Sulphur is an essential secondary nutrient for plant growth. It is the 13th most abundant element in the earth's crust and is absorbed by plants primarily as sulfate ions. Several factors affect the availability of sulphur in soils, including soil texture, organic matter content, pH, and the presence of other ions and nutrients. Sulphur exists in soils in both inorganic and organic forms, and the mineralization of organic sulphur by microorganisms makes it available to plants. Fertilizer application may be needed to supplement sulphur in deficient soils.
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
Potassium- Forms,Equilibrium in soils and its agricultural significance ,mech...Vaishali Sharma
The slide is conserned with the potassium fertilisers apllied in the soils. When the fertiliser applied in higher amount then it is avail in different form for plant uptake and there exist a equilibrium in soils and it has many agricultural significance and the slide also deal with brief on the mechanism of potassium fixation in the soil.
Potassium is one of the essential major plant nutrient after nitrogen and phosphorus. Its management is more important since large amount of native k is mined by crops if it is not supplied externally. Role of potassium in increasing the yield of crops and improving the quality of produces has been in the agenda of soil scientists. It is seventh most common element in the lithosphere which contains on average 2.6% potassium.
The total potassium content of indian soils varies from 0.5 to 3.0%.Total potassium present in soils, more than 98% occurs in primary and secondary minerals.
Sulfur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16 with atomic mass 32.065.
It is abundant, multivalent, brittle, yellow, tasteless, odourless and non-metallic element.
Sulfur is the tenth most common element by mass in the universe, and the fifth most common on Earth.
In the Bible, sulfur is called brimstone .
Today, almost all elemental sulfur is produced as a by product of removing sulfur-containing contaminants from natural gas and petroleum.
Most soil sources of S are in the organic matter and therefore concentrated in the top soil or low layer.
Under normal conditions, sulfur atom forms cyclic octatomic molecules with a chemical formula S8.
Sulphur is the most abundent and widely distributed element in the nature and found both in free as well as combined states.
Potassium- Forms,Equilibrium in soils and its agricultural significance ,mech...Vaishali Sharma
The slide is conserned with the potassium fertilisers apllied in the soils. When the fertiliser applied in higher amount then it is avail in different form for plant uptake and there exist a equilibrium in soils and it has many agricultural significance and the slide also deal with brief on the mechanism of potassium fixation in the soil.
Potassium is one of the essential major plant nutrient after nitrogen and phosphorus. Its management is more important since large amount of native k is mined by crops if it is not supplied externally. Role of potassium in increasing the yield of crops and improving the quality of produces has been in the agenda of soil scientists. It is seventh most common element in the lithosphere which contains on average 2.6% potassium.
The total potassium content of indian soils varies from 0.5 to 3.0%.Total potassium present in soils, more than 98% occurs in primary and secondary minerals.
Sulfur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16 with atomic mass 32.065.
It is abundant, multivalent, brittle, yellow, tasteless, odourless and non-metallic element.
Sulfur is the tenth most common element by mass in the universe, and the fifth most common on Earth.
In the Bible, sulfur is called brimstone .
Today, almost all elemental sulfur is produced as a by product of removing sulfur-containing contaminants from natural gas and petroleum.
Most soil sources of S are in the organic matter and therefore concentrated in the top soil or low layer.
Under normal conditions, sulfur atom forms cyclic octatomic molecules with a chemical formula S8.
Sulphur is the most abundent and widely distributed element in the nature and found both in free as well as combined states.
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
Secondary and micronutrients forms,availability and dynamicsKarthekaThirumugam1
Secondary and micronutrients forms,availability and dynamics with factors affecting availability, chelation illustrations, appropriate pictures and cycles for all nutrients.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Sulphur-Source, forms, fertilizers, their behaviour in soils, factors affecting their availability.
1. Presentation
On
SULPHUR- SOURCE, FORMS, FERTILIZERS, THEIR BEHAVIOUR
IN SOILS, FACTORS AFFECTING THEIR AVAILABILITY
Soil Fertility & Fertilizer Use
SOILS- 502 (3+1)
Submitted by-
Abhishika Sonal John
M.Sc. Agronomy
S.G. College of Agriculture and Research Station, Jagdalpur
2. INTRODUCTION
• Sulphur is an essential secondary nutrient for the plants discovered
by Salon Horstmas.
• Sulphur is a major constituent of organic matter and involved in
enzymic processes.
• Sulphur is essential in the formation of plant protein because it is a
part of certain amino acids.
• It is an essential constituent of several other biologically active
compounds such as vitamins, acetyl coenzyme A, ferrodoxin,
glutathione etc.
• Many factors affect the availability of the 3 secondary nutrients in
plants which can be determined by soil analysis or combination of
soil and plant analysis.
• However, field observations and deficiency symptoms are also
important diagnostic tools.
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF SULPHUR NUTRIENT
13TH most abundant element in earth crust.
Atomic number- 16
Atomic weight- 32.065
% proportion of earth crust- 0.10%
Ionic forms absorbed by plants- SO4
2- .
Concentration of Sulphur in plant ranges from 0.1 to 0.5%.
Mobility in plants- Relatively mobile.
Deficiency symptoms appear first on younger leaves.
Among the crop families Sulphur content increase in the order
Gramineae<Leguminosae<cruciferae.
S content in soils: calcareous>peat>marsh>grey brown podzolic>
podzolic.
SO4
2- is abundant in arid zones.
4. SOURCE OF SULPHUR NUTRIENT
• It occurs as sulphide in igneous and sedimentary rocks.
• The S- bearing minerals in rocks and soils are Gypsum (CaSO4. 2H2O), Epsomite
(MgSO4.7H2O), Mirabilite (Na2SO4.10H2O), Pyrite (FeS2), Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2),
Cobaltite (CoAsS) and Galena (PbS).
• Atmosphere is another source of sulphur.
• A considerable amount of Sulphur is released by the breakdown of the soil
organic matter that is 20-30 kg SO3 /ha.
• Cow and pig manure contains 1.8 kg SO3/t, compost contains around 3.8 kg
SO3/t and poultry manure contains around 8.3 kg SO3/t.
• Some mineral fertilizers also have sulphur content in the form of sulphate,
elemental sulphur and liquid form.
• Acid rain also provides Sulphur.
5. FORMS OF SULPHUR NUTRIENT IN SOIL
A. Inorganic form:
1.Readily soluble sulphates
2. Adsorbed sulphates
3. Insoluble sulphates
4. Co-precipitated with CaCO3
5. Reduced inorganic sulphur compounds (sulphide and elemental
sulphur)
B. Organic forms:
1.Hydroiodic acid (HI)reducible sulphur
2. Carbon bonded
3. Residual or unidentified sulphur
6. 1.Easily soluble sulphates
• Sulphur is usually taken by plants as the Sulphate ions.
• Concentration of 3 to 5 mg/kg SO4-S in the soil have been found adequate for
most plant growth.
• In sulphur deficient soils or soils having low sulphur supplying capacity the easily
soluble sulphate content lies between 5 and 10m g/kg.
• How ever the coarse textured soils like sandy and sandy loam soils are frequently
deficient in sulphur and contains sulphur less than 5 mg/kg.
• 2.Adsorbed sulphate
• It is an important fraction of sulphur in soils containing considerable higher amou
nts of hydrous oxides of Fe and Al. As for example,ultisols,oxisols and alfisols
• contribute significantly to the sulphur requirement of crops grown in highly
weathered soils .
• It has also been found that the concentration of this fraction is found higher at
depths ranging from 15 to 75cm below the surface.
• Adsorbed sulphate can account for up to one third of total in sub soils, while the
same fraction represents less than 10% of the total sulphur in the surface soil.
7. 3. Sulphate co-precipitated with calcium carbonate and other precipitated forms.
• Mostly found in calcareous soils particularly when calcium carbonate is present as
its coarse particles.
• This fraction is relatively available to plants.
4. Reduced inorganic sulphur
Under water logged conditions, sulphide fraction is known to be dominant resulting from
the reduction of sulphate .
• a)Sulphide form
• under flooded as well as an intense anaerobic soil conditions
• How ever the magnitude of such accumulation may be greater in soils containing higher
amount of organic matter.
• How ever there may be little or no accumulation of sulpide at Eh>-150mv and pH range
between 6.5 to 8.5
• b)Elemental sulphur
• it is an intermediate product of oxidation process of sulphide.
• How ever this form of sulphur may form in soils of incomplete oxidation of sulphur due to
alternate flooding.
8. 1. HI reducible (non-carbon bonded) sulphur
• Sulphur in this pool is extracted using hydroiodic acid and this fraction of sulphur is not
bonded to carbon.
• This form of sulphur is largely present as sulphate esters and ethers with C-O-S linkage.
• Out of the total organic sulphur about half is present in this fraction.
2.Carbon bonded sulphur
• In this fraction sulphur is directly bonded to carbon and this fraction is determined by the
reduction to sulphide with Raney nickel.
• This fraction of sulphur consisting of sulphur containing amino acids,cystine and
methionine, amounting about 20%of total organic sulphur.
• In addition some other form of sulphur like sulphoxide,sulphenic,sulphinic,and sulphonic
acids and some heterocyclic compounds are present in this form.
3.Residiual or un identified
When organic sulphur is not extracted by either by HI or Raney nickel it is considered as
residual or unidentified. This accounts for 30-40%of total organic sulphur. since it is a most
stable form of sulphur, it has a very little practical implication in plant nutrition.
10. BEHAVIOUR OF SULPHUR FERTILIZERS IN SOIL
1. MINERALIZATION
• All the forms of Sulphur are not available to the crop plants, therefore, its
mineralization is essential to convert unavailable form of sulphur into available
form.
• Organic matter is the major source of soil S and its oxidation to SO4
2- is
brought about by microorganisms and this process is called mineralization.
• It is evident that smaller amount of inorganic sulphate is released from the
organic materials containing low amount of initial sulphur content (less than
0.15%) because of immobilization of sulphur.
• Rate of mineralization is affected by factors such as:
Moisture
Temperature
Aeration
Soil pH
11. 2. IMMOBILIZATION
• Under limited S supply and excess of carbonaceous materials, the mineralized S
can be readily used by the microorganisms. Hence, crop plants may suffer from
S- deficiency. This process is called “immobilization”.
• Immobilization is a temporary phase.
• Immobilization of sulphur takes places in soil when the ratio of either C or N to S
is very wide.
• If C/S weight ratio is at or below 200:1,then mineralization of sulphur takes
place and above this ratio, immobilization occurs that means most of the
sulphate is associated with the organic forms like humus, microbial cells and by
products of microbial synthesis.
12. 3. OXIDATION – REDUCTION REACTION
• Since, S exists in more than one oxidation states it is subjected to the oxidation- reduction
reactions in the soil.
• These reactions are biochemical in nature and are mediated by autotrophic bacteria of
the genus Thiobacillus.
• Under anaerobic conditions, when the availability of free air is completely cut off like in
marshylands and lowland rice fields, partially oxidized chemicals such as NO3 - and SO4 2-
are reduced and utilized by microorganisms such as Desulphovibrio and
Desulphotomaculum.
• In the process these ions are reduced to nitrites, nitrous oxides, sulphites and sulphides.
• In the reduction- oxidation process SO4 2- is the last ion to undergo reduction after all the
nitrate, Mn(IV), Fe(III) ions have been reduced. This means intense reduction conditions
are required before SO4 2- is reduced.
• During decomposition of organic matter under normal arable farming conditions, organic
sulphur compounds are transformed/ oxidized into sulphates. The intermediate products
of this transformation are sulphides, thiosulphates and polythionates.
• Oxidation reactions in soils are biochemical in nature.
13. FACTORS AFFECTING AVAILABILITY OF SULPHUR
1. Type and amount of clay
The availability decreases in soil having high amount of clay
because of the retention of the soluble sulphate by the clay
minerals due to adsorption mechanism. Seen more in 1:1 type
clay minerals.
2. Oxides and hydroxides of Fe and Al
Substantial amount of sulphate is also retained on the surface
making it unavailable. Especially seen in Ultisols, Alfisols and
Oxisols.
3. pH
In strong acid soils the availability of Sulphur decreases because
of higher retention through adsorption. In general oxidation of
sulphur takes place rapidly under acidic soil, because optimum pH
range for the activity of Thiobacillus sp. in carrying out oxidation
process is 4 to 7.2. However, the amount of released sulphur is
directly proportional to soil pH up to value of 7.5
14. 4. Organic matter
Soil containing higher amount of organic matter ,have higher ability
to supply sulphur to plant because of greater release of sulphate
sulphur releasing from the mineralization process.
5. Cations and anions
Various cations like H,K,Ca,Mg and Na and anions like OH-,PO4
3-,NO3
-
,Cl- etc. Affect the availability of sulphate sulphur in soils through
adsorption mechanism. Example, acid soils containing higher amount
of H+ retain a greater amount of sulphate where as, soils fertilized
with sufficient amount of phosphorus reduce the sulphate adsorption
with subsequent release of sulphate in soil solution.
6. Presence or absence of vegetation
A greater amount of sulphur is mineralized in cropped than that of
uncropped soils.
15. 7. Alternate wetting and drying
Variation in soil moisture ranging from field capacity to saturation
affects the mineralization of sulphur mainly ester sulphates in soil
organic matter. Drying after soil saturation or submergence, reduce
the sulphur content in the soils .
8. Interaction of sulphur with other nutrients
• The interaction of N with S is found to be synergistic.
• A similar positive interaction has found between S and P.
• The application of Zn increased the utilization of sulphur by crops
• However the combination with other nutrients like Mo, B, Se
affect the availability of both native and applied sulphur.
16. CONCLUSION
• Sulphur is essential in plant nutrition and its deficiency can seriously affect the
growth, yield and the quality of the crops and produce.
• Sulphur deficiency is widespread on coarse textured low organic matter soils. Such
soils need to be managed for sulphur fertility.
• Significant residual effect observed for sulphur can be positively exploited for
increasing yield and quality of products especially in pulses and oilseeds.
• Soil- test based site specific management of secondary nutrients not only improves
yield but also the quality of fruits, vegetables and oilseeds.
• In precision agriculture the soluble sources of the secondary nutrients can be
applied through fertigation and foliar application to supplement these nutrients.