The nervous system contains the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain is made up of regions including the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. It weighs about 1600g in males and 1400g in females and contains around 1012 neurons. The cerebral cortex consists of lobes such as the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes which are involved in motor control, sensory processing, memory, and vision respectively. The spinal cord carries signals between the brain and body and contains gray matter containing neurons and white matter made up of axons.
The anatomy of the cerebrum. External features of the CEREBRUM, sulci and gyri , folds and groves on the cerebral cortex. The cerebral hemispheres and their division s.
The anatomy of the cerebrum. External features of the CEREBRUM, sulci and gyri , folds and groves on the cerebral cortex. The cerebral hemispheres and their division s.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
4. Introduction
• The brain weighs about 1600g in males and
about 1400g in females
• Has about 1012 neurons, each of which may
receive as many as 200,000 synapses
• Although these numbers connote a high level
of complexity, the CNS is actually quite
orderly.
4
5. Brain Regions
1. Cerebrum
2. Basal ganglia
3. Diencephalon
a. Thalamus
b. Hypothalamus
4. Brainstem
a. Midbrain
b. Pons
c. Medulla ob.
5. Cerebellum
5
Cerebellum
6.
7.
8. Cerebrum
• Largest portion of brain (80% mass).
– Most developed in man
• Responsible for higher mental functions,
concerning perception of fine sensation, learning,
memory, speech, judgment and planning.
• Corpus callosum:
– Major tract of axons that functionally interconnects
right and left cerebral hemispheres.
8
9. Gray and White Matter
• Microscopically, the CNS contains 2 neural
elements:
– Neuron cell bodies (clusters are known as nuclei)
– Nerve fibers (axons) in bundles called tracts.
• Viewed macroscopically, CNS tissues can be
distinguished by color:
– Gray matter consists of somata, dendrites, and
unmyelinated axons.
– White matter consists primarily of myelinated axons.
9
10. Cerebral Cortex
• 3 types of functional areas:
– Motor: Control voluntary motor functions
– Sensory: Allow for conscious recognition of stimuli
– Association: Integration
11. Cerebral cortex
• The largest, most conspicuous portion of the brain.
• 2 hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum.
• Each hemisphere contains 5 lobes; frontal, parietal,
temporal, occipital and limbic lobes
• Has an outer cortex of gray matter surrounding an
interior that is mostly white matter, except for a few
small portions.
• The surface is marked by ridges called gyri separated by
grooves called sulci.
• Each gyrus contains one or more functional areas
called Brodmann´s areas.
11
12.
13.
14. 14
Primary motor
cortex
Broca’s Area
Premotor cortex
Frontal Eye
Field
Occipital lobe
Parietal Lobe
Temporal lobe
Cerebral lobes
44
45
3
1
2
4
6
4s
46
8
9
10
11
12
47
22
21
20
41 42
17
18
19
40
Brodmann´s areas of the cerebral cortex
5 7
15.
16.
17.
18. Frontal Lobe
• Motor function of the cerebral cortex is
located in the frontal lobe, in front of the
central sulcus.
• It is divided in to 3 functional areas
– The primary motor area (area-4)
– The premotor area (areas 6, 8, 44, & 45)
– The prefrontal motor association area (areas 9-12)
18
21. Parietal Lobes
• Functions
Processing of sensory information
Spatial awareness and perception(Proprioception -
Awareness of body/ body parts in space and in
relation to each other)
Understanding speech and written words
• Require the integration of sensory information of
different modalities (visual, somatosensory …etc).
22. Parietal Lobes
• The parietal lobe consists of the following five
principal parts:
– The postcentral gyrus,
– The superior parietal lobule,
– The inferior parietal lobule,
– The precuneus, and
– The posterior portion of the paracentral lobule.
25. Temporal Lobe
• The temporal lobe is a tongue-shaped anterior
projection that originates as an evagination of
the developing cerebral hemisphere
26. Temporal Lobe
Temporal lobe Function
Superior temporal gyrus -Primary sensory cortex(auditory and
olfactory)
-Unimodal association area(auditory)
-Werincke’s area
Inferior and middle temporal gyrus -Visual discrimination (as part of
occipitotemporal network)
Hipocampus and hipocampal formation -Learning and retentive memory
-Part of limbic network
Amygdala -Emotion (e.g. fear, anger..etc)
29. Occipital Lobe
• The cuneus forms the upper bank, and the lingual
gyrus the lower bank, of the calcarine cortex.
• The occipital lobe is the visual cortex (areas 17,
18, and 19).
– Area 17(striate cortex) is the primary visual receptive
cortex (visual cortex).
– Unimodal visual Association Area [Area 18 & 19]
• Primary function: Processing, integration,
interpretation of Vision and visual stimuli
30. Types of Cells in the Gray Matter
• Pyramidal cells:
– They are neurons with pyramidal in shape
– Found in layers II, III, V and VI.
– Their axons leave the cortex and terminated in one of
the structures.
• Stellate cells:
– They are cortical star-shaped interneurons
– Found mainly in layer IV
– They have short axons terminating within the cortex
31. Types of Fibers in the White Matter
• Beneath the cortical mantle of gray matter lies
the white matter, which consists of three
types of nerve axons as well as glial cells and
blood vessels
1. Commissural fibers
• Connect to areas in the opposite hemisphere
2. Association fibers
• Connect cortical areas within the same hemisphere
3. Projection fibers
• Connect the cortex with lower centers
-sensory input
-dstal fine movement vs axial movement
-responds to stimuli from cutaneous and muscular receptors throughout the body.
understanding speech and in articulating thoughts and emotions.
interprets the textures and shapes of objects as they are handled
-if u peel uncus u will get Amygdala , which is a collection of neuronal cell bodies(forming amygdaloid nuceli)
Beneath the cortical mantle of gray matter lies the white matter, which consists of association, commissural, and projection axons—as well as glial cells and blood vessels.
The association and commissural fibers connect one area of the cortex with another.
Association fibers connect cortical areas within the same hemisphere; commissural fibers connect to areas in the opposite hemisphere