Conservation agriculture involves minimal soil disturbance through no-till or reduced tillage practices, maximum soil cover through crop residues, and crop rotations. When used together, these practices can reduce and sometimes reverse soil and water degradation over time. The goals of conservation agriculture include conserving and improving natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, and biological resources combined with external inputs in a way that contributes to environmental conservation and sustained agricultural production. Some key benefits include improved soil quality, water use efficiency, and climate change mitigation and adaptation. Adoption can be difficult due to mindset changes and lack of suitable equipment, but obstacles can be overcome through farmer collaboration and support.
Effect of crop residue management on soil qualityRAJESWARI DAS
Crop residue management is very important for environmental safety as well as agricultural sustainability. Hence this presentation is dealing with various crop residue management options especially in rice based cropping system and its effect on soil quality.
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
A holistic approach to crop production, which encompasses conservation tillage (CT), and also seeks to preserve biodiversity in terms of both flora and fauna. Activities such as Integrated Crop (ICM), Integrated Weed (IWM) and Integrated Pest (IPM) Management form part of Conservation Agriculture (CA)
Effect of crop residue management on soil qualityRAJESWARI DAS
Crop residue management is very important for environmental safety as well as agricultural sustainability. Hence this presentation is dealing with various crop residue management options especially in rice based cropping system and its effect on soil quality.
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
A holistic approach to crop production, which encompasses conservation tillage (CT), and also seeks to preserve biodiversity in terms of both flora and fauna. Activities such as Integrated Crop (ICM), Integrated Weed (IWM) and Integrated Pest (IPM) Management form part of Conservation Agriculture (CA)
Conservation agriculture is based on maximizing yield and to achieve a balance of agricultural, economic and environmental benefits.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity
Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production system that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while conserving the environment.
It is based on minimum tillage, crop residue retention, and crop rotations, has been proposed as an alternative system combining benefits for the farmer with advantages for the society.
Conservation Agriculture remains an important technology that improves soil processes, controls soil erosion and reduces production cost.
Conservation tillage, Practices used in Conservation Tillagescience book
This is presentation on topic of Conservation Tillage, it gives You information about conservation tillage, types of conservation tillage, Practices used in conservation tillage. It enhanced Your knowledge about conservation tillage.
Conservation agriculture is based on maximizing yield and to achieve a balance of agricultural, economic and environmental benefits.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity
Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production system that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while conserving the environment.
It is based on minimum tillage, crop residue retention, and crop rotations, has been proposed as an alternative system combining benefits for the farmer with advantages for the society.
Conservation Agriculture remains an important technology that improves soil processes, controls soil erosion and reduces production cost.
Conservation tillage, Practices used in Conservation Tillagescience book
This is presentation on topic of Conservation Tillage, it gives You information about conservation tillage, types of conservation tillage, Practices used in conservation tillage. It enhanced Your knowledge about conservation tillage.
Stephen Loss and Hichem Ben Salem presentation during the event "Conservation Agriculture: Overcoming the challenges to adoption and scaling-up" held by IFAD jointly with the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)
Dr. Ken Sayre: Conservation Agriculture based hub strategy in Mexico sept 2...CIMMYT
Strategies to Develop and Extend Conservation Agriculture-Based Crop Management Practices to Farmers. Sound innovation systems involve multiple agents (especially including farmers), each registering their expectations and contributing their own comparative advantage towards resolving the problems associate with the development of functional CA systems
Presentation of Ram Dhan Jat at 2013 Kick-Off workshop of the Climate Food and Farming Network: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/climate-food-and-farming-network
Conservation agriculture for resource use efficiency and sustainability BASIX
The Green Revolution era focused on enhancing the production and productivity of crops. New challenges demand that the issues of efficient resource use and resource conservation receive high priority to ensure that past gains can be sustained and further enhanced to meet the emerging needs. Extending some of the resource-conserving interventions developed for the agricultural crops are the major challenges for researchers and farmers alike. The present paper shares recent research experiences on resource conservation technologies involving tillage and crop establishment options and associated agronomic practices which enable farmers in reducing production costs, increase profitability and help them move forward in the direction of adopting conservation agriculture.
Conservation Agriculture in Haryana India: Past Experiences & Future Plans
Ashok Kumar Yadav, Director General (Agriculture), Government of Haryana, India
Rafael Fuentes of IAPAR presents its research work since the 1970s on conservation agriculture to field workshop in Pato Branco, Parana State, to Project Breadbasket participants from Africa.
Presentation by Dr Christian Thierfelder from CIMMYT, at the Regional planning meeting on ‘Scaling-Up Climate-Smart Agricultural Solutions for Cereals and Livestock Farmers in Southern Africa – Building partnership for successful implementation’,13–15 September 2016, Johannesburg, South Africa
Crop Residue Considerations for Sustainable Biomass Feedstock SuppliesAmanda Bilek
Presented by Doug Karlen, Supervisory Soil Scientist and Research Leader, USDA-Agriculture Research Service on December 8, 2014 at the Minnesota Bioenergy Feedstock Development meeting and forum..
This is a presentation made on Climate Smart Agriculture for training of trainers under the project on Building Resilience and Strengthening Community Disaster Preparedness in Sri Lanka
Agriculture has been and continues to be the most important sector in Indian economy. Climate change is one of the most important environmental issues facing the world today. The impact of climate change is a reality and it cuts across all climates sensitive sectors including the Agriculture sector. In this situation this seminar focuses on the climate smart agriculture. CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes which is prime requirement in arena of climate change. Farmers possessed low level of knowledge regarding climate change, and they adopted traditional methods to mitigate the impact of climate change. Small land holdings, poor extension services and non availability of stress tolerant verities were the major problems faced by the farmers in adoption to climate change. Extension functionaries were having medium level awareness about impact of climate change on agriculture. They used electronic media, training and conferences and seminars as major sources of information for climate change. They need training on climate smart agriculture aspects. Based on the above facts this presentation focuses on analyzing the opportunities and challenges of climate smart agriculture.
This presentation was made at "Orientation Programme for Government officials on Urbanization, Climate
Change and Water Issues" held on the 23rd of July.
Global food production now faces greater challenges than ever before due to changing climate, increasing land degradation and decreasing nutrient use efficiency. Nutrient mining is a major cause of low crop yields in parts of the developing world. Especially nitrogen and phosphorus move beyond the bounds of the agricultural field due to inappropriate management practices as well as failure to achieve good congruence between nutrient supply and crop nutrient demand (Pandian et al. 2014). Climate changes raised a serious issue of soil health maintenance for future generations. Rise in temperature and unprecedented changes in precipitation pattern lead to soil degradation by the erosion of top fertile soil, loss of carbon, nitrogen and increasing area under saline, sodic and acid soils. The climate is one of the key elements impacting several cycles connected to soil and plant systems, as well as plant production, soil quality and environmental quality. Due to heightened human activity, the rate of CO2 is rising in the atmosphere. Changing climatic conditions (such as temperature, CO2 and precipitation) influence plant nutrition in a range of ways, comprising mineralization, decomposition, leaching and losing nutrients in the soil. In order to meet the food demand of the growing population, global food production must be increased substantially over the next several decades. Sustainable intensification of agriculture, based on proven technologies, can increase food production on existing land resources. Therefore, conservation and organic agriculture, precision farming, recycling of crop residues, crop diversification in soils and ecosystems, integrated nutrient management and balanced use of agricultural inputs are the proven technologies of sustainable intensification in agriculture. More importantly, among the climate smart agricultural practices, the selection of appropriate measures must be soil or site specific for sustaining resource base for future generations. Further, presentation must be initiated to fine-tune the existing climate-smart agriculture to suit different nutrient management practices.
Best Practices In Land And Water ManagementJosé Jump
Government organizations need to serve farmer clients in more interdisciplinary and participatory ways
Re-orient agriculture and rural development programmes to promote and nurture active participation of farmers and their organizations
Target the production chain: GAP-LWM productivity + food quality markets health and nutrition
Participatory research and support services to facilitate transition from conventional agriculture to GAP-LWM
Restructure inappropriate macro-economic and agricultural policies
Adopt policies that promote and enforce sustainable and productive land and water use through GAP protocols
Protect the integrity of agricultural families – land tenure, build on indigenous knowledge, promote youth in agriculture, reduce labour/drudgery
Adjust legislation to facilitate initiatives of local groups adopting GAP (help meet their needs)
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity, It seeks to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, crops and other biological resources in combination with selected external inputs.
Nano Technology for UG students of AgricultureP.K. Mani
Brief introduction of Nano Science and Nanotechnology at UG level for the students of Agriculture. Smart delivery of Fertilizers pesticides, smart seed, nano biosensors etc dealt.
Geomorphology at a glance: Major landformsP.K. Mani
Geomorphology, Major landforms, Genetic landform classifications, Volcanic landforms, River Systems and Fluvial Landforms, Aeolian Landforms, Glacial Landforms
Geologic time scale, Uniformitarianism, Catastrophic concept, Geomorphic process-agent cause and product, Hutton's concept, Davis Concept, Darwin's concept, Gilbert's concept
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE OF SRI OVER TRANSPLANTED RICE IN TERMS OF YIELD A...P.K. Mani
Advantage of SRI over Conventionally Transplanted Rice are discussed on the following Parameters: Yield and Yield Attributing Characters, Water Productivity, Soil Properties, Nitrogen Use Efficiency ,Phosphorus and Potassium use efficiency, Ammonia Loss and Microbiological Properties.
Effect of minimum tillage and Mulching on nutrient Transformation in rice bas...P.K. Mani
Paper presented at PAU, LUdhiana, 2012 describing nutrient transformation in rice based cropping system following zero tillage vs conventional tillage.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
2. What is Conservation Agriculture?
An array of technologies such as
residue retention, zero- and
reduced tillage, crop rotations,
green manure cover crops,
controlled traffic and raised
beds. When used in combination
these, over time, reduce, and
often revert, the degradation of
soil and water resources.
Residue retention distinguishes
conservation agriculture from
conventional agriculture, and all
conservation systems include at
least a certain level of surface
residue cover.
3. Goals of CA
FAO defined goals of CA as follows:
“CA aims to conserve, improve, and make more efficient use of
natural resources through integrated management of available soil,
water, and biological resources combined with external inputs. It
contributes to the environmental conservation as well as to the
enhanced and sustained agricultural production. Therefore, it can
also be referred to as resource efficient or resource effective
agriculture”.
6. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CA
Minimal Soil disturbances
enable through No-till/reduced
tillage
Maximum soil cover/
residues
Appropriate crop sequences/
rotations (Spatial and temporal
crop sequencing).
7. Conservation Agriculture Means Dramatic
Tillage Reductions Combined with Adequate
Surface Retention of Crop Residues
Conventional Till Systems CA Zero Till Systems
8. Zero Till (ZT) –Wheat Seeding
• Reduced costs (Rs 2000-2500/ha)
due to savings in fuel and labor
• Timely planting of kharif and
winter season crops, resulting in
higher yields
• Lower density of herbicide
resistance in comparison to
traditional tillage.
• Significant irrigation water
savings (up to 15-20%)
• Improved input use efficiency
because of the right placement of
seed and fertilizer nutrients
• Better plant stands
• Less burning of crop resides
Advantages of Zero Tillage
9. Resource Conserving Technologies (RCTs)
1. No-tillage
2. Laser land leveling
3. Direct seeding of rice
4. Leaf colour chart for N
5. Crop diversification
Conventional RCTs
10. CA based RCTs options for System
sustainability
Zero tillage
Paired row ZT
Control traffic ZT
Direct seeding
Unpuddled transplanting
Reduced tillage
Bed planting
Surface seeding
12. CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE IN
SEMI –ARID TROPICS
protects the soil from the heating effect of the sun
protect soil against raindrop impact
allow improvement in soil aggregation
practices of minimum/ zero tillage and direct sowing
techniques lead to minimum disturbance of soil.
13. Properly Managed CA Encourages
Sustainable Soil Management
Physical
Soil Quality
Chemical
Soil Quality
Biological
Soil Quality
Soil
Organic
Matter
14. Soil Chemical Quality:
Higher soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) due to
increased organic matter content.
Systems with pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) resulted in a 70%
increase in CEC compared to a fallow-maize system
(FAO, 2001).
Combination of ZT with sufficient crop residue retention
reduces evaporation from the topsoil and salt accumulation
(Hobbs and Govaerts, 2010).
15. Contd.
Table : Organic Carbon in Conventional & Minimum tilled fields
Tillage Treatments Organic C (g/kg)
0 – 5 cm 5-20 cm
Conventional
Tillage
5.42 5.26
Minimum Tillage 6.16 6.00
Improves soil organic Carbon
16. Soil Physical Quality
Table:Tillage and Nitrogen level
effect on infiltrability (cm/hr) Reduce soil
compaction
due to reduced traffic
and application of crop
residues.
Increase infiltration
rate of water
Tillage N50% N100
%
N150% Averag
e
CT-CT 3.02 2.84 1.08 2.31
MB-RT 2.96 7.53 8.61 6.37
RT-RT 2.85 8.88 6.24 5.99
NT-NT 3.04 10.91 11.05 8.33
Average 2.97 7.54 6.74
19. Effect of Tillage on Soil Rhizobium Populations
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Zero Tillage Conventional Tillage
Rhizobiumcells
Voss and Sidiras, 1985
20. Conservation Agriculture and C sequestration
Differences in soil organic carbon content (%) due to
adoption of zero-tillage over conventional tillage.
21. Conservation and Water Use Efficiency
CA improve rain water infiltration (Shaxson et al., 2008)
Improve water holding capacity (Govaerts et al., 2009)
Reduce evaporative loss of water(Scopel et al., 2004)
22. Conservation Agriculture and Climate Change- Mitigation and
Adaptation:
Adaptation to climate change mainly due
to enhanced water balance
Climate change mitigation through possible C
sequestration and reduced emission of CO2 to the
atmosphere
23. Conservation Agriculture and Climate Change- Mitigation and Adaptation
Figure : Mitigation and adaptation to climate change and variabilities through CA (Lal,2010)
24. Why CA is difficult to adopt?
Mindset/ attitudinal change
Strategies different from those we have adopted over past
decades
Non-availability suitable farm equipment/ Farmers’ choice.
25. Constraints in Scaling Up Conservation Agriculture in SAT
Competitive Uses of Crop Residues
Weed Preponderance
New Implements and Operating Skills Required
Nutrient Immobilization
Carryover of Insect-Pests and Disease Pathogens
26. Monoculture leads to a build-up of
pests and diseases. This is far more
marked in zero tillage than in
conventional tillage
The key to controlling pests and diseases
in zero tillage agriculture is crop
rotation. One should avoid seeding a
crop into it’s own residues before these
are decomposed.
27. Up Scaling Conservation Agriculture in SAT
The obstacles in up scaling CA can be overcome
through:
Interaction among associations of interested people
organization of promotional events such as field days
By providing credit to farmers to buy the equipment,
machinery, and inputs through banks and credit
agencies at reasonable interest rates.
28. Concluding Remarks:
The SAT is characterized by highly variable and low
rainfall, poorly developed infrastructure, degraded soils, and
low socio-economic condition of the farmers.
CA has been reported as sustainable and eco-friendly
crop production technique in the fragile eco-systems of SAT.
In the long-term CA has been found to render several
benefits including
soil conservation with improved soil health
higher rain water use efficiency
climate change mitigation and adaptation
improved biodiversity
higher economic returns