0.33% in the first method (B1) and 0.61% in the second method. The carbon stock value
obtained in the method B1 is acceptable. The water content in both methods remained below the maximum
value at 424.6 and 385.4 ppm, respectively. Copper strip corrosion values are at the desired values in both
methods. Acid value is 0.18 mgKOH/g in both methods. The value is below the desired maximum value (0.5
mgKOH/g). The iodine value is a measure for the unsaturation. Iodine values are (119,49 and 119,28) slightly
lower than the maximum value (120). Sulphur content in diesel fuel is limited to 10 ppm. Sulfur content values
are below the desired maximum value in both methods (3.6 and 1.4 ppm, respectively) The cloud point depends
on the properties of the raw material from which biodiesel is obtained. For example, when measured by ASTM
D2500 standards, the temperature of the biodiesel obtained from rapeseed oil is -3 o
C, while the value of food-
grade frost is 19 o
C [10]. In this study, biodiesel was obtained from waste oil using two methods, the cloud point
are 2 o
C and 6 o
C respectively.
The cold filter plugging point is crucial to working in cold weather. While this value should be -20 o
C
in winter months, 0 o
C in summer is enough [10]. The cold filter plugging point was -6 o
C in the B1 method and
-3 o
C in the B2 method. The value obtained in the first method is lower than in the second method. It is possible
to operate B1 biodiesel in cooler weather, but there is a risk that the obtained biodiesel will be used in very cold
winter months.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The optimum reaction conditions are determined to obtain the most appropriate conversion to standards
according to the analysis carried out in this study.The main conclusions drawn are that the best conversion is
reached when the methanol:oil molar ratio is 9:1, the reaction time is 120 min at 87 o
C with preheating process
at 122 o
C and the catalyst (KOH) mass is 6% in relation to the oil mass used in B1 method. It appears that the
experimental data derived from B2 method exceeded limit of viscosity and carbon residue. For this reason,
direct use of biodiesel or mixing with diesel fuel would be inconvenient.The one of the most important
contribution of this study to biodiesel researches is the establishment of a small-capacity biodiesel unit in
laboratory conditions.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
“This work was supported by Research Fund of the Namık Kemal University. Project Number:
NKUBAP.00.24.AR.13.18”. We thank you to Namık Kemal University.
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