This document provides an overview of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) nutrition principles for plants. It discusses the essential roles of N, P, and K in plants including protein synthesis, energy production, photosynthesis, and growth. The key cycles and processes involving N, P, and K in soils are summarized, including mineralization, nitrification, fixation, leaching, precipitation, and adsorption. Soil testing methods and interpreting results for N, P, and K are covered. Commercial fertilizer sources of N, P, and K are also mentioned.
Classification of chemical fertilizers • organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer • Sources of Organic fertilizers • Inorganic fertilizers • Nitrogenous fertilizers • Phosphate fertilizers • Potassic fertilizers • Secondary major-nutrient fertilizers • Micronutrient Fertilizers • On the base of physiological effect • On the basis of physical forms • Granular fertilizers
Determination of soil available nitrogen by Alkaline
permanganate method (Subbiah and Asija, 1956).
Nitrogen is necessary for all forms of life. It is most important
essential plant nutrient for crop production as it is constituted the building blocks of almost all the plant structures.
Classification of chemical fertilizers • organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer • Sources of Organic fertilizers • Inorganic fertilizers • Nitrogenous fertilizers • Phosphate fertilizers • Potassic fertilizers • Secondary major-nutrient fertilizers • Micronutrient Fertilizers • On the base of physiological effect • On the basis of physical forms • Granular fertilizers
Determination of soil available nitrogen by Alkaline
permanganate method (Subbiah and Asija, 1956).
Nitrogen is necessary for all forms of life. It is most important
essential plant nutrient for crop production as it is constituted the building blocks of almost all the plant structures.
Email:chinafertilizermachine@gmail.com
Website:http://www.fertilizer-machine.net
Fertilizer is divided into inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer. No matter what the fertilizer is, applying fertilizer properly to crops helps promote crops growth and increase crop yield.
Principles of fertilizer application by vijay ambastVijay Ambast
- Basic Principles of Fertilizer Application.
- Soil is the principle source of other nutrients.
- Primary nutrients(nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) are used in relatively large amounts by plants, and often are supplemented as fertilizers.
Primary source is atmosphere, Rocks, fertiliser, crop residue, organic manure, ammonium and nitrate salts. Available in both anionic and cationic forms.
Definition and introduction of fertilizer use efficiency , Causes for Low and Declining Crop Response to Fertilizers and FUE.Methods to increase fertilizer use efficiency.
Mixed Fertilizers - Definition, Preparation and Compatibility. VisanthGuhan
Definition for Mixed Fertilizers, It's Advantages and Disadvantages, Incompatibility of Mixed Fertilizers, Physical and chemical changes that affects the preparation and Mixed Fertilizer preparation process.
Email:chinafertilizermachine@gmail.com
Website:http://www.fertilizer-machine.net
Fertilizer is divided into inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer. No matter what the fertilizer is, applying fertilizer properly to crops helps promote crops growth and increase crop yield.
Principles of fertilizer application by vijay ambastVijay Ambast
- Basic Principles of Fertilizer Application.
- Soil is the principle source of other nutrients.
- Primary nutrients(nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) are used in relatively large amounts by plants, and often are supplemented as fertilizers.
Primary source is atmosphere, Rocks, fertiliser, crop residue, organic manure, ammonium and nitrate salts. Available in both anionic and cationic forms.
Definition and introduction of fertilizer use efficiency , Causes for Low and Declining Crop Response to Fertilizers and FUE.Methods to increase fertilizer use efficiency.
Mixed Fertilizers - Definition, Preparation and Compatibility. VisanthGuhan
Definition for Mixed Fertilizers, It's Advantages and Disadvantages, Incompatibility of Mixed Fertilizers, Physical and chemical changes that affects the preparation and Mixed Fertilizer preparation process.
An introduction to professional plant nutrition | Haifa GroupHaifa Group
Explore an in-depth agronomic introduction to plant nutrition. Learn about the essential nutrients crops consume, and the specific role of every mineral on the overall plant growth. Haifa Group’s experts are sharing knowledge. Haifa Group’s experts are sharing knowledge.
First lab managers’ meeting of the South-East Asia Laboratory NETwork (SEALNET 2.0) - Quality improvement in Asian soil laboratories: towards standardization and harmonization of soil analyses and their interpretation, Bogor, Indonesia, 20 - 24 November 2017.
Presentation at the ESPP conference Phosphorus stewardship in industrial applications, Brussels, 01-12-2016
European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform (ESPP)
www.phosphorusplatform.eu
Sustainable management of nutrients is crucial for agriculture, food, industry, water and the environment. ESPP brings together companies and stakeholders to address the Phosphorus Challenge and its opportunities for the circular economy.
Countries:
Austria AT
Belgium BE
Bulgaria BG
Cyprus CY
Czech Republic CZ
Germany DE
Denmark DK
Estonia EE
Spain ES
Finland FI
France FR
Greece EL
Hungary HU
Ireland IE
Italy IT
Lithuania LT
Luxembourg LU
Latvia LV
Malta MT
Netherlands NL
Poland PL
Portugal PT
Romania RO
Sweden SE
Slovenia SI
Slovakia SK
United Kingdom UK
Switzerland CH
Phosphorus:
Fosfor
Fosfor
Fòsfòr
Фосфор
Fosfor
Фосфор
Fosfor
Fosfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
Fosforas
Fosfors
Fuosfuors
Fosfor
Ffуsfforws
Fosfar
Fosfaras
Fosfaar
Fosforus
Φωσφορος
Ֆոսֆոր
Fosfor
Fosfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
ফসফরাস
فسفر
ફૉસ્ફરસનો
फास्फोरस
Fosfor
Fosfori
Foszfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
Паликандур
Fosfor
Fosfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
Фосфор
Фосфор
Fosfor
فوسفور
Fosfor
Fosforoa
ფოსფორი
[fūsfūr]
זרחן
Fosfru
Lìn
リン
인
ฟอสฟอรัส
Photpho
磷
Posporo
Fosfor
Pūtūtae-whetū
Fosforus
ഫോസ്ഫറസ്
பொஸ்பரசு
Fosofo
Fosforase
Posfori
Fósforo
Phusphuru
Fosforimi
Fosforo
Fosforon
Pesticium
PHOSPHATIC FERTILIZERS - BEHAVIOR IN SOILS AND MANAGEMENT.pptxAVINASH K
Phosphorus (P) was first discovered by Brandt in 1669. The word is derived from Greek, ‘phos’
meaning light and ‘phorus’ meaning bringing. Phosphorus is a major nutrient next to N and
plays an important role in plant physiology and biochemistry. It is involved in the building blocks,
a component of genetic material (nucleic acids) and an energy currency (ATP) of plants. However,
unlike N and K, P is taken up in smaller quantities by the plants. Further, P contrasts from N with
respect to its transformation in soil after fertilizer P is applied. While N is easily lost from the soil
system, P does not. It is mined from the finite natural resources and the supply is expected to
dwindle in the next 100–150 years. Thus, efficient use of the P fertilizers will play a key role in
sustaining crop production. understanding different forms of soil P and its transformation
in soils and the various factors influencing P availability is crucial. Followed by the role of P in plants,
its absorption and crop P requirements. Understanding Fertilizer P materials and the various
strategies that are needed for efficient use of P are important for field applications.
Phosphorus Removal Essentials in wastewater | YSI WebinarXylem Inc.
Are you facing challenges with lower effluent phosphorus limits at your WRRF? YSI experts review phosphorus removal strategies in municipal wastewater applications.
Phosphorus, primarily existing as phosphate, is a nutrient of concern for many wastewater operators. Effluent phosphorus limits continue to be lowered to protect our lakes and rivers from eutrophication. To meet these limits, operators need to improve treatment processes to remove phosphorus as efficiently as possible.
Increasing efficiency of ROCK PHOSPHATE on problematic soilssamanyita94
PHOSPHATE ROCK-
Phosphate rock denotes the product obtained from the mining and subsequent metallurgical processing of P-bearing ores.
PRs can be used-
as raw materials in the industrial manufacture of WSP fertilizers,or as P sources for direct application in agriculture
Phosphate rocks as raw materials for P-fertilizer manufacturing:
1.Sulphuric acid and PR are the raw materials used in the production of single superphosphate (SSP) and phosphoric acid.
2.Phosphoric acid is an important intermediate by-product that is used to make triple superphosphate (TSP) and ammonium phosphate.
3.It is used for industrial purposes and for the production of animal feed supplements and food products.
4.used in the manufacture of elemental P and its derivatives, in particular sodium tri-polyphosphate(a major component of heavy-duty laundry detergents).
Rock phosphate for direct application:
As mentioned above, PRs mainly of sedimentary origin are suitable for direct application because they consist of fairly open, loosely consolidated aggregates of micro crystals with a relatively large specific surface area.
They show a considerable proportion of isomorphic substitution in the crystal lattice and contain a variable proportion and amounts of accessory minerals and impurities.
Advantages – less expensive , slow and steady supply of P and More P restoration capacity.
Factors affecting the effectiveness of rock phosphate:
Reactivity of RP: Reactivity is a measure of its rate of dissolution.
Particle size: Finer the particle size, more is the dissolution.
Usually less than 0.15mm.
Soil properties:Low pH (less than 5.5 ), high organic-matter content and low solution concentration of Ca ions.
Soil acidity, Cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable calcium and magnesium, Soil organic matter, Crop species and Soil solution ‘P’ concentration and retension capacity
B. Management practices: PR placement, Rate of PR application, Timing of PR application, Lime application
ways for improving efficiency of rock phosphates:
Depends on various factors:-
the physical and chemical properties of PRs;
soil and climate factors;
plant species and the cropping system; and
farming management practices.
biological,chemical and physical means of increasing efficiency
5 R's of reduce India's dependency on phosphate rock derived P
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
3. Role in Plants
• Protein
• Nucleic acid
• Chlorophyll
• Carbohydrate
utilization
Four nitrogenous bases –
adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine
(G), and cytosine (C) are
components in the DNA double
helix.
4. Forms Plants Uptake
Ammonia
• Plants uptake both forms.
• Uptake NO3
-
the most.
• NO3
-
is mobile, NH4 is not.
• NO3- prefers acidic pH.
• NH4
+
prefers neutral pH.
• Combination is better.
Which form is vulnerable to leaching losses?
Nitrate
5. Nitrogen Cycle
• N in soil enters, exits, and changes
forms in many ways.
• Can you name some of the processes
and pools in N cycles?
mineralization, immobilization,
nitrification, denitrification, nitrogen
fixation, nitrogen leaching…
12. Fertilizer Nitrogen
• Nitrogen fertilizer should be
added to the soil when the crop
will use it, adding excess N will
cause losses that may harm the
environment.
• Nitrogen is expensive and using
only what the crop needs for
adequate growth is important -
• THUS it becomes important to
give N - CREDITS for previous
management (legumes, manure or
other organic additions with low
C:N ratios).
Wheat with N response
13. Nitrogen soil testing
• Mobile nutrient
• In drier areas use a
fall or spring nitrate-N
soil test.
• In humid areas, use
spring nitrate-N test
or table value based on
previous crop and
organic matter.
14. Nitrogen soil testing
• After arriving at N
recommendation then
credits need to be taken
for:
– Previous crop
– Previous manure
applications or sludge
– 2nd
year after alfalfa
17. Chlorophyll
DNA and RNA
Protein
}
NH2
N molecules from
this amino group
NH2
NH2
NH2
When organic matter
decomposes, N-containing
molecules are released from
H
H
combine with H to
produce NH3 and NH4
NH3 + H = NH4
-
Ammonium
18. Chlorophyll
DNA and RNA
Protein
}
NH2
First they make
this gas, then
NH2
NH2
NH2 NH3
H
H+
H
+ NH4
AmmoniumAmmonia
(gas)
=
The simple steps in the mineralization process are now complete.
The process is also called ammonification.
When organic matter
decomposes, N-containing
molecules are released from
19. Denitrification
N2
Biologicaland
Chemical
Fixation
NH3 + H+
= NH4
Clay Fixation
and Release
NO3
N2
N2O
Immobilization
(use by the plant)
NITROGEN
Oxidation of NH4 to NO3 is
nitrification.
Nitrobactor
Nitrosomonas
Nitrification
NO2
Two kinds of bacteria are
involved in two steps.
20. Denitrification
N2
Biologicaland
Chemical
Fixation
NH3 + H+
= NH4
Clay Fixation
and Release
NO3
N2
N2O
Immobilization
(use by the plant) NITROGEN
In water-logged soil, NO3
transforms to gaseous N, and
this loss to air is denitrification.
Nitrobactor
Nitrosomonas
Nitrification
NO2
Steps: NO2--NO--N2O and N2
23. Sources of N in Wheat
• Organic – residue breakdown (slow)
• Organic manures (N content varies)
• Commercial
– Urea
– Ammonia
– Monoammonium phosphate (MAP)/diammonium
phosphate (DAP)
– Potassium nitrate
– URAN (urea + ammonium nitrate) solutions
– Ammonium nitrate
More discussion in Sections 4 and 5
24.
25. P Nutrition Principles
How the materials will be presented
P-cycle
Key
Factors
Sources
Forms
uptake
Role in
plant
P
26. P Essentiality
• Second most important
nutrient
• Its concentration in soil
solution is low
• Low solubility
• Low availability
• Low mobility
Nutrient Amount in
Solution (mg/L)
NO3
-
60
NH4
+
--
H2
PO4
-
, HPO4
2-
0.8
K+
14
Ca2+
60
Mg2+
40
SO4
2-
26
are key characteristics for
better management
27. Role in Plants
• ATP
• DNA/RNA
• Enhance crop maturity
• Root growth
Can you
justify how
P is
important
in these
28. Role in Plants
• ATP
• DNA/RNA
• Enhance crop maturity
• Root growth P is a critical component of
cell’s energy currency, ATP
29. Role in Plants
• ATP
• DNA/RNA
• Enhance crop maturity
• Root growth
P containing sugar
phosphate is the
backbone of DNA
30. Orthophosphate ions: H2PO4
-
& HPO4
2-
Plant Available Forms
7.2 pH
Availability is pH dependent
Both species are even at this pH
31. Phosphorus Cycle
• Not involved in atmospheric exchanges
• Cycles among various pools
– Soil solution
– Organic matter
– Inorganic minerals
• Interaction among pools is complex.
• Knowledge of each pool is necessary.
32. Phosphorus Cycle
Secondary
Minerals
Fe & Al PO4
CaPO4
Nonlabile P
Primary
Minerals
(Nonlabile P)
Solution P
H2PO4
-
HPO4
2-
Microbial-
P
bacteriaFungi
nematode
Plant residue
Labile P
Adsorbed
P
Dissolution
Dissolution
Precipitation
Adsorption
Desorption
Immobilization
Mineralization
Fertilizer-P
Soil Organic
Matter
Microbial P
(Nonalabile P)
(Labile P)
1. Soil Solution: plant uptake poolAdsorption and DesorptionPrecipitation and DissolutionMineralization and Immobilization
SOIL SOLUTION POOL
INTERACTIONS
33. Phosphorus Cycle
Secondary
Minerals
Fe & Al PO4
CaPO4
Nonlabile P
Primary
Minerals
(Nonlabile P)
Solution P
H2PO4
-
HPO4
2-
Microbial-
P
bacteriaFungi
nematode
Plant residue
Labile P
Adsorbed
P
Dissolution
Dissolution
Precipitation
Adsorption
Desorption
Immobilization
Mineralization
Fertilizer-P
Soil Organic
Matter
Microbial P
(Nonalabile P)
(Labile P)
Crop residue
and organic
matter release
P by
mineralization
Various factor
affects rate of
mineralization
including C/P
ratio
Net
immobilization
(available for
plant uptake) at
C/P >300
ORGANIC POOL
INTERACTIONS
What is good – high or low C/P?
Why?
34. Organic-P, quick facts
• P of organic matter range
between 1% and 3%
• Organic P is ~50% of total
P in soil
• Organic P decreases with
soil depth
• Organic-P increases with
increased organic-C (the
C/P, likewise N and C/N)
35. Phosphorus Cycle
Secondary
Minerals
Fe & Al PO4
CaPO4
Nonlabile P
Primary
Minerals
(Nonlabile P)
Solution P
H2PO4
-
HPO4
2-
Microbial-
P
bacteriaFungi
nematode
Plant residue
Labile P
Adsorbed
P
Dissolution
Dissolution
Precipitation
Adsorption
Desorption
Immobilization
Mineralization
Fertilizer-P
Soil Organic
Matter
Microbial P
(Nonalabile P)
(Labile P)
INORGANIC POOL
INTERACTIONS
Inorganic P fixed or released by
primary and secondary minerals
36. P
• Soil test for P (Bray pH<7.4 of soil)
• 0-5 ppm = very low
• 6-10 ppm = LOW
• 11-15 ppm = med
• 16-20 ppm = high
• > =21 ppm = very high
• No reason to have soil
test > 21
• environmental problems
when P >16
• ppm x 2 = lbs/acre
P deficient tomato
37. Soil P
• Crops need more P than is
dissolved in the soil solution at any
one time, therefore, this P in the
solution phase must be replenished
many times during the growing
season.
• The ability of a soil to maintain
adequate levels of phosphorus in
the solution phase is the key to
the plant available P status of the
soil. The solid phase P is both
organic and inorganic
Solid P Phase Solution Phase Root Hair
P deficiency reduces root growth
38. Inorganic-P, quick facts
• Low concentration & solubility of P due to slow
release and fixation
• Minerals mainly with Ca, in alkaline soils
• Minerals with Fe, Al, and Mg in acidic soils
•
39. Solubility of P-containing compounds
Compound Formula Compound type
Monocalcium phosphate
Dicalcium phosphate
Octacalcium phosphate
Tricalcium phosphate
Oxy apatite
Hydroxy apatite
Carbonate apatite
Fluorapatite
Ca(H2
PO4
)2
.H2
O
CaHPO4
.2H2
O
Ca8
H2
(PO4
)6
.5H2
O
Ca3
(PO4
)2
[3Ca3
(PO4
)2
].CaO
[3Ca3
(PO4
)2
].Ca(OH)2
[3Ca3
(PO4
)2
].CaCO3
3Ca3
(PO4
)2
].CaF2
Calcium
Strengite FePO4
-2H2
O Iron
Variscite AlPO4
-2H2
O Aluminum
• Ca-phosphate - major contributor in alkaline
soils
• pH determines its availability
• Solubility decreases in order of: mono >
di > tri calcium phosphates
43. P Essentiality Principles
• Plant absorbs larger amount of K next
only to N
• Plant tissue K: ~2.5% to 4.5% leaf dry
wt.
• Soil K: 0.5% to 2.5%
• Most soil K’s are tied up, availability is
often limited
44. Role in Plants
• Enzyme activation
• Water relations
(stomatal control)
• Energy relations
• Translocation (sugar
transport)
• Crop quality
Justify
how K is
important
in these
45. Role in Plants
• Enzyme activation
• K activates at least 60 enzymes in cell
• K level determines reactions catalyzed by enzymes
46. Potassium Fertility (Potash)
• Potassium (K+) is a problem
on acid soils, soils with low
CEC and with irrigation or
high rainfall where leaching
can readily occur.
• Potassium can be stored in
the soil from one year to
the next
• K is not a pollutant - even if
leached from soil, K does
not cause environmental
problems.
K deficient corn
47. Role in Plants
• Water relations
– K regulates stomatal
opening
K is critical to stomatal opening and closure in
regulating gas exchanges (CO2 in and H2O out)
48. Role in Plants
• Energy relations
– K is required for production of ATP
• Crop quality
– Increases root growth
– Enhances translocation of sugar
– Increase protein content in plant
– Reduces lodging
49. Forms uptake
K+
Soil K Pools and Concentrations
Mineral…………..… 5000 – 25000 ppm
Non-exchangeable…...….50 – 750 ppm
Exchangeable…………..400 – 600 ppm
Solution……………...………1 – 10 ppm
K-Cycle will show
interaction among pools
50. K forms - characteristics
1. Mineral – K : Minerals like
Mica, Feldspar, K is mainly
unavailable
2. Non-exchangeable – K : K in
secondary minerals like vermiculite
or colloidal-size mica, K is slowly
available
……more
51. In the non-exchangeable fraction of K
Most K
trapped
K slowly available K is widely
exchangeable
52. K forms - characteristics
3. Exchangeable-K: K on the cation
exchange sites of soil colloids is
readily available
53. K forms - characteristics
4. Soil solution-K: K is readily
available. Range in most cropland
soils ~ 1-10ppm.
~80% K plant uptake by diffusion,
availability depends of many
factors
54. Exchangeable K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
Nonexchangeable K+
Plant &
animal
residues
2:1 Clay minerals
Soil solution
K+
Plant uptake
Desorption
Adsorption
Weathering
90-98%
0.1-0.2%
1-2%1-10%
ErosionLeaching
Feldspar
Mica
Primary
minerals
K
Mineral-K, mostly
unavailable, accounts
for majority of soil K
K
Non-exchangeable-K,
in secondary minerals, slowly
available, 2:1 clay
K
Exchangeable-K,
readily available, K
in cation exchange
site…
55. Exchangeable K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
Nonexchangeable K+
2:1 Clay minerals
Soil solution
K+
Plant uptake
Desorption
Adsorption
Plant/
animal
residues
Weathering
90-98%
0.1-0.2%
1-2%1-10%
ErosionLeaching
Feldspar
Mica
Primary
minerals
K
K K
Residue K recovery is
minor, usually leach out
K leaching loss is often substantial
56. K Cycle Quick Fact
• K transfer from minerals is slow but
continuous
• Exchangeable and soluble K equilibrate
rapidly
• Fixed K equilibrate very slowly
• Transfer from mineral to other form is
very slow, usually unavailable (in one
crop year)
57. K Fixation – who is involved?
• Reentrapment of K ions between the layers of
2:1 clay (illite) is a major reason
• The 1:1 clay (kaolinite) do not fix potassium
• Major factor affecting K availability
– Clay minerals, CEC, nature of cations
– Soil moisture
– Soil temperature
– Amount of exchangeable K, capacity to fix K
58. Potassium Fertilizers
• Organic sources – K content varies with sources,
range in manure is 4-40 pounds
• Commercial sources – potassium oxide (K2O) is
guaranteed standard for fertilizer K
• Potash and Potassium names are used
interchangeably
• The world’s largest high-grade potash deposit is in
Canada
END OF SECTION 02 INSTRUCTION
59. Tools for detecting nutrient deficiency
• 1) Tissue testing -involves a complete
and detailed laboratory analysis of
nutrient elements in the plant leaves.
This is a very accurate way of assessing
how much nutrient the plant has
actually taken up from the soil.
• Recommendations are made on the
basis of these test results:
– Backed by research
– Dependent on plant growth stage and plant
part.
61. Calibration
• Process of ascertaining the degree of
limitation to crop growth or the probability
of getting a growth response to applied
nutrient at any soil test level.
• Soil test interpretation develops fertilizer
recommendations.
62. Correlation - process
• Exploratory
fertilization trial
– Greenhouse – a
controlled environment
with soil homogeneity.
• Trials in field with
selected soils.
