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- 1. BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION Delivered by ShrutiPathania F-12-24-D Bioethanol production Delivered by Shruti Pathania F-12-24-D
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- 3. NOT NECESSARILY ANEW IDEAā¦ āWe can get fuel from fruit, from that shrub by the roadside, or from apples, weeds, saw-dustāalmost anything! There is fuel in every bit of vegetable matter that can be fermented ā¦ And it remains for someone to find out how this fuel can be produced commerciallyā better fuel at a cheaper price than we know now.ā ~ Henry Ford, 1925
- 4. ļ In 1980,Brazilian government launched the Proalcohol program that ethanol made a come back in market. ļ In 1973 and 1979 the Carter administration in USA established government policies to provide alternative energy sources.
- 5. FUEL PROPERTIES OFBIOETHANOL ļ Bioethanol is a liquid biofuel (ETOH), colorless, ļ Renewable bio-based resource and flammable oxygenated hydrocarbons ļ Molecular formula of C2H5OH ļ Ethanol may be of : ļ Synthetic alcohol and Agricultural alcohol ļ Anhydrous alcohol and hydrous alcohol
- 6. ADVANTAGE OF BIOETHANOLOVER GASOLINE 1. Itās a renewable source of energy 2. Burning does not increases green house effect 3. Provide high octane at low cost 4. Blends can be used in all petrol engine without modification 5. Biodegradable 6. Reduce emission of hydrocarbons 7. Reduce nitrogen oxide emission
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- 10. SUBSTRATE USED FORETHANOL PRODUCTION Substrate Includes Examples Directly fermentable Sugary substances Sugarcane , molasses, sugarbeet, sweet sorghum Easily hydrolysable substrates Starchy-materials Maize, wheat, Barley, rice, millet, rye and mixed grains Difficult to hydrolyse substrates Lignocellulosic material Bagasse, forage crops, straw and chaff
- 11. Representation of woodplant cell wall and its macromolecular components
- 12. Lignocellulosic pretreatment Physical Mechanical Grinding Milling Chipping Irradiation Microwave Gamma radiation Increase inspecific surface area and size of pore Decrease in crystalinity Chemical Acid Dilute and Concentrated HCl Alkaline NaOH, Lime Increase in internal surface area due to swelling Decraese in crystalinity and pororsity Hemicellulose degredtion and lignin removal Biological Fungal Brown (Poria) , white (Phanerochaete chrysosporium) Soft rot fungi (Chaetinium) Enzyme Ligninases Laccase peroxidases Increase in specific surface area and size of pore Degradation of hemicellulose and lignin Balat et al., 2008
- 13. Types of feedstocksTreatment needed before fermentation Advantages Disadvantages Sugar crops (sugarcane, sugar beet, sweet sorghum, beets fruits etc Squeezing, crushing to extract sugar Preparation is simple High yield of ethanol per acre crop co-products have value as fuel Storage may result in loss of sugar. Starch crops grains (corn, wheat, rice, sorghum, barley millet, rye etc Milling and enzymatic hydrolysis involving liquifiction and saccharification enzymatic hydrolysis is cheap and simple co- products used a s livetocks feed is rich in proteins Preparation involves additional equipments enzyme labor and enzyme costs Cellulosic crop residues (sugarcane bagasses, corn stover, wheat straw, etc) Milling and acid hydrolysis Availability is widespread use involve no integration with livestock feed market Required additional equipments, labor and energy cost, no commercially cost effective process exists for hydrolysis
- 14. Hydrolysis Acid hydrolysis Degrade xylanto xylose Cellulose and lignin remained unalterered Xylose degraded to inhibitory compounds like furfurals , 5- hydromethyl furfural and hyroxybenzaldehyde inhibiting fermentation Enzymatic hydrolysis Slow process require pretreatment Attractive as produces better yield Manufactured has also reduced the cost of its production
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- 16. Microorganisms capable ofproducing ethanol Yeasts Candiada pseudotropicalis Kluyveromyces fragilis K.lactis Pichia stipitis S. cerevisiae S.sake S.diasticus S.ovarum Bacteria Mesophilic Oligate anaerobes Clostridium sporogenes Facultative anaerobes Zymomonas mobilis Streptococcus lactis Thermophilic Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus B.stearothermophiles Clostridium thermocellum Cl. thermosaccharolyticum Molds Fusarium oxysporum Paecilomyces sp Mucor sp Rhizopus sp
- 17. FERMENTATION 0.51% of bioethanolis produced from per gm glucose. Microorganisms termed as ethanologens convert sugars from biomass to bioethanol. S.cerevisiae used commonly but now National Renewable Resources Laboratory (Dept of Energy,US) engineered strains i.e. E.coli and K.oxytoca capable of fermenting xylose and arabinose Fed batch fermentation are used mostly, as ability to increase maximum viable cell concentration, prolonged culture life, allow product accumulation in high concentration
- 18. RECOVERY OF PRODUCTS Distillation ā¢The purity is limited to 95ā96% due to the formation of a low- boiling water- ethanol azeotrope with maximum (96.5% v/v) ethanol and water. Dehydration ā¢ Two process used ā¢ Azeotropic distillation adding benzene or cyclohexane and forming heterogenous mixture , further distillation gives anydrous alcohol ā¢ Molecular sieving Ethanol vapours under pressure passes through the bed of molecular sieve beads.
- 19. FACTORS INFLUENCING ETHANOLPRODUCTION
- 20. ā¢ Effect onfermentation rate, byproducts, yeast growth, best 4.5-4.7pH ā¢ Capable of fermentating and utilizing glucose, mannose, fructose, galactose and maltose , P.stipitis utilizes xylose and cellobiose both. Sugars fermented by yeats ā¢ To ferment rapidly and efficiently, ethanol tolerance and to remain stable and viable e.g S.cerevisiae, P.stipitis and K.marxianus Choice of organisms ā¢ 12-20%of sugar fermented efficiently, advantages includes reduced water requirement and suppression of osmosenstitive contaminants. Sugar concentration ā¢ 30-40Ā°C, but the temperature should not reaches above 33Ā°C as ethanol begins to accumulates, with optimum of 25Ā°C Temperature ā¢ Itās the capacity of the microbe to tolerate this solvent as ethanol inhibits alcoholic fermentation, S.cerevisiae ceases to ferment 6% ethanol , S.diastiticus stop fermentation at 12% ethanol and S,ellipsoides at 15% ethanol by volume. Ethanol ā¢ Mixture of amino acids, purines and pyrimidines as the sole of nitrogen better than any single amino acid used C.utilis and Hansenula anomala are vitamin independent and synthesize all their own needs. Nutrients
- 21. ā¢ For commercialproduction of alcohol yeast added to provide starting population of 7-10 million cells/ml, about 0.2g of dry yeast/l of broth Yeast inoculum ā¢ Silver, arsenic and mercury with concentration greater than 10-100um are toxic to yeast, fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolyte, acetic acid, furfural and lignin derived phenolics are inhibitory Inhibitors ā¢ CO2 inhibits aerobic growth of yeast and anaerobic fermentation, effect enhanced by low pH and high concentration of ethanol Carbon dioxide Microbial contamination Two common types were acetic acid bacteria (Acetobacter sp i.e. grow in presence of oxygen and infectious at early stages)and lactic acid bacteria i.e. Lactobacillus (grow at low pH and anaerobic conditions) and Streptococcus.
- 22. DRAWBACKS OF ETHANOL Thecorrosiveness of alcohol fuels: Halide ions: they chemically attack passivating oxide films on several metals causing pitting corrosion, Ethanol is hygroscopic, meaning it absorbs water vapor directly from the atmosphere, causing phase separation of ethanol and petrol. High ethanol blends present a problem to achieve enough vapor pressure for the fuel to evaporate and spark the ignition during cold weather In March 2009Volkswagen do Brazil launched the Polo E-Flex the first Brazilian flex fuel model without an auxiliary tank for cold start.
- 23. CURRENT STATUS ANDPOTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL IN WORLD
- 24. Country Substrate Status BrazilSugarcane Launched a National fuel; alcohol programs in 1970 and by 1980 ethanol use overtook gasoline United states Corn In 2004, 35 million corn used for production of 13 billion liters of ethanol China Corn, Wheat 3649 million liters of ethanol in 2004, The Jilin ethanol distillery the largest in the world is producing 908 million liters per year and has a potential final capacity of 1211 million liters per year India Sugarcane In 2003 Indian government has started use of E5 in nine states , most of plant production done in UP, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Estimated annual production of 1749 million liters in 2004
- 25. WORLD FUEL ETHANOLPRODUCTION (MLN LITRES)
- 26. DEVELOPMENT OF THEWORLD ETHANOL MARKET
- 28. Brazil-India cooperation MoU(Memorendum for understanding) signed in 2001 Govt. introduced 5% ethanol blended fuel in 4 Union Territories and in 9 States during the year 2003 Notification issued for extending the supply of 5% ethanol blend 20 States during the year 2006. BIS issued revised specification for blending of 10% ethanol in gasoline during the year 2008. IOC R&D completed the studies on a fleet of in-use vehicles using 10% ethanol gasoline blend in collaboration with Auto Industry. The Government of India (GOI) approved the National Policy on Biofuels on December 24, 2009. The policy proposes a target of 20 percent blending of bio-ethanol by 2017. Indiaās biofuel strategy continues to focus on the use of non-food resources; namely sugar molasses for production of ethanol.
- 29. The first ethanolplant in Haryana has been commissioned , attached to Panipat Cooperative sugar mills, partnership with unnamed US company, to produce 45,000 lt of ethanol per day. The Tamil Nadu government want to see the development of ethanol distillery in Thanjavur, co-located at Aringar Anna Sugar mills. Ordered the development of 450,000 lt of ethanol at Cheyyar Co-operative sugar mills The former Road transport, highways and shipping ministry , Mr. Nitin Gadkar , ask Volkvagan, Ford , Honda, Fiat for the import of E85 blended engines in India
- 30. Issues related toBioethanol use in India Ethanol blending in Gasoline upto 10% is allowed by BIS. Vehicle manufacturers are equipped with technologies suitable for 10% ethanol-gasoline blend in new vehicles but have reservations for older vehicles. Sustained availability of Ethanol at a reasonable price is a concern.
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- 32. CHEMICALS SEKAB(Swedish chemical IndustryE95) co-produce the following chemicals along with Fuel Ethanol: 1. Acetaldehyde (raw material for other chemicals e.g. binding agent for paints and dyes) 2. Acetic acid (raw material for plastics, bleaching agent, preservation) 3. Ethylacetate (paints, dyes, plastics, and rubber) 4. Thermol (cold medium for refrigeration units and heat pumps) (SEKAB, 2007) Lignin produced can be used in different ways : Food and perfumes, Binder, Dispersant (reduce binding with other substances), sequestrant (Lignosulfonates used for cleaning compounds for water treatments for boilers)
- 33. TRANSPORT FUEL In Europe:Sweden is the strongest in the bioethanol transport market with over 792 E85 fuel stations and 15,000 Ford Focus FFVs have been sold at prices substantially less than petrol, between 75 and 85 ā¬ cents per litre. In USA : E85 is being used to a varying degree across most states. Brazil : gasohol (24% bioethanol and 76% of gasoline), USA E10, Canada : E10, India : E 5, China : E10.
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- 35. ļ Ford arethe only mass producer of Flexi-fuel vehicles in Europe, led by the Focus and C-Max models. Saab and Volvo started offering an alternative from 2006, with their Flex-fuel bioethanol cars. ļ The USA has already a large number of car manufacturers selling fuel-flexible vehicles: Ford, Chrysler, General Motors, Isuzu, Mazda, Mercedes and Nissan. In Brazil the companies Fiat, Ford, General Motors, Renault, Volkswagen serve the national E85 vehicle needs. ļ Swedish car marker, Volvo, has two models that run on bioethanol, those being the S40 and V50, it run on E85.
- 36. CONCLUSION Manufacture of bioethanolwould considerably improve the country energy security by reducing its reliance on foreign oil. A growing ethanol industry will provide jobs in plant operations, maintenance and contribute to rural economic development. Lignocellulosic waste is one of the most-likely used as a raw material for industrial production of bioethanol. The industry and the authorities are very close to reaching an agreement over a viable framework of support for fuel ethanol. A new partnership in between the producers and importers will be created to provide the significant funds required to facilitate growth. A future market is required to provide the possibility hedge against price fluctuations.