Contamination of heavy metals results in soil acidification and subsequently affects other soil properties.
Contamination of heavy metals causes a decline in the specific adsorption of other cations through an increase in saturation or oversaturation of the cation exchange sites by heavy metal cations, thus displacing the protons into the soil solution, which results in a significant drop in soil pH.
Three different pathways in which enzyme activities are inhibited by heavy metals:
masking of catalytically active groups;
denaturation of protein conformation; and
competition with heavy metals for enzyme–substrate complexes.
Soluble forms of heavy metals (Ag, Cu, Hg and Zn) are considered to be more toxic to enzyme activities (urease, dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase) due to their high bioavailability.
La causa más importante de la contaminación es la acción humana. Entre los principales factores tenemos la producción con tecnologías que dejan desechos en el ambiente, el consumo excesivo, la sobreexplotación de recursos, y la falta de control sobre la emisión de ruidos, ondas magnéticas, radiación u otras externalidades negativas.
Phytoremediation..A cost effective and ecofriendly technique for removal of h...Soumyashree Panigrahi
This reflects light on the effects of Heavy metals on the contaminated soil & how to over come the ill effects by phyto remediation..or use of plants in reclaiming the soil...
PHYTOREMEDIATION IN ENVT. MANAGEMENT - BIOTECHNOLGY ROLE...KANTHARAJAN GANESAN
It deals with, the various technologies involved in phytoremediation, mechanism, factors and biotechnology interventions for the improvement of remediation process etc...
Bioremediation of heavy metals using Fe(III),SULPHATE AND SULPHUR reducing ba...KAVYA K N
Bioremediation of heavy metals with the help of Fe(III),Sulfate AND Sulfur reducing bacteria bacteria,environmental clean up process using geobacter and desulfuromonas species.
La causa más importante de la contaminación es la acción humana. Entre los principales factores tenemos la producción con tecnologías que dejan desechos en el ambiente, el consumo excesivo, la sobreexplotación de recursos, y la falta de control sobre la emisión de ruidos, ondas magnéticas, radiación u otras externalidades negativas.
Phytoremediation..A cost effective and ecofriendly technique for removal of h...Soumyashree Panigrahi
This reflects light on the effects of Heavy metals on the contaminated soil & how to over come the ill effects by phyto remediation..or use of plants in reclaiming the soil...
PHYTOREMEDIATION IN ENVT. MANAGEMENT - BIOTECHNOLGY ROLE...KANTHARAJAN GANESAN
It deals with, the various technologies involved in phytoremediation, mechanism, factors and biotechnology interventions for the improvement of remediation process etc...
Bioremediation of heavy metals using Fe(III),SULPHATE AND SULPHUR reducing ba...KAVYA K N
Bioremediation of heavy metals with the help of Fe(III),Sulfate AND Sulfur reducing bacteria bacteria,environmental clean up process using geobacter and desulfuromonas species.
Discussed about Sources of Heavy metals , Sources of Heavy metals , Bioremediation, Biosorption by Fungi, Algae, Bacteria , Factors affecting Biosorption , Heavy metals relation with human beings
Phytoextraction, also called phytoaccumulation, phytoabsorption, or phytosequestration, refers to the use of plants to absorb, translocate, and store toxic contaminants from soil, sediments, and/or sludge in the root and shoot tissues .
Lead is an extremely difficult soil contaminant to remediate because it is a “soft” Lewis acid that forms strong bonds to both organic and inorganic ligands in soil. For the most part, Pb-contaminated soils are remediated through civil engineering techniques that require the excavation and landfilling of the contaminated soil. Soils that present a leaching hazard in the landfill are either placed in a specially constructed hazardous waste landfill, or treated with stabilizing agents, such as cement, prior to disposal in an industrial landfill.
Environmental Topic : Soil Pollution by Afzalul Hoda.pptxafzalulhoda98
Presented by Afzalul Hoda
M.Sc. in Environmental Science and Currently working as Environmental Specialist.
The presentation includes the following topics;
1. What is Soil?
2. Pedogenesis Or Soil Formation
3. Soil Horizon Or Layer of Soil
4. Pollution and Soil Pollution
5. Types of Soil Pollution
6. Source of Soil Pollution
7. Effects of Soil Pollution
8. Prevention of Soil Pollution
Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar BhanushaliUdayBhanushali111
Mechanisms and techniques used for Bioremediation which includes phytoremediation, Bacterial & fungal bioremediation. Examples of heavy metal pollution
PHYTOREMEDIATION - Using Plants To Clean Up Our Environment - By HaseebHaseeb Gerraddict
Phytoremediation is the direct use of green plants and their associated microorganisms to stabilize or reduce contamination in soils, sludges, sediments, surface water, or ground water.
An Analysis and Study in Light of Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminate...ijtsrd
"The modern movement quickens contamination of the
biosphere, particularly the soil. These days soil
contamination is getting impressive open
consideration since the size of this issue is developing
quickly. Heavy metals are the most hazardous
substances in the earth because of their abnormal state
of toughness and harmfulness to the biota. Various
examinations have been led around there went for
building up an effective and prudent approach to
remediate the soil contaminated with heavy metals.
Regular remediation techniques, for example,
physical, warm and concoction medications are
exceptionally costly. Phytoremediation is a creating
innovation which utilizes plants and their related
organisms for the remediation of soil defilement. This
procedure is practical without making unsettling
influence to the scene. This paper resembles a point of
reference or resource in distinguishing the issues
related with heavy metal contaminated soil and other
term known as Phytoremediation."
This ppt covers sources, natural and anthropogenic processes, and impacts of heavy metals pollution on environment with Mechanisms of Remediating Heavy Metals.
HEAVY METAL POLLUTION AND REMEDIATION IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE SOILSchikslarry
Throughout the world, there is a long tradition of farming intensively within and at the edge of cities (Smit et al., 1996). However, most of these peri-urban lands are contaminated with pollutants including heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Hg. The major sources of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils are discharge of effluents from domestic sources, coal-burning power plants, non-ferrous metal smelters, iron and steel plants, dumping of sewage sludge and metal chelates from different industries. Once the heavy metals are released into soils, plants can absorb and bio-accumulate these heavy metals and thereby affect humans and animals’ health upon consumption (Seghal et al., 2014). Hence, there is a great need to develop effective technologies for sustainable management and remediation of the contaminated soils. There are conventionally physicochemical soil remediation engineering techniques, such as soil washing, incineration, solidification, vapour extraction, thermal desorption, but they destroy the plant productive properties of soils. Moreover, they are usually extremely expensive, limiting their extensive application, particularly in developing countries and for remediation of agricultural soils (Kokyo et al., 2014). Phytoremediation has been increasingly receiving attentions over the recent decades, as an emerging, affordable and eco-friendly approach that utilizes the natural properties of plants to remediate contaminated soils (Wang et al., 2003). Phytoremediation includes phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytoextraction using hyper-accumulator species or a chelate-enhancement strategy. The future of this technique is still mainly in the research phase, and many different Hyperaccumulators and crops that can be cultivated in heavy metal contaminated are still being tested.
A heavy metal is toxic when relatively it is dense metal or metalloid that is noted for its potential toxicity, especially in environmental contexts.
Heavy metal toxicity means excess of required concentration or it is unwanted which were found naturally on the earth, and become concentrated as a result of human caused activities.
Then enter in plant, animal and human tissues via inhalation, diet and manual handling, and can bind to, and interfere with the functioning of vital cellular components.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Metals accumulation and As releasing during interaction of clay and iron mine...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The soil and sediment samples with different content of metals and clay minerals were investigated during bioleaching. The increasing of clay and metal concentrations with decreasing particle size were found both in contaminated soil and sediment. Heterotrophic bioleaching of the iron rich clay fractions from the soil and the sediment were evaluated for his effectiveness in the cycling of iron bound As by consuming organic nutrients. The treatment involved the use of the indigenous bacteria, whose activity was combined with the chelating strength of EDDS, SDS, Na4P2O7 and fertilizers. Heterotrophic bacteria caused decomposition of iron binding deposition as is adsorption on clay with followed dissolving of Fe mainly by the sediment bioleaching. The concentration of iron decreased by precipitation with As sorption after 19 days of sediment bioleaching. The Cu and Zn extraction was inhibited by bioleaching during the iron and arsenic dissolution and precipitation. By contrast, the additives 3mM Cu and 3mM Zn were applied into medium and thus affected the activity of soil resistant heterotrophic bacteria with followed increasing of the iron and arsenic extraction by the soil clay bioleaching. Therefore, this study confirmed the soil and sediment bioleaching in Fe or As releasing efficiency under different conditions regulated by indigenous bacteria. The bioleaching can be a suitable technology for As removal from the untreated soil and sediment by stimulation of the resistant bacteria activity. The separation of clays from the soil and sediment samples did not decreased of toxic element limits because clay and iron minerals coated on coarse silicate particles and the clay fraction is bearers of metals which contaminate the soil and sediment environment.
HEAVY METALS POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT
Introduction:
In the era of rapid industrialization and urbanization pollution has totally deteriorated the quality and diversity of life and heavy metals contamination are major cause of environment deterioration which persuades severe poisonous effect on all the forms of living being. It poses threat due to its non-biodegradable, bioaccumulation, stability and persistence characteristics. Therefore, disrupt the natural ecosystem.
Definition: Any metallic chemical elements that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentration.
In metallurgy, Heavy Metals are defined on the basis of density, having density more than 4g/cm3. In physics it is defined on the basis of atomic number having atomic number more than 20, while in chemistry on the basis of chemical behavior. But, modern definition of heavy metals describes as metallic elements and metalloids which are toxic to the environment and human.
• Heavy metal ranges from 3.5g/cm3 to 7 g/cm3 and have specific gravity at least 5 times more than water.
• These are often called ‘trace elements’ as required in small quantity (ppm or ppb)
• Heavy metals can be found in the forms of sulfates, hydroxides, oxides, sulfides, phosphates, and silicates.
• Heavy metal contamination and toxicity: a prominent environmental issue in water, soil/sediments and air.
• Heavy metals can be both beneficial and detrimental (at high concentration) to the environment and life.
• These are natural components of the Earth’s crust. Consumed by life forms via eating food, drinking water and inhaling air.
Physical Properties of heavy metals
• Lustre /shininess
• High melting point
• High density
• Good conductor of heat and electricity
• Non-degradable
• Malleable
• Ductile
Toxicological properties of Heavy Metals
• Persistence –long residual and half life
• Soil residence time is more than 1000years
• Acute toxicity-plants, animals and microorganisms
• Bioaccumulation and biomagnifications through food chain
• Chronic and sub-lethal effects at low concentration
• Synergistic effects
• Teratogenic and carcinogenic properties
Weathering sequence of soil with special reference to Indian soil.pptxBarathKumar163434
A process of disintegration and decomposition of rocks and minerals which are brought about by physical agents and chemical processes, leading to the formation of Regolith (unconsolidated residues of the weathering rock on the earth’s surface or above the solid rocks).
The process of transformation of solid rocks into parent material or Regolith.
Weathering Sequence of Minerals:
Climatic and biotic conditions will determine the relative stability of the various soil forming minerals.
Under all climatic conditions a definite listing of minerals in relation to their resistance to weathering cannot be made.
So considering the various environmental conditions and diversification the following order of weathering resistance of the sand and silt-size mineral are
quartz (most resistant) > muscovite, K-feldspars > Na and Ca-feldspars >biotite hornblende and augite> olivine > dolomite and calcite > gypsum and it is subjected to change according to environmental conditions .
Weathering of Igneous Rocks:
For igneous rocks the most prevalent minerals are feldspars (60%), pyroxenes and amphiboles (17%), quartz (12%) and mica (4%).
When this rock type weathers the feldspars disappear. This very low stability is brought about because of the low bond strength between feldspar units, and in an alkaline environment the feldspar commonly alters first to the clay mineral montmorillonite.
If the environment is conducive to change, this clay mineral type will alter further. The stability of the other rock forming minerals is in the order.
Historical developments and modern system of soil classification.pptxBarathKumar163434
Classification allows scientist to accurately identify individual soil wherever they are.
Taxonomy provides basic understanding about the components of different soils which is necessary for effective decision-making about conservation and sustainable use.
Historical Developments In Soil Classification:
1. Economic classification
2. Physical classification
3. Chemical classification
4. Geological classification
5. Physiographic classification
Modern system of soil classification:
The first classification was proposed by dokuchaev (1870): soil is a natural body divided the soil into three categories
1. Normal (zonal): formation influenced by climate and vegetation
2. Transitional (intrazonal): more developed than azonal. Formation controlled by local factors like parent material and topography
3. Abnormal (azonal) : poorly developed this approach was based on the principle of soil genesis, role of vegetation and climate.
Soil Taxonomy (Comprehensive System Of Soil Classification):
System based on the measured or observed soil properties.
Surface and subsurface diagnostic horizons.
Moisture and temperature regime.
Color, texture, structure.
Organic matter, clay, iron, aluminium oxides, silicate clays, salts, ph, base saturation.
Soil depth.
More Related Content
Similar to Heavy metal pollution in soil ecosystem.pptx
Discussed about Sources of Heavy metals , Sources of Heavy metals , Bioremediation, Biosorption by Fungi, Algae, Bacteria , Factors affecting Biosorption , Heavy metals relation with human beings
Phytoextraction, also called phytoaccumulation, phytoabsorption, or phytosequestration, refers to the use of plants to absorb, translocate, and store toxic contaminants from soil, sediments, and/or sludge in the root and shoot tissues .
Lead is an extremely difficult soil contaminant to remediate because it is a “soft” Lewis acid that forms strong bonds to both organic and inorganic ligands in soil. For the most part, Pb-contaminated soils are remediated through civil engineering techniques that require the excavation and landfilling of the contaminated soil. Soils that present a leaching hazard in the landfill are either placed in a specially constructed hazardous waste landfill, or treated with stabilizing agents, such as cement, prior to disposal in an industrial landfill.
Environmental Topic : Soil Pollution by Afzalul Hoda.pptxafzalulhoda98
Presented by Afzalul Hoda
M.Sc. in Environmental Science and Currently working as Environmental Specialist.
The presentation includes the following topics;
1. What is Soil?
2. Pedogenesis Or Soil Formation
3. Soil Horizon Or Layer of Soil
4. Pollution and Soil Pollution
5. Types of Soil Pollution
6. Source of Soil Pollution
7. Effects of Soil Pollution
8. Prevention of Soil Pollution
Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar BhanushaliUdayBhanushali111
Mechanisms and techniques used for Bioremediation which includes phytoremediation, Bacterial & fungal bioremediation. Examples of heavy metal pollution
PHYTOREMEDIATION - Using Plants To Clean Up Our Environment - By HaseebHaseeb Gerraddict
Phytoremediation is the direct use of green plants and their associated microorganisms to stabilize or reduce contamination in soils, sludges, sediments, surface water, or ground water.
An Analysis and Study in Light of Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminate...ijtsrd
"The modern movement quickens contamination of the
biosphere, particularly the soil. These days soil
contamination is getting impressive open
consideration since the size of this issue is developing
quickly. Heavy metals are the most hazardous
substances in the earth because of their abnormal state
of toughness and harmfulness to the biota. Various
examinations have been led around there went for
building up an effective and prudent approach to
remediate the soil contaminated with heavy metals.
Regular remediation techniques, for example,
physical, warm and concoction medications are
exceptionally costly. Phytoremediation is a creating
innovation which utilizes plants and their related
organisms for the remediation of soil defilement. This
procedure is practical without making unsettling
influence to the scene. This paper resembles a point of
reference or resource in distinguishing the issues
related with heavy metal contaminated soil and other
term known as Phytoremediation."
This ppt covers sources, natural and anthropogenic processes, and impacts of heavy metals pollution on environment with Mechanisms of Remediating Heavy Metals.
HEAVY METAL POLLUTION AND REMEDIATION IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE SOILSchikslarry
Throughout the world, there is a long tradition of farming intensively within and at the edge of cities (Smit et al., 1996). However, most of these peri-urban lands are contaminated with pollutants including heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Hg. The major sources of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils are discharge of effluents from domestic sources, coal-burning power plants, non-ferrous metal smelters, iron and steel plants, dumping of sewage sludge and metal chelates from different industries. Once the heavy metals are released into soils, plants can absorb and bio-accumulate these heavy metals and thereby affect humans and animals’ health upon consumption (Seghal et al., 2014). Hence, there is a great need to develop effective technologies for sustainable management and remediation of the contaminated soils. There are conventionally physicochemical soil remediation engineering techniques, such as soil washing, incineration, solidification, vapour extraction, thermal desorption, but they destroy the plant productive properties of soils. Moreover, they are usually extremely expensive, limiting their extensive application, particularly in developing countries and for remediation of agricultural soils (Kokyo et al., 2014). Phytoremediation has been increasingly receiving attentions over the recent decades, as an emerging, affordable and eco-friendly approach that utilizes the natural properties of plants to remediate contaminated soils (Wang et al., 2003). Phytoremediation includes phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytoextraction using hyper-accumulator species or a chelate-enhancement strategy. The future of this technique is still mainly in the research phase, and many different Hyperaccumulators and crops that can be cultivated in heavy metal contaminated are still being tested.
A heavy metal is toxic when relatively it is dense metal or metalloid that is noted for its potential toxicity, especially in environmental contexts.
Heavy metal toxicity means excess of required concentration or it is unwanted which were found naturally on the earth, and become concentrated as a result of human caused activities.
Then enter in plant, animal and human tissues via inhalation, diet and manual handling, and can bind to, and interfere with the functioning of vital cellular components.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Metals accumulation and As releasing during interaction of clay and iron mine...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The soil and sediment samples with different content of metals and clay minerals were investigated during bioleaching. The increasing of clay and metal concentrations with decreasing particle size were found both in contaminated soil and sediment. Heterotrophic bioleaching of the iron rich clay fractions from the soil and the sediment were evaluated for his effectiveness in the cycling of iron bound As by consuming organic nutrients. The treatment involved the use of the indigenous bacteria, whose activity was combined with the chelating strength of EDDS, SDS, Na4P2O7 and fertilizers. Heterotrophic bacteria caused decomposition of iron binding deposition as is adsorption on clay with followed dissolving of Fe mainly by the sediment bioleaching. The concentration of iron decreased by precipitation with As sorption after 19 days of sediment bioleaching. The Cu and Zn extraction was inhibited by bioleaching during the iron and arsenic dissolution and precipitation. By contrast, the additives 3mM Cu and 3mM Zn were applied into medium and thus affected the activity of soil resistant heterotrophic bacteria with followed increasing of the iron and arsenic extraction by the soil clay bioleaching. Therefore, this study confirmed the soil and sediment bioleaching in Fe or As releasing efficiency under different conditions regulated by indigenous bacteria. The bioleaching can be a suitable technology for As removal from the untreated soil and sediment by stimulation of the resistant bacteria activity. The separation of clays from the soil and sediment samples did not decreased of toxic element limits because clay and iron minerals coated on coarse silicate particles and the clay fraction is bearers of metals which contaminate the soil and sediment environment.
HEAVY METALS POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT
Introduction:
In the era of rapid industrialization and urbanization pollution has totally deteriorated the quality and diversity of life and heavy metals contamination are major cause of environment deterioration which persuades severe poisonous effect on all the forms of living being. It poses threat due to its non-biodegradable, bioaccumulation, stability and persistence characteristics. Therefore, disrupt the natural ecosystem.
Definition: Any metallic chemical elements that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentration.
In metallurgy, Heavy Metals are defined on the basis of density, having density more than 4g/cm3. In physics it is defined on the basis of atomic number having atomic number more than 20, while in chemistry on the basis of chemical behavior. But, modern definition of heavy metals describes as metallic elements and metalloids which are toxic to the environment and human.
• Heavy metal ranges from 3.5g/cm3 to 7 g/cm3 and have specific gravity at least 5 times more than water.
• These are often called ‘trace elements’ as required in small quantity (ppm or ppb)
• Heavy metals can be found in the forms of sulfates, hydroxides, oxides, sulfides, phosphates, and silicates.
• Heavy metal contamination and toxicity: a prominent environmental issue in water, soil/sediments and air.
• Heavy metals can be both beneficial and detrimental (at high concentration) to the environment and life.
• These are natural components of the Earth’s crust. Consumed by life forms via eating food, drinking water and inhaling air.
Physical Properties of heavy metals
• Lustre /shininess
• High melting point
• High density
• Good conductor of heat and electricity
• Non-degradable
• Malleable
• Ductile
Toxicological properties of Heavy Metals
• Persistence –long residual and half life
• Soil residence time is more than 1000years
• Acute toxicity-plants, animals and microorganisms
• Bioaccumulation and biomagnifications through food chain
• Chronic and sub-lethal effects at low concentration
• Synergistic effects
• Teratogenic and carcinogenic properties
Similar to Heavy metal pollution in soil ecosystem.pptx (20)
Weathering sequence of soil with special reference to Indian soil.pptxBarathKumar163434
A process of disintegration and decomposition of rocks and minerals which are brought about by physical agents and chemical processes, leading to the formation of Regolith (unconsolidated residues of the weathering rock on the earth’s surface or above the solid rocks).
The process of transformation of solid rocks into parent material or Regolith.
Weathering Sequence of Minerals:
Climatic and biotic conditions will determine the relative stability of the various soil forming minerals.
Under all climatic conditions a definite listing of minerals in relation to their resistance to weathering cannot be made.
So considering the various environmental conditions and diversification the following order of weathering resistance of the sand and silt-size mineral are
quartz (most resistant) > muscovite, K-feldspars > Na and Ca-feldspars >biotite hornblende and augite> olivine > dolomite and calcite > gypsum and it is subjected to change according to environmental conditions .
Weathering of Igneous Rocks:
For igneous rocks the most prevalent minerals are feldspars (60%), pyroxenes and amphiboles (17%), quartz (12%) and mica (4%).
When this rock type weathers the feldspars disappear. This very low stability is brought about because of the low bond strength between feldspar units, and in an alkaline environment the feldspar commonly alters first to the clay mineral montmorillonite.
If the environment is conducive to change, this clay mineral type will alter further. The stability of the other rock forming minerals is in the order.
Historical developments and modern system of soil classification.pptxBarathKumar163434
Classification allows scientist to accurately identify individual soil wherever they are.
Taxonomy provides basic understanding about the components of different soils which is necessary for effective decision-making about conservation and sustainable use.
Historical Developments In Soil Classification:
1. Economic classification
2. Physical classification
3. Chemical classification
4. Geological classification
5. Physiographic classification
Modern system of soil classification:
The first classification was proposed by dokuchaev (1870): soil is a natural body divided the soil into three categories
1. Normal (zonal): formation influenced by climate and vegetation
2. Transitional (intrazonal): more developed than azonal. Formation controlled by local factors like parent material and topography
3. Abnormal (azonal) : poorly developed this approach was based on the principle of soil genesis, role of vegetation and climate.
Soil Taxonomy (Comprehensive System Of Soil Classification):
System based on the measured or observed soil properties.
Surface and subsurface diagnostic horizons.
Moisture and temperature regime.
Color, texture, structure.
Organic matter, clay, iron, aluminium oxides, silicate clays, salts, ph, base saturation.
Soil depth.
Of the hundreds of PAHs, sixteen were identified as priority pollutants by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States of America .
Some PAHs may be associated with certain pollution sources.
PAHs are non- polar organic compounds .
Composed of two or more fused benzene rings.
They are hydrophobic substances.
It has high coefficient octanol-water; generally, with increasing number of benzene rings.
The molecular weight is high .
Decreases their water solubility, biodegradability and volatility, increasing toxicity.
PCB: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) – a group of synthetic organic chemicals known as chlorinated hydrocarbons which include any chemical substance of the biphenyl molecule that has been chlorinated to varying degrees.
PCBs have high heat capacity, low conductance, they are inert to acids and alkali, have good solubility in fats, oils and organic solvents, and are explosion-proof.
With chlorine content from 19 to 43 %, the products have a crystalline form, 43–56 % – oil-shaped, 57–69 % – semisolid and resin-shaped, and from 67 to 70 % - crystalline again.
Long-term exposure to PCBs can cause certain cancers and birth defects. It can damage the central nervous system, immune and reproductive systems, and also affect the food chain.
It is the electrokinetic potential in colloidal dispersions.
Zeta potential is the potential difference between the dispersion medium and the stationary layer of fluid attached to the dispersed particle.
When a colloidal suspension is placed in an electrical field, the colloidal particles move in one direction (toward the positive pole).
The counter ions move is another direction (toward the negative pole).
The electric potential developed at the solid liquid interface is called Zeta (ζ )potential.
Zeta potential is not equal to surface potential.
Zeta potential is less than electro chemical potential.
Increasing the concentration of electrolytes in the solution results in the decrease in thickness of double layer.
Thickness is also influenced by increasing valency of ions.
Isoelectric point:
At this point electrolyte concentration is maximum, thickness of double layer becomes neligible . Particle replusive force minimum. Zeta potential is equal to zero.
Soil enzyme increase the reaction rate at which plant residues decompose and release plant available nutrients.
The substance acted upon by soil enzyme is called substrate.
Eg. Glucosidase(soil enzyme) cleaves glucose from glucoside(substrate),
1.Constitutive
Always present in nearly constant amounts in a cell (not affected by addition of any particular substrate…genes always expressed.) (pyro-phosphatase).
2.Inducible
Present only in trace amounts or not at all, but quickly increases in concentration when its substrate is present. (Amidase).
Both enzymes are present in the soil.
Oxidoreductases – Oxidation reduction reaction (Dehydrogenase, Catalase, Peroxidase)
Transferases – The transfer of group of atoms from donor to an acceptor molecule. (Aminotransferases, Rhodonase)
Hydrolases – Hydrolytic cleavage of bonds. (Phosphatase, Cellulase, Urease)
Lysates – Cleavage of bonds other than hydrolysis or oxidation.
Isomerases – Isomerisation reaction.
Ligases – Formation of bonds by the cleavage of ATP. (Acetyl-CoA carboxylase)
CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF CLAY MINERA...BarathKumar163434
Soil clays can exist in crystalline, structurally disordered or amorphous form.
Amorphous : has no recognizable shape or geometrical internal arrangement of atoms
Crystalline: atomic arrangement repeated at regular pattern in 3 dimensional directions
spatial arrangement of atoms producing building unit of a crystal is called the unit cell
By placing several unit cells together, the crystal arrangement produced is then called a lattice structure
unit cells has a volume of approximately 1µm3
packing of silica tetrahedran and aluminum octahedran sheets, forms a layered clay structure
the total assembly of a layer plus interlayer material is called an unit structure
GENESIS AND TRANSFORMATION OF NON CRYSTALLINE SILICATE CLAY MINERAL.pptxBarathKumar163434
The non-crystalline constituents present in soil depend strongly on soil environmental conditions.
They are nesosilicates.
The non-crystalline silicate and silica constituents in soil are,
Allophane, volcanic glass, imogolite, opaline silica, phytoliths.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
2. HEAVY METAL:
The term 'Heavy metals' is used for a group of metals and metalloids having relatively higher density and
pose toxic effects, and are the major inorganic pollutants.
A list of heavy metals according to their density and which are more common in our everyday life are:
• Titanium
• Vanadium
• Chromium
• Manganese
• Iron
• Cobalt
• Nickel
• Copper
• Zinc
• Arsenic
• Molybdenum
• Silver
• Cadmium
• Tin
• Platinum
• Gold
• Mercury
• Lead
3. SOIL POLLUTION:
1)Lower horizon of the soil and thus lower ground water may not be readily contaminated by heavy
metals.
2) Surface layers of the soil may accumulate large amounts of heavy metals, which subsequently affect
sensitive plants growing in the soil.
Deliberate pollution : It includes wastewater irrigation, pesticides, animal manures, fertilisers, leaded paint,
mine ore waste (mine tailing), sewage sludge, spillage of petroleum distillates, coal combustion residues,
waste dumpings.
Nondeliberate pollution : It may be brought about through flooding of seas and rivers which brings
sewage and contaminated water to the land and accidents involving vehicles transporting toxic chemicals
4. HEAVY METALS SOURCES IN THE SOIL:
Geogenic Accumulation:
Parent material a geogenic source is responsible for accumulation of heavy metals in soils and nature of parent
material is responsible for the differential levels of these metals in soils.
Anthropogenic Accumulation:
Anthropogenic sources of trace metals include metal smelting industries, industrial effluents, sewage sludges,
municipal solid wastes, burning of fossil fuels, rain water etc.
5. SOIL ENHANCERS:
Soil amendments are important in replenishing nutrients in the soil and keeping it suitable for
agriculture hence the use of bio-solids, sewage effluents and fertilizers.
Bio-solids are organic materials present in animal waste, sewage sludge and industrial waste such as
pulp sludge from the production of paper.
Bio-solids do not only contain soil enrichment nutrients but they also contain heavy metals such as Pb,
Ni, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn, which are toxic in high concentration.
6.
7. EFFECTS ON SOIL HEALTH:
Contamination of heavy metals results in soil acidification and subsequently affects other soil properties.
Contamination of heavy metals causes a decline in the specific adsorption of other cations through an
increase in saturation or oversaturation of the cation exchange sites by heavy metal cations, thus
displacing the protons into the soil solution, which results in a significant drop in soil pH.
Three different pathways in which enzyme activities are inhibited by heavy metals:
masking of catalytically active groups;
denaturation of protein conformation; and
competition with heavy metals for enzyme–substrate complexes.
Soluble forms of heavy metals (Ag, Cu, Hg and Zn) are considered to be more toxic to enzyme activities
(urease, dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase) due to their high bioavailability.
8. INDICATORS OF SOIL CONTAMINATION:
Chemical indicators (total/recoverable content, available/extractable amount and fractionation);
Biochemical indicators (enzyme activity and FDA hydrolysis);
Microbial indicators (biomass, quotient, specific respiration, metabolic quotient and community
structure);
Soil animal indicators (earthworm-quantity and variety); and
Plant indicators (biomass yield, uptake of metals and metal accumulation in edible parts).
10. 1)Surface Capping:
It is basically a prevention technique and involves covering the soil surface with layers to prevent
exposure to contaminated soil. It can be referred to as a prevention technique and not the treatment
technique.
2)Encapsulation:
It is a similar process as surface and involves containing the polluted soil to prevent the spread of heavy
metals. Unlike surface capping, where only horizontal sheets are used, it involves vertical sheets to avoid
the spreading as well.
3)Electrokinetics:
It is the process of removal of heavy metals from the soil by applying electrolysis process on the solution
of soil. The ions migrate to respective electrodes, and the separation of ions is carried out in this way.
11. 4)Soil flushing:
This soil remediation technique involves passing a fluid through the soil. After the fluid extracts the
heavy metals, it is further treated and disposed off.
5)Immobilization:
It is the process of immobilizing the heavy metals in the soil. In this process, the heavy metals are not
removed from the ground. Instead, they are immobilized so that they cannot migrate to other locations
where they can be harmful such as in food crop location.
6)Phytoremediation and Bioremediation:
Phytoremediation and Bioremediation are the processes of cultivating plants and microorganisms on the
contaminated soils, respectively. In these processes, heavy metals are adsorbed out of the ground in
these green sources, and these are considered as the most feasible methods for in-situ remediation of
the soil.
12. 7)Landfilling:
Landfilling is an ex-situ soil remedy technique where the contaminated soil is removed from its location
and is dumped in an engineered landfill.
8)Soil washing:
It is a process, similar to soil flushing, but is ex-situ where the soil is removed from the parent site, and a
treating solution is passed through it to remove heavy metals out of it.
9)Solidification:
It involves the removal of contaminated soil from the site and mixing it with a binding agent to form a
structure which prevents the mobilization of heavy metals.
13. REMOBILIZATION OF HEAVY METALS BY MANGROVE LEAVES
CONCLUSIONS :
We demonstrate that mangroves remobilize
metals buried deep in the soil into the environment
by shedding the senescing leaves into the surface
soil, which could either enter in food chains via leaf
consumption or act as an important source of metals
to the adjacent ecosystems depending on
biogeochemical conditions and processes. Therefore,
when used as phytoremediators, the role of
mangroves as heavy metal sinks through retention in
the woody parts has to be evaluated taking into
account the remobilization through leaves shedding.