2. Introduction
Ethanol is derived from a wide variety of plant materials
Two main sources today are corn starch and sugarcane
Cellulose is the material that gives the plant its structure
Cellulose can not be used for food or feed
Recent advances in technology make it a more viable option
3. What is Cellulose?
General term used to describe hemicellulose and cellulose
Comes from stalks, stems, and leaves of plants
Makes up 60-90% of terrestrial biomass
Can come from many sources including switch grass, prairie grass, woody
crops, and residential and forestry remains
4. Easiest material to make ethanol?
Sugarcane is the simplest where yeast digests simple sugars and converts
them into ethanol
In corn starch enzymes are needed to break down long glucose chains so that
the yeast can digest them
Cellulose needs even more work to break down tightly held glucose chains
which are packed quite differently
5. How is cellulosic ethanol made?
Two main steps: pretreatment and fermentation
Pretreatment is used to break down the cellulose and hemicellulose
Done with a physical step and chemical step and ending with hydrolysis
Fermentation is where the yeast digests the sugars and produces ethanol just
as you would with any other material
6.
7. What makes cellulosic ethanol difficult?
Trying to take the structure of the plant strip it down and break it into small
glucose chains
The glucose chains are tightly packed to help protect from disease
Pretreatment is currently the most cost intensive part of production
Scientists are looking for ways to reduce cost and for enzymes that will work
more effectively
8. Advantages to cellulosic ethanol
Cellulose is very abundant
It is not used as food or feed
Significantly improves GHG emissions
Depends on the composition of ethanol
Berkely study estimates a 90% reduction in comparison to petroleum based
fuels
9. Project Liberty
First commercial production cellulosic ethanol plant located in Emmetsburg,
Iowa
Started production September 3, 2014
Uses corn stover as the cellulosic material (cobs, leaves, husks, upper stalks)
Estimate 20-25 million gallons of ethanol every year
10.
11. Consolidated Bioprocessing (CBP)
Mascoma is the company leading the way in CBP
Developed specially formulated yeasts that also have necessary enzymes to
break down the sugars
Their yeasts can also break down xylose which means better yield
Using 11 enzymes allows them to achieve 90% hydrolysis yield
12.
13. Cellic CTec3
Enzyme produced by Novozymes
Aids in the process of breaking down cellulose and hemicellulose
Works 1.5 times better than the previous CTec2
Allows you to use 1/5 the amount compared to competitors
14. Conclusion
These advances in technology have greatly helped make it a more viable
option
Ethanol is something people are already used to and something current
vehicles will run off of
Only time will tell which technology becomes most prevalent