ABSTRACT: The World Bank sponsored Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), launched in 1990 envisaged a world free of poverty by the year 2015. The North-East (where Gombe State is centrally located) is experiencing significantly higher poverty and lack of progress in poverty reduction efforts. With coming to end of 2015, much still need to be done to attain the MDGs. With over 62.6% Nigerian population still very poor, there is need for a continuous search for alternative planning & development options that would help ameliorate poverty and sustained our dream for a world free of poverty and wants. This study examines the prospects and investigates the constraints of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in poverty alleviation and community development. Literature review, questionnaire and interview methods were used for the study. The findings revealed that: finance, continuity of projects/programmes, conflicts and insecurity were the major problems confronting the NGOs. An interesting revelation is that majority of the respondents indicated that they wait for the NGOs or Government to initiate poverty alleviation programmes/projects. The implication is that the community dwellers need attitudinal change necessary for self reliance. The prospect of NGOs in poverty alleviation and community development in the study area is very bright due to rapid population growth & increasing poverty levels with the attendant positive effects on urban planning and regional development. The study recommends that NGOs should (1) form an association to enable them work together, and utilize social capital in their operation/services. (2) seek to explore avenues for funding from donor agencies. Finally, the Government needs to address some of its short comings.
Rural development in Nigeria: problems and prospects for sustainable developmenttheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Measurement and Identification of Poverty in Preparation for the ‘World we wa...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) discourages theoretical articles that are limited to axiomatics or that discuss minor variations of familiar models. Similarly, IOSR-JEF has little interest in empirical papers that do not explain the model's theoretical foundations or that exhausts themselves in applying a new or established technique (such as cointegration) to another data set without providing very good reasons why this research is important.
It is obvious to postulate that there is a linkage between youth and national development. Due to the challenges facing youths has been attributed to the lack of a comprehensive policy to provide a blueprint for youths. Therefore, this study interrogates the role of youths on national development in the Gambia and the intercourse is not only symbiotically connected; but, one depends on the other for its sustenance. The study is descriptive and data obtained from secondary and primary sources. The findings in the study revealed that hostile political environment, institutional settings and public policies among others has been major setback, however, the Gambia youths are still pertinent to national development due to self-help projects in various local governments in Gambia especially projects that involve trade, commerce, small and medium term enterprises and agriculture. Also, on religion awareness, conflict resolution and security, like the Youth Crime Watch The Gambia (YCWG) engage the necessary measures to address all vulnerabilities that may tend to destabilize the country. Since the wheel of development of any country lies on the shoulder of how productive and creative the youthful populations are with over 63.55% of 2.2 million populations. So, therefore, this quantum of population is a great asset for the Gambian state if they are harnessed and utilized in the right direction. The Gambia National Development Plan (2018-2021), constitution and policies should be pluralistic for youth representation, and just in their treatment of the Gambian citizens.
Rural development in Nigeria: problems and prospects for sustainable developmenttheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Measurement and Identification of Poverty in Preparation for the ‘World we wa...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) discourages theoretical articles that are limited to axiomatics or that discuss minor variations of familiar models. Similarly, IOSR-JEF has little interest in empirical papers that do not explain the model's theoretical foundations or that exhausts themselves in applying a new or established technique (such as cointegration) to another data set without providing very good reasons why this research is important.
It is obvious to postulate that there is a linkage between youth and national development. Due to the challenges facing youths has been attributed to the lack of a comprehensive policy to provide a blueprint for youths. Therefore, this study interrogates the role of youths on national development in the Gambia and the intercourse is not only symbiotically connected; but, one depends on the other for its sustenance. The study is descriptive and data obtained from secondary and primary sources. The findings in the study revealed that hostile political environment, institutional settings and public policies among others has been major setback, however, the Gambia youths are still pertinent to national development due to self-help projects in various local governments in Gambia especially projects that involve trade, commerce, small and medium term enterprises and agriculture. Also, on religion awareness, conflict resolution and security, like the Youth Crime Watch The Gambia (YCWG) engage the necessary measures to address all vulnerabilities that may tend to destabilize the country. Since the wheel of development of any country lies on the shoulder of how productive and creative the youthful populations are with over 63.55% of 2.2 million populations. So, therefore, this quantum of population is a great asset for the Gambian state if they are harnessed and utilized in the right direction. The Gambia National Development Plan (2018-2021), constitution and policies should be pluralistic for youth representation, and just in their treatment of the Gambian citizens.
Minister Trevor Manuel, the Minister in the Presidency: The National Planning Commission We are in the home stretch, 2015 is just around the corner and this Millennium Development Goals report, the fifth in a series of reports since the adoption of the MDG‟s in 2000, is critical in understanding and knowing whether we are going to achieve all the goals by 2015. It is important to reiterate that South Africa was always a willing signatory to the MDGs because it aligned itself seamlessly with a vision expressed and supported by millions of South Africans when they assembled in Kliptown in 1955, which they called the Freedom Charter which became an important base document to South Africa's supreme law, the Constitution. It is therefore, true to say that the goals were an integral part of the on-going work and challenges taken on by the post- apartheid government. It is also instructive to note that this commitment is the bedrock of Vision 2030 as it is espoused in our National Development Plan: “By 2030, we seek to eliminate poverty and reduce inequality. We seek a country wherein all citizens have the capabilities to grasp the ever-broadening opportunities available. Our plan is to change the life chances of millions of our people, especially the youth; life chances that remain stunted by our apartheid history.” (National Development Plan, p5). But as this report so vividly illustrates, there are still so many challenges in our endeavour to ensure that we achieve the MDG goals. We are confident that we have dealt effectively with the goal to half extreme poverty but we remain deeply concerned that relative inequality remains high, as measured by the Gini coefficient. This is so in part because of the high unemployment rate and the low labour force participation rate in our country.
Prospects for Economic Growth in Nigeria – a demographic perspectiveguest06bff3
Presentation to the Task Force by its co-chair, David Bloom. The presentation sets out salient facts describing Nigeria’s economy and population; explains the theory of the demographic dividend; and asks whether there is a demographic dividend in Nigeria’s future.
Demography and Economic Growth in Nigeriaguest7a0d21
Presentation given by David Bloom and Salal Humair to the Committee on African Studies Harvard Africa Seminar, setting out the details and aims of the NextGenerationNigeria project. This presentation also contains the speaking notes
National policy conference 2017 communicationsSABC News
The Communications Discussion Document focuses on how to maintain ANC hegemony in the context of a media environment characterised by greater media convergence and consolidation.
Minister Trevor Manuel, the Minister in the Presidency: The National Planning Commission We are in the home stretch, 2015 is just around the corner and this Millennium Development Goals report, the fifth in a series of reports since the adoption of the MDG‟s in 2000, is critical in understanding and knowing whether we are going to achieve all the goals by 2015. It is important to reiterate that South Africa was always a willing signatory to the MDGs because it aligned itself seamlessly with a vision expressed and supported by millions of South Africans when they assembled in Kliptown in 1955, which they called the Freedom Charter which became an important base document to South Africa's supreme law, the Constitution. It is therefore, true to say that the goals were an integral part of the on-going work and challenges taken on by the post- apartheid government. It is also instructive to note that this commitment is the bedrock of Vision 2030 as it is espoused in our National Development Plan: “By 2030, we seek to eliminate poverty and reduce inequality. We seek a country wherein all citizens have the capabilities to grasp the ever-broadening opportunities available. Our plan is to change the life chances of millions of our people, especially the youth; life chances that remain stunted by our apartheid history.” (National Development Plan, p5). But as this report so vividly illustrates, there are still so many challenges in our endeavour to ensure that we achieve the MDG goals. We are confident that we have dealt effectively with the goal to half extreme poverty but we remain deeply concerned that relative inequality remains high, as measured by the Gini coefficient. This is so in part because of the high unemployment rate and the low labour force participation rate in our country.
Prospects for Economic Growth in Nigeria – a demographic perspectiveguest06bff3
Presentation to the Task Force by its co-chair, David Bloom. The presentation sets out salient facts describing Nigeria’s economy and population; explains the theory of the demographic dividend; and asks whether there is a demographic dividend in Nigeria’s future.
Demography and Economic Growth in Nigeriaguest7a0d21
Presentation given by David Bloom and Salal Humair to the Committee on African Studies Harvard Africa Seminar, setting out the details and aims of the NextGenerationNigeria project. This presentation also contains the speaking notes
National policy conference 2017 communicationsSABC News
The Communications Discussion Document focuses on how to maintain ANC hegemony in the context of a media environment characterised by greater media convergence and consolidation.
The relationship between unemployment and poverty has been of interest to many a scholar with interest in development economics and social sciences. This paper is an addition to the empirical attempts to re-examine the relationship between unemployment rate and poverty incidence in Nigeria using secondary data sourced from relevant institutions to obtain major Social and Economic indicators spanning within 1980-2015. The study used Trend graph analysis, Correlation coefficient analysis and Granger causality tests in its analyses. As shown from the results, there is a positive-significant correlation between unemployment and poverty in Nigeria. More so, this was corroborated by the Trend graph analysis. It also established that unemployment granger causes poverty in Nigeria as suggests from the Granger causality tests. The economic implication of this result is that poverty is an increasing function of unemployment; and the Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) pointed that short run disequilibrium in the economy can be returned to equilibrium in the long run with a poor speed of adjustment of 6 %. In the light of these findings, this study recommends that efforts should be intensified in Nigeria towards implementation of unemployment reduction policies as this will significantly reduce poverty incidence.
Categorisation of Rural Development Stakeholders in Bui Division, North West ...PriyankaKilaniya
Rural development is a complex process involving multiple stakeholders with diverse interests and roles. The question of categorising these stakeholders which is missing in current literature is an urgent matter. This study aims to categorise the rural development stakeholders and examine their spatial geographical coverage in Bui Division of Cameroon. To do this, data was obtained from primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected through field observations, personal interviews with RD institutions and administration of 360 questionnaire to the rural population of Kumbo, Oku and Noni Sub-Divisions within Bui Division. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and cartographic techniques with the help of figures, percentages, tables and a map. The findings revealed internal and external stakeholders in the rural development process, who are unevenly distributed within the division (40.9% in Kumbo, 30% in Oku and 29.1% in Noni). The study concludes that a critical foundation to formulate strategies for strengthening RD planning and implementation via stakeholder categorization in the area is in dire need. By providing a novel stakeholder categorisation approach, the study recommends that the internal and external stakeholder groups should each delineate their own set of priorities and requirements in streamlining sustainable future RD in the area. Also, the state should ensure balanced distribution of RD stakeholders by increasing their numbers in the less developed sub-divisions such as Noni and Oku in order to ensure that all sub-divisions equitably benefit from RD initiatives.
Effect of cooperative societies on poverty alleviation among rural farm house...ResearchWap
The broad objective of the study is to access the importance of cooperative societies in alleviating poverty among rural household.
The specific objectives are to;
i. examinethe socio-economic characteristics of the respondents in the study area.
ii. assessthe incidence, depth and severity of poverty among the respondents.
iii. examine the determinants of poverty among the rural households
iv. examinethe influence of cooperative membership on poverty status of rural households.
v. constraint affecting cooperative society in alleviating poverty.
THE EFFECT OF COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES ON POVERTY ALLEVIATION AMONG RURAL FARM H...ResearchWap
Nigeria as a land filled with milk and honey suffers from the menace of poverty. Different questions have been asked to how poverty which is affecting the economy can be reduced to minimum. Several Government bodies have been setup to find a lasting solution to the problem striking the masses. However, it will be expedient to know what poverty is all about and to know the meaning of cooperative according to different scholars and join the two together to have a clearer understanding of the purpose of the study.
Critical Review of Poverty Reduction Programme in Nigeria: Evidence from Sout...iosrjce
This study is aimed at determining the impact of government poverty alleviation programmes in the
south east zone of Nigeria, taking into consideration that poverty profile in Nigeria displays zonal differences,
which of course is a reflection of the different agro-climatic conditions, economic zones and natural resource
endowments. Despite the huge funds earmarked by Government for the various poverty alleviation
programmes in the zone, poverty still abounds. The study employed primary data which was collected using
questionnaire of the alternative response form. The researcher employed chi-square statistic to analyze data
generated in the survey. The study revealed that poverty alleviation programmes of government have no
significant impact in the south east zone.Hence, the study concludes among others that, the government poverty
alleviation programmesdid not have significant impact on the poverty needs of the south-east zone. The study
recommended among others thatsustainable poverty reduction strategy should not focus narrowly on social
welfare measures, rather assets redistribution and creation of incentive structures that can enhance the rate
and pattern of economic growth should be seen as essential component.
KEYNOTE ADDRESS DELIVERED BY HIS EXCELLENCY, THE GOVERNOR OF EKITI STATE, DR. KAYODE FAYEMI AT THE OPENING CEREMONY OF A TWO- DAY TRAINING WORKSHOP FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS ON EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF MDGs PROJECTS HELD BETWEEN THURSDAY 3RD AND FRIDAY 4TH MAY, 2012 AT LADY JIBOWU HALL, GOVERNMENT HOUSE GROUNDS ADO-EKITI.
Gerald ogoko socio-economic structures & economic developmentGerald Ogoko
This paper looks at the socio-economic structures of a country and how they impact on growth and development. To an extent, any exposition on national socio-economic structures deals with political economy analysis. Development practitioners are increasingly aware of the role of social and political variables in shaping development outcomes. The political dimension of socio-economic structures stems from the influence of political power relations in determining the social and economic distribution patterns in so-called ‘inequality traps’ that constrain economic growth and poverty reduction and increase social tensions. In view of this observation, this paper also considers the political dimension of national socio-economic structures using Nigeria as a case study.
Participatory Rural Development in Nigeria An Assessment of the 3’I’s Initiat...YogeshIJTSRD
Genuine rural development in a developing society depend largely on the participation of the rural dwellers on the policy formulation and implementation, especially in the area of development project. The rural people play a vital role in the economic and political develop of the nation. In spite of the facts that the bulk of economic produce as well as vote come from the rural area but the development is nothing to write about because the rural people are not involved in the policy formulation and implementation by the pass administration in the state. Fapetu Oluwadamilola V | Siyaka Mohammed "Participatory Rural Development in Nigeria: An Assessment of the 3’I’s Initiatives in Ondo State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38663.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/38663/participatory-rural-development-in-nigeria-an-assessment-of-the-3’i’s-initiatives-in-ondo-state/fapetu-oluwadamilola-v
Fadama Crop Farming Enterprise and Poverty Alleviation in Kogi State, NigeriaAI Publications
Poverty is an affront to the existence of mankind, which must be fought from all angles. This study examines the impact of Fadama crop farming enterprise on poverty alleviation in Kogi State. Questionnaires were administered to 180 households, 90 each to Fadama crop farming and Non-Fadama farming households in the area. Data was analyzed using the relative poverty index and the logit regression model. The relative poverty index using the so-called P.alpha shows that the non-Fadama farming households had higher values of the various dimensions of the incidence of poverty, P0, P1, and P2, than the Fadama crop farming households while the logit regression analysis with the aid of the SPSS packages revealed that five of the nine variables, namely; farm size, household size, annual income, total expenditure and age of the household heads, were statistically significant at 5% level. The study has identified Fadama crop farming enterprise as a means of economic development and poverty alleviation and therefore recommends the development and proper management of the vast Fadama resources and potential in Kogi State and Nigeria at large, the enhancement of the income base of the Fadama crop farmers through governments’ deliberate policies/programmes, the provision/subsidization of Fadama farming inputs as well as education/public enlightenment of the Fadama crop farmers. Finally, suggestions for further studies on the impact of Fadama farming generally on poverty alleviation and the role of other enterprises such as the small scale industries/businesses on poverty alleviation in the study area were proffered.
Predictive Data Mining with Normalized Adaptive Training Method for Neural Ne...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- Predictive data mining is an upcoming and fast-growing field and offers a competitive edge for the benefit of organization. In recent decades, researchers have developed new techniques and intelligent algorithms for predictive data mining. In this research paper, we have proposed a novel training algorithm for optimizing neural networks for prediction purpose and to utilize it for the development of prediction models. Models developed in MATLAB Neural Network Toolbox have been tested for insurance datasets taken from a live data warehouse. A comparative study of the proposed algorithm with other popular first and second order algorithms has been presented to judge the predictive accuracy of the suggested technique. Various graphs have been presented to analyse the convergence behaviour of different algorithms towards point of minimum error.
The development of the Islamic Heritage in Southeast Asia tradition and futur...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This research explores the historical development of Islamic architecture in Southeast Asia from the first idea to design a mosque by the Prophet Mohammad until the development at these days with the various purism passages And as developed up these days with the passages of the development of the traditional type to the postmodern, finally to modern Southeast Asia. The Islamic architecture has been developed in six traditional typologies of types of mosques is renowned throughout the world. Southeast Asia mosques are divided into various types according to the regional culture as Arabic type, Turkish type, the Iranian type, the Indian type, the Chinese type and South East Asian type. This research describes the main characteristics of these types. The main purpose of this research is to draw a correlation between the descriptions of the mosques in Malaysia as presented in the traditional typology that contains in its features in main types, relations in common throughout the Islamic world, however, distinguishes itself with the architectural form according to the local tradition.
An Iot Based Smart Manifold Attendance SystemIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- Attendance has been an age old procedure employed in different disciplines of educational institutions. While attendance systems have witnessed growth right from manual techniques to biometrics, plight of taking attendance is undeniable. In fingerprint based attendance monitoring, if fingers get roughed / scratched, it leads to misreading. Also for face recognition, students will have to make a queue and each one will have to wait until their face gets recognised. Our proposed system is employing “manifold attendance” that means employing passive attendance, where at a time, the attendance of multiple people can get captured. We have eliminated the need of queue system / paper-pen system of attendance, and just with a single click the attendance is not only captured, but monitored as well, that too without any human intervention. In the proposed system, creation of database and face detection is done by using the concepts of bounding box, whereas for face recognition we employ histogram equalization and matching technique.
A Novel Approach To Detect Trustworthy Nodes Using Audit Based Scheme For WSNIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In multi-hop ad hoc networks there exists a problem of identifying and isolating misbehaving nodes which refuses to forward packets. Audit-based Misbehavior Detection (AMD) is a comprehensive system that effectively and efficiently isolates both continuous and selective packet droppers. The AMD system integrates reputation management, trustworthy route discovery, and identification of misbehaving nodes based on behavioral audits. Compared to previous methods, AMD evaluates node behavior on a per-packet basis, without employing energy-expensive overhearing techniques or intensive acknowledgment schemes. Moreover, AMD can detect selective dropping attacks even if end-to-end traffic is encrypted and can be applied to multichannel networks or networks consisting of nodes with directional antennas. This work implements the AMD approach by considering the rushing attack. The analysis of the results confirms that AMD based method with rushing attack performs better as compared to the non rushing attack.
Human Resource Competencies: An Empirical AssessmentIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Human beings are the essential part of the process. Today, technology and machines are taking over the human resource, as claimed by many people; but technology and machines can never replace human resource entirely. Humans are required for operating and maintaining these machines. Human resource is extremely important for developing or bringing about new and required changes to these machines and technologies. The study of the history and the current Human Resource Management trends points out some important facts
Development of Regression Model Using Lasso And Optimisation of Process Param...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- Metal Spinning is a concept of describing the forming of metal into seamless, axisymmetric shapes by a combination of rotational motion and force. Sheet metal spinning is one of the metal forming processes, which a flat metal blank is rotated at a high speed and formed into an axisymmetric part by a roller which gradually forces the blank on to a mandrel, bearing the final shape of the spun part. Over the last few decades, sheet metal spinning has developed significantly and spun products have been used in various industries. Nowadays the process has been expanded to new horizons in industries, since tendency to use minimum tool and equipment costs and also using lower forces with the output of excellent surface quality and good mechanical properties. The automation of the process is of greater importance, due to its wider applications like decorative household‟s goods, rocket nose cones, gas cylinders etc. The objective of the current work is to develop the mathematical model for the spinning process with surface roughness as response and the input parameters as Mandrel speed (rpm), geometry of the Roller and Thickness of sheet (mm). Type of mandrel (EN8 Material) considered in the spinning process has the geometrical profile of parabola and single roller and double roller tools (EN8 Material) are used to deform the Al2024-T3 sheet metal paper aims to understand the process parameters that affect the surface finish of the spun component. Full factorial Design of Experiments technique is used to find the minimum number of experimental trials that are required to develop the regression model. A regression model using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (Lasso) is developed to further deepen the understanding between the input parameters and the surface roughness. The model was optimised using Sequential Quadratic Programming.
Use of Satellite Data for Feasibility Study And Preliminary Design Project Re...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In the developing countries like India, need of infrastructure is very high as compared to the available resources. The various organizations put their demands to state and center government for sanction of their project, government depends upon its various department to provide an approximate cost so that priorities can be assigned. The conventional procedure depends upon the land surveying, collection of data from various departments resulting in delay in necessary decision making or some time shelving due to unreasonable cost estimate due to field data being very old. Survey of India, The National Survey and Mapping Organization single handily taking this responsibility thus up gradation of data is far behind the actual development. From the satellite data, which is available in the form of images and terrains (even in 3d LiDAR points for some areas) is very useful for Feasibility Study, and Preliminary Project Report. In the present study natural drain named „Chai Nala‟ meanders through the prime property of Greater Mohali Area Development Authority (GMADA) thus making a big chunk of commercial land inoperative. It was proposed to straighten and channelize to reclaim the land from drain regime. Being the precious land department wanted the most economical and technically sound design without taking any risk. It was decided to counter check the hydraulic data, ground profile, acquired from the Punjab Irrigation Department with the satellite data and Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS). The data from the Google Earth was acquired using Cad Earth software and water shed analysis was carried out using Autodesk Civil 3D software. Comparison of results shows that this technique is quite useful and can be for preliminary feasibility and project preparation. Thus saving huge money and time.
Microwave Assisted Sol Gel Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide(Mgo)IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles have been synthesized by Microwave assisted Sol gel synthesis method by using the precursors citric acid (C2O4H2) and magnesium chloride (Mgcl2.6H2O). It is a simple, novel and cost effective method. The structure, morphology and crystalline phase of the magnesium oxide nanocrystals have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD).Presence of functional groups and optical characters are analyzed by using FTIR and UV- visible techniques
Development of Enhanced Frequency Drive for 3-Phase Induction Motors Submitte...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Three-phase induction motors produce mechanical power by electromagnetic induction and run on a 3-phase ac supply. They require efficient speed control, to enable them do variable speed operations, save power consumption and reduce machine noise. In this dissertation, a new switching device called MosControlled Thyristor (MCT) for frequency drive is introduced. Based on the new switching device and AT89C52 microcontroller, an enhanced frequency drive for controlling the speed and torque of 3-phase 15kW squirrel cage induction motor is modeled. Different voltages ranging from 342V to 415V and frequencies ranging from 50Hz to 60Hz are used in a systematic manner to simulate the system based on the new switching device. The simulation program is written in C language and tested with Proteus 7.6 simulation software. Voltage and frequency have significant impact on the actual speed and torque of the motor. Simulation results show that with the new model, the torque (56.66Nm) developed by the motor which is constant throughout each speed range is directly proportional to the ratio (6.7:1) of the applied voltage and the frequency of the supply and the selected speeds (1450, 1510, 1570, 1630, 1690 and 1750 rpm) are locked irrespective of change in load. This is unlike other models where magnetic saturation and conduction drop of IGBT lead to voltage/frequency imbalance resulting in excessive drawing of current by the motor and overheating. This new control method has a speed regulation of ±2 to 3% of maximum frequency, speed response of 3Hz, speed control range of 1: 40 and efficiency of 88%, as further advantages. Comparison of the system with other speed control techniques shows improved energy-saving, cost effectiveness and safety in operation. The contributions of this research aim to make Volts per Hertz speed control method based on MCT a reliable better alternative to other well known methods in speed control of three-phase induction motors
Short-Term Load Forecasting Using ARIMA Model For Karnataka State Electrical ...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Short-term load forecasting is a key issue for reliable and economic operation of power systems. This paper aims to develop short-term electric load forecasting ARIMA Model for Karnataka Electrical Load pattern based on Stochastic Time Series Analysis. The logical and organised procedures for model development using Autocorrelation Function and Partial Autocorrelation Function make ARIMA Model particularly attractive. The methodology involves Initial Model Development Phase, Parameter Estimation Phase and Forecasting Phase. To confirm the effectiveness, the proposed model is developed and tested using the historical data of Karnataka Electrical Load pattern (2016). The forecasting error of ARIMA Model is computed and results have shown favourable forecasting accuracy.
Optimal Pricing Policy for a Manufacturing Inventory Model with Two Productio...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: When a new product is launched, a manufacturer applies the strategy of offering a quantity incentive initially for some time to boost up the demand of the product. The present paper describes a manufacturing inventory model with price sensitive demand enhanced by a quantity incentive. Later on demand becomes time increasing also. Inventory cycle starts with low production rate which is followed by higher production rate when demand is boosted up. Shortages are not allowed in this model. Presentation of numerical examples, tables, graphs and sensitivity analysis describes the model very well. Lastly case without incentive illustrates that usually the quantity incentive offered initially is beneficial.
Analysis of failure behavior of shear connection in push-out specimen by thre...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- This study analyzes the failure mechanism of shear connection by three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) of push-out specimens that was practically unaffordable experimentally or by twodimensional FEA. For the analysis of the failure behavior of the compression strut formed in the loaded concrete member, the three-dimensional principal stress space is transformed into two-dimensional space by means of the relation between the hydrostatic stress and the deviatoric stress. The analysis of the stress state in the compression strut revealed that the deviatoric stress increases with larger load particularly in the concrete surrounding the lower part of the shear stud. Accordingly, bearing failure of concrete occurred locally within a limited region in the slab. The steep increase of the deviatoric stress accompanying the increase of the load resulted in the failure of concrete around the lower part of the shear stud, which in turn provoked the deformation and the development of bending moment of the shear stud. Finally, plastic hinge formed in the shear stud leading it to reach its limit state. The proposed finite element model can also be used to model the shear connection of the composite beam and, the proposed stress analysis method can be applied to analyze its composite action behavior.
Discrete Time Batch Arrival Queue with Multiple VacationsIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- In this paper we consider a discrete time batch arrival queueing system with multiple vacations. It is assume that the service of customers arrived in the system between a fixed intervals of time after which the service goes on vacations after completion of one service of cycle is taken up at the boundaries of the fixed duration of time. This is the case of late arrival. In case of early arrival i.e. arrival before the start of next cycles of service. If the customer finds the system empty, it is served immediately. We prove the Stochastic decomposition property for queue length and waiting time distribution for both the models.
Regional Rainfall Frequency Analysis By L-Moments Approach For Madina Region,...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- In arid regions, extreme rainfall event frequency predictions are still a challenging problem, because of the rain gauge stations scarcity and the record length limitation, which are usually short to insure reliable quantile estimates. Regional frequency analysis is one of the popular approaches used to compensate the data limitation. In this paper, regional frequency analysis of maximum daily rainfall is investigated for Madinah province in the Western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The observed maximum daily rainfall records of 20 rainfall stations are selected from 1968 to 2015. The rainfall data is evaluated using four tests, namely, Discordance test (Di), Homogeneity test (H), Goodness of fit test (Zdist) and L-moment ratios diagram (LMRD). The Di of L-moments shows that all the sites belong to one group (Di <3.0).><1). Finally, the Zdist is used to evaluate five probability distribution functions (PDFs) including generalized logistic (GLO), generalized extreme value (GEV), generalized normal (GNO), generalized Pareto (GPA), and Pearson Type III (PE3). Zdist and LMRD both showed that PE3 distribution is the best among the other PDFs. The regional parameters of the candidate PDF are computed using L-moments approach and accordingly the regional dimensionless growth curve is developed. The results enhance the accuracy of extreme rainfall prediction at-sites and also they can be used for ungauged catchment in the region.
Implementing Oracle Utility-Meter Data Management For Power ConsumptionIJERDJOURNAL
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Prospects and Problems of Non-Governmental Organizations in Poverty Alleviation and Community Development in Gombe State, Nigeria
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 13, Issue 8 (August 2017), PP.28-36
28
Prospects and Problems of Non-Governmental Organizations in
Poverty Alleviation and Community Development in Gombe
State, Nigeria
*
Yusuf, I. D 1
,Abbas, B.,2
Husain, M. A.,3
Yusuf, M. I.4
1
Department of Geography, Faculty of Sciences, Gombe State University, Gombe. Nigeria.
2
Department of Geography, School of Environmental Sciences, Modibbo Adama University of
Technology, Yola. Adamawa State, Nigeria.
3
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, Modibbo Adama University
of Technology, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria.
4
Department of Building, School of Environmental Sciences, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola.
Adamawa State, Nigeria.
Corresponding author: *Yusuf, I. D
ABSTRACT: The World Bank sponsored Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), launched in 1990
envisaged a world free of poverty by the year 2015. The North-East (where Gombe State is centrally located) is
experiencing significantly higher poverty and lack of progress in poverty reduction efforts. With coming to end
of 2015, much still need to be done to attain the MDGs. With over 62.6% Nigerian population still very poor,
there is need for a continuous search for alternative planning & development options that would help ameliorate
poverty and sustained our dream for a world free of poverty and wants. This study examines the prospects and
investigates the constraints of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in poverty alleviation and community
development. Literature review, questionnaire and interview methods were used for the study. The findings
revealed that: finance, continuity of projects/programmes, conflicts and insecurity were the major problems
confronting the NGOs. An interesting revelation is that majority of the respondents indicated that they wait for
the NGOs or Government to initiate poverty alleviation programmes/projects. The implication is that the
community dwellers need attitudinal change necessary for self reliance. The prospect of NGOs in poverty
alleviation and community development in the study area is very bright due to rapid population growth &
increasing poverty levels with the attendant positive effects on urban planning and regional development. The
study recommends that NGOs should (1) form an association to enable them work together, and utilize social
capital in their operation/services. (2) seek to explore avenues for funding from donor agencies. Finally, the
Government needs to address some of its short comings.
Keywords: Community development, poverty alleviation, NGOs, Gombe, Nigeria
I. INTRODUCTION
The World Bank sponsored Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), launched in 1990, envisaged a
world free of poverty by the year 2015. However, with the recent data released by The World Bank (2014), it
would appear that, growth and poverty reduction are primarily urban phenomena in Nigeria. In rural areas,
growth is slower; poverty is higher while poverty reduction is even slower. The new living standard estimates,
imply a stronger divide between the North and Southern Nigeria. The North especially North-East (where
Gombe State is centrally located) where this study was carried out is experiencing significantly higher poverty
and lack of progress in poverty reduction efforts.With 2015 gone, much still need to be done to attain the
Millennium Development Goal. With over 62.6% Nigerian population still very poor, there is the need for a
continuous search for alternative planning and developmental options that would help ameliorate poverty and
sustained our dream for a world free of poverty and wants which would positively impact on urban planning and
regional development.
This research is aimed at contributing to a way forward. Besides, little attention is given in the
literature to the activities of the Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs). As a result, scanty literature is
available in this regard. Accordingly, an investigation into the structure, programmes/projects, activities,
constraints/problems as well as the prospects of the NGOs in poverty alleviation and community development
presents an interesting opportunity for research in order to enable us hold the NGOs to standard in Gombe State.
This could elicit the necessary synergy among the built environment professionals including urban and regional
planners to confront the challenges of poverty and community development in Nigeria in general.
2. Prospects And Problems Of Non-Governmental Organizations In Poverty Alleviation And
29
Although, attempts were made in the past by successive governments to ameliorate the problem of
poverty and enhance community development, which include; the National Poverty Eradication Programme
(NAPEP) launched by President Olusegun Obasanjo in (2001), and the recent Subsidy Reinvestment and
Empowerment Programme (Sure-P), launched by the President Jonathan administration appear not to have had
any serious impact on the prevalence of poverty and want in Nigeria. The above scenario has been succinctly
described by Baba (1988) as portraying failure at all levels of government in tackling poverty and community
development. Perhaps this situation motivated Yusuf (2015) study which concluded that no significant
achievement can be recorded in Nigeria in terms of poverty alleviation without incorporating the NGOs to
achieve overall improvement in the living standard of the vast majority who reside in the rural areas.Therefore,
the objectives of the study are:
(1) to investigate the prospect of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) towards poverty alleviation
and community development in Gombe State,
(2) to identify the constraints militating against Non-governmental Organization (NGOs) in poverty
alleviation and community development in Gombe State with a view to enhancing community development and
poverty alleviation.The outcome of the study would help in the determination of the areas of support and/or
partnership with donor agencies. It is hoped that the study would also serve as a guide to all agencies involved in
community based poverty alleviation. The study is envisaged to contribute to the evaluation of self-help projects
especially the pro-poor ones. Also, the study‟s contribution to knowledge, society and humanity would further
propel efforts geared towards alleviating poverty and want.
Research Questions
1. What are the prospect of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in poverty alleviation and community
development in Gombe state?
2. What are the constraints/problems militating against Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in poverty
alleviation and community development in Gombe state?
Location
The Study area is located between latitudes 90
30‟ and 120
30‟North and Longitude 80
45‟ and 110
450
East. It shares boundary with Bauchi State to the West and Taraba State to the extreme South West while
Adamawa State lies to the South. It also has source frontiers with Borno State to the East and Yobe State to the
North. Gombe State lies at the centre of the North-East Geo-political Zone of Nigeria. It is also well linked by
truck „A‟ roads about 150Km from Bauchi, 225Km from Yola, 280Km from Jalingo, 250Km from Potiskum,
and 310 Km from Maiduguri to the East. Gombe, the State capital is along the Port-Harcourt-Maiduguri railway
line. The Gongola River allows for some level of navigation at the peak of the raining season. This is most
significant at the North of the Dadin-kowa Dam.
The relative location of the study area (Gombe State) is shown in Figure 1, (map of Gombe State,
extracted from map of Nigeria) showing Gombe State with eleven (11) Local Government Areas. Gombe State
has an estimated population of 2.8 million people (NPC, 2008) made up of different people with many
languages. The prominent ones being: the Fulanis, Hausa Tangale, Tera, Bolawa, Kanuri, Wurkun, Waja, Jukun,
Jara, Pero, Tula, Chamawa, Lunguda, Dadiya, Kamo, Awak, Kanuri, etc. The people are mainly subsistent
farmers and livestock rearers.
The bank of the river Gongola provides opportunity for dry season irrigation farming which is gaining
more ground among the people in recent years. Gombe State is strategically position in the centre of the North-
East sub-region. As a result, a significant number of the people are into trade and commerce. Although some
people are into the civil service, a great number of them combine their profession with arable farming as well.
The people are hospitable, while the emirates and chiefdoms have rich cultural heritage which include colorful
traditional festivals, dances, music and costumes (Yusuf, 2015).
3. Prospects And Problems Of Non-Governmental Organizations In Poverty Alleviation And
30
Figure 1: Location map of the study area showing the Eleven (11) Local Government Areas
Source: Gombe State Ministry of Lands (2015).
Literature Review
This section reviews relevant literature with regards to community development and poverty
alleviation. It reviewed previous and present governments‟ attempts at rural development.
Past Attempts by the Federal Government to Develop the Rural Areas
Nigeria‟s attempt at poverty alleviation and rural community development has been a multi-faceted and
multi-institutional approach. Nigeria still has high poverty rates (World Bank, 2014). The country‟s
performance is at odds with the general international trend of poverty reduction when compared to other
countries experiencing rapid economic growth like Nigeria. The followings are some of such efforts;
National Directorate of Employment (NDE).
The National Directorate of Employment (NDE) was set up in 1987. The objective was to curb wide
spread unemployment and its attendant social ills. It was to implement the recommendations of a national
committee on strategies for dealing with mass unemployment situation in the country, and its associated poverty
levels. Though the directorate still exists, it has not been able to tackle the unemployment situation in the
country, or engender small scale industrial development; graduate employment and agricultural development.
This implies that the cardinal objectives of its formation have not been realized. The failure of the programme
may be attributed to lack of necessary resources and the political will to actualize the noble dream.
Better Life for Rural Dwellers (BLFRD)
The Better Life for Rural Dwellers (BLRD) was launched in 1987 in Abuja out of the concern for the
plight of our rural dwellers and in particular the women due to structural imbalance in the economic
opportunities and social infrastructure between the rural and urban areas. The program could not address the
structural imbalance identified before it was launched. However, BLRD was able to draw awareness to the
plight of the rural woman. The BLRD also a failed because it could not ameliorate the incidence of wide spread
poverty ravaging the rural dwellers who constitute a vast majority of the people of the Nigerian nation. The
situation has also reached a stage where a great majority of the people of Nigeria lives below poverty line or are
able to spend less than one dollar per day. This has necessitated a new thinking and search for alternative
approach to poverty alleviation and community development
River Basin Development Authorities (RBDA)
This approach was a comprehensive and integrated rural development initiative anchored on the major
River Basin Development Authorities (RBDAs) to consolidate on the Green Revolution Program of the Federal
Government of Nigeria. It was to provide enough irrigation water for dry season farming, urban & rural water
supply, and provision of improved farm inputs, seedlings and technical support to farmers to aid holistic and
integrated rural development. The approach also failed because of massive corruption, poor administration and
committed extension services. This has led to the need for alternative approach to rural community
development.
4. Prospects And Problems Of Non-Governmental Organizations In Poverty Alleviation And
31
Although the attempts mentioned are not exhaustive, they however project a common image of the
massive failure of government attempts at poverty alleviation, and rural community development.
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
The United Nations (UN) has been in the vanguard of fighting poverty around the world, with
concerted but dynamic policies. In 1990, the un-abating world poverty situation reached a frightening level
which led the United Nations to declare and launch the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This
international collaboration effort against poverty was necessitated by very high profile and trend of poverty
situation the world over. East Asia countries of China, North Korea, South Korea, and Mongolia had attained
(60%) poverty level in their population by 1990. Sub-Saharan African (SSA) followed with 57.4 % of its
population remaining poor, while South Asian countries like Bangladesh and Afghanistan remain 49.5% poor
(UN, 2009c).
The United Nation (UN), through the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) launched a programme
aimed at reducing extreme poverty and hunger around the world by half by the year 2015. The United Nation
(UN) vision for a world without poverty was anchored on the Millennium Development Goal which would
serve as a frame work to strengthen local policies with vigour. It was also to address the negative impact of
poverty on the poor people of the world, and envisaged to provide opportunity for the enrolment of all children
into schools especially those living in rural communities. In addition, it was to serve as an avenue to reduce
inequality on education, based on gender, ethicality among linguistics and religious minorities. It calls for
greater political will to muster reduction in maternal mortality especially in Sub-Saharan Africa (MDG 2008a).
The debt relief obtained from the Paris Club was earmarked for the pro-poor project and programs
toward achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The MDGs are to: - 1) Eradicate poverty and
hunger; 2) Achieve universal primary education, 3) Promote gender equality and empower woman; 4) Reduce
child mortality; 5) Improve maternal health; 6) Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases; 7) Ensure
environmental sustainability and; 9) Global partnership for development. However, it is pertinent to explain
some of the common concepts used for the study.
Community. This is a group of people living under the same environment but with common interest. It can be in
an urban or rural area. (Ilesanmi, 2013).
Community Development. Means “participating in decision making and collective actions, leading to an agenda
of social changes regarding equality, social inclusion and amelioration of poverty” as defined by Brain (2006). It
is also a process of rural transformation where both the people and the government aim at bringing socio-
economic and cultural changes in the way of life of the people through their own initiatives (Ilesanmi, 2013).
Rural Area. This refers to any place that is having less than 5,000 inhabitants with limited or absence of social
amenities.
Poverty alleviation. May be understood in the form of developing a range of assets that will reduce the
vulnerability of the poor to physical, economic and social shocks. Poverty alleviation is partly a process of
increasing income and economic stability which enables fulfilment of basic needs and access to different kinds
of services (Sachs, 2005).
Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO): refers to a Non-Governmental actor that is not a part of government
or a non -profit organization. Non-Governmental Organisation may be funded by a foundation, business or
private individuals. Some avoid formal funding altogether and are run primarily by volunteers. According to the
United Nations, any kind of private organisation that is independent from government control can be termed an
(NGO). Non-Governmental Organisation provided it is not a profit, not for criminality and not simply an
opposition party and their areas of coverage cuts across all spheres of life (Steve, 1997).
Research Methodology
Three approaches were used for the study; literature review, questionnaire and interview methods.
These were complemented by published and unpublished works sourced from agencies like the ministry for
youth and women affairs, social development, community development records, magazines, journals, etc.
However, a pilot study was first undertaken which enables the identification of the existing development
oriented Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) of the study area and the validation of the research
instrument for the main survey.
The questionnaire was subjected to construct validity. Construct validity according to Trachim (2006) refers
to the degree to which inferences can legitimately be made from the operationalizations of the study to the
theoretical constructs on which they were based. To achieve this, the initial questionnaire was given to some 5
project managers of the NGOs for their inputs/adjustments to achieve face and content validity and to identify
the factors noted in the literature review for a more reliable result. Some words were substituted and more lucid
ones adopted e.g the “projects” of the NGOs was substituted with contributions because some NGOs revealed
their results were not tangible. The pilot study revealed that there are sixty- one (61) registered NGOs in Gombe
State, out of which (21) NGOs, representing (34.4%) were selected using systematic random sampling
technique. The (21) NGOs sampled in Gombe State with their acronyms are presented in appendix A.
5. Prospects And Problems Of Non-Governmental Organizations In Poverty Alleviation And
32
Systematic Random Sampling technique was adopted in the selection of the Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGOs) from the total population of registered NGOs (61) that have poverty alleviation and
community development as their area of interest as enshrined in their project document. This gave rise to
twenty-one (21) NGOs, representing (34%). The first in every three (3) NGOs was randomly selected and
investigated accordingly in order to avoid bias in the choice of the NGOs.
SWOT analysis was another approach integrated into the questionnaire which also enabled the
collection of data on the strength, opportunities, weaknesses and threats inherent in the efforts of the NGOs
towards poverty alleviation and community development in Gombe State. As a result of which a compendium of
strength, opportunity, weakness and threat (SWOT) matrix was developed to aid the understanding of the
NGOs‟ problems and prospects (Figure 2) at a glance. For an organization to have prospects of achieving its
goals/objectives, the driving force must out-weigh the resisting forces. However, Organizations are able to move
from their current reality to a preferred future position where the prospects could be higher. Ilesanmi (2002)
corroborated this approach in determining the prospects of any organization, stressing that, prospects is positive
expectations in several areas of concern and endeavors.
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Occupational Status of the Respondents from the Community Dwellers
Majority of the respondents (232) are arable farmers indicating 58%, 72 respondents are traders (18%),
60 are civil servants (15%), while 36 respondents (9%) live in other means of livelihood such as blacksmiths,
traditional barbers, Islamic scholars, tanners, water vendors, mat and cap makers. The farmers indicated that
traditional local skills are still in use. However, the study revealed that only one sampled NGO was involved in
training to improve the rural farming techniques which is a problem. The implication is that more NGOs are
needed in this regard because the bulk of the livelihood of the communities relies on agriculture. In addition, the
existing NGOs have a responsibility to improve on capacity building of the farmers in the communities.
Gender and educational status of the Proprietors of the NGOs in Gombe State.
The study revealed that over 80% of the sampled NGOs (i.e. 17 out of 20) are owned by females; while
20% of the NGOs are owned by males who were Secondary School leavers. On the other hand, the females are
all graduates; two of the female proprietors have Postgraduate degrees, while two others have Postgraduate
Diploma in Social Works. The study further revealed that the females are all retired civil servants. Personal
observation of the documents of the sampled NGOs‟ revealed that the financial records of the NGOs have
always been audited. This indicates some level of transparency, accountability and commitment as well as
competence, an indicator that the prospects of the NGOs towards poverty alleviation and community
development are bright.
Distribution of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) by Local Government
Areas in Gombe State.
Observation of the records of the sampled NGOs in the study area revealed that their activities and
contributions are more prominent in the southern senatorial zone of Gombe State which comprised: Balanga,
Billiri, Kaltungo and Shongom Local Government Areas (LGAs) as illustrated in Figure 11. This may not be un-
connected with early missionary activities and settlement in these communities. Figure 11 illustrate the skewed
distribution of the NGOs. The proliferation of the NGOs in the southern senatorial zone of Gombe State is
considered a major problem. This meant that efforts should be made to establish more NGOs in the northern
senatorial zone, or extend the activities of the registered NGOs to the Northern zone made up of Nafada, Dukku,
Kwami, Funakaye and Gombe LGAs because of the prevalence of poverty.
Source of Funding Non Governmental Organizations in Gombe State.
The sampled NGOs in the study area indicated that 45% have access to international development
partners funding to carry out their activities. However, 30% of the funding comes in form of grants from
companies in Gombe, while public spirited individuals contribute 25%. In addition, few of the NGOs disclosed
that they are at the verge of generating some resources from service provisions, such as consultancy on writing
grant winning proposals, seminars, computer training and counselling to ameliorate their financial Problems and
sharp drop in the exchange rate of the Naira. 55% of the NGOs do not have access to external financial support
from development partners. In fact they do not appear to understand the necessary criteria, modalities and
technical requirements. This could be an avenue for government support or intervention to enhance the
financial capability of the Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and consequently their contributions to
community development and poverty alleviation.
6. Prospects And Problems Of Non-Governmental Organizations In Poverty Alleviation And
33
Prospect of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Poverty Alleviation and Community
Development in Gombe State
Determination of the prospects of the NGOs in community development and poverty alleviation in
Gombe State was analyzed and presented in the form of SWOT matrix Figure; 2.
Figure: 2 SWOT Matrix (Source: Field Survey, 2014).
III. CONCLUSION
This study appraises the Prospects and Problems of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in
poverty alleviation and community development in Gombe State. The study identified the following as
constraints/problems militating against the Non-Governmental Organizations‟ (NGOs) in their efforts towards
poverty alleviation and community development which has implications on urban and regional planning:
finance, continuity of projects/programmes, lack of electricity, availability of time, conflicts and insecurity
among others.
One of the interesting revelations of this study is that majority of people in the community interviewed
stated that they wait for the Government to initiate or implement poverty alleviation programmes and projects
aimed at poverty alleviation and community development. The implication of this finding is that the community
dwellers in the study area need attitudinal changes necessary for self reliance. This will discourage reliance on
Government to provide basic necessities to cushion the effects of poverty and enhance community development.
Finally, the study revealed that the prospect of Non-Governmental Organizations in poverty alleviation
and community development in the study area is very bright as indicated by majority of the respondents. Also,
rapid population growth, increasing poverty levels in the communities, and the inability of government at all
levels to live up to expectations brightens the prospects of NGOs towards poverty alleviation and community
development with the attendant positive effects on urban and regional planning and development in Nigeria.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations were proffered:
1. It is recommended that the NGOs should seek to work with requisite consultants to obtain the necessary
funding and also form an association to enable them work together, and utilize social capital in their
operation/services.
2. The NGOs should customize successful models of community development and poverty alleviation from
other parts of the world. The Government needs to address some of its short comings.
7. Prospects And Problems Of Non-Governmental Organizations In Poverty Alleviation And
34
3. The NGOs‟ activities, through networking and inter-personal communication are capable of improving their
prospects towards poverty alleviation and community development in the study area. This has implications
for Urban planning and regional development.
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