AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION REFERENCING STYLE & CITATION

APA CITATION
FORMAT AND
REFERENCING
STYLE
 Chavez, Raphael
 Salve, Nina Marie
 Tabaranza, Mark Leniel

Let’s check your previous
learnings!

Answer AFTER the question is read (2 mins)
1. APA was established in 1979
2. Italicize the title the newspaper not the title of the article from
which you get the source in the reference list
3. APA style uses active voice rather than passive voice
4. APA does not recommend the use of footnotes and endnotes
unless explanatory notes prove necessary to your document.
5. APA is an author/page-based style.
6. DOI stands for Digital Objective Identifier
7. Omit year upon third time citing sources with three or more
authors
8. Book citations in APA generally require author name, publication
year, work title, publication city, and publisher
9. In-text citation can be narrative or parenthetical
10. APA means American Psychiatric Association

ANSWERS
1. APA was established in 1979
2. Italicize the title the newspaper not the title of the article
from which you get the source in the reference list
3. APA style uses active voice rather than passive voice
4. APA does not recommend the use of footnotes and
endnotes unless explanatory notes prove necessary to
your document.
5. APA is an author/page-based style.
6. DOI stands for Digital Objective Identifier
7. Omit year upon third time citing sources with three or
more authors.
8. Book citations in APA generally require author name,
publication year, work title, publication city, and
publisher.
9. In-text citation can be narrative or parenthetical.
10. APA means American Psychiatric Association
1. F
2. T
3. T
4. T
5. F
6. F
7. T
8. T
9. T
10.F

So, we’re done!
•Are you ready to
explore and know
more about
APA???

The APA Citation Manual 6th Edition
What is an APA?
 When is it mostly used?
 What is it mostly concerned
with?
 Where it comes from?
 What is the format of an
APA paper?
APA as a method of
citing references
Parenthetical citations in text
References page

APA BACKGROUND
 The American Psychological Association
 is an organization created for individuals in the
psychology field. With close to 118,000 members,
they provide educational opportunities, funding,
guidance, and research information for everything
psychology-related.
 is also credited with creating their own specific
citation and reference style. Today, this format is
used by individuals not only in the psychology field,
but many other subject areas as well such as in
education, economics, business, and social
sciences.

American Psychological Association
Historical Background of APA
 this formatting style was established in
1929
• the reason was to form a standardized way for researchers in
science fields to document their sources to recognize the work of
other authors by including bits and pieces of information in random
order.
• Having a standard format for citing sources allows readers to glance
at a citation or APA reference and easily locate the title, author, year
published, and other critical pieces of information needed to
understand a source.

Language and Voice
The APA Stylistics/General Format
 Language in APA should be:
Clear: be specific in descriptions and explanations
Concise: condense information and explanations
Plain: use simple, descriptive adjectives and minimize
figurative language
 Active voice rather than passive voice
 : “We asked participants questions…”
X: “ The participants have been asked
questions by the researchers…”

The Literature Review:
• Summarizes scientific literature on a particular
research topic
• Includes:
• a title page,
• introduction, and
• a list of references

The Experimental Report:
• Describes your experimental research
• Includes:
• a title page,
• abstract,
• introduction,
• methods, results, and discussion sections,
• a list of references,
• appendices,
• tables, and
• figures

Your essay should:
•be typed,
•double-spaced,
•have 1” margins,
•use 10-12pt. Standard font (ex. Times New Roman), and
•be printed on standard-sized paper (8.5”x 11”)
[Note: If you are writing a manuscript draft, APA suggests using
two spaces between sentences to aid readability (see pp.87-88
in the APA manual).]

Your essay should include
four major sections:
References
Main Body
Abstract
Title page

Title page
Title:
(in the upper half of the page,
centered)
name (no title or degree) + affiliation
(university, etc.)
Page header:
(use Insert Page Header)
title flush left + page number
flush right.

Abstract
Page header: do NOT
include “Running head:”
Abstract: centered, at the
top of the page
Write a 150- to 250-
word summary of your
paper in an accurate,
concise, and specific
manner.

Main Body
•Number the first text page as page number 3
•Type and center the title of the paper at the top of the page
• Type the text double-spaced with all sections following
each other without a break
• Identify the sources you use in the paper in parenthetical
or narrative in-text citations
• Format tables and figures

Reference Page
References
• Center the title (References) at
the top of the page. Do not bold
it.
• Double-space reference
entries
• Flush left the first line of the
entry and indent subsequent
lines
• Order entries alphabetically by
the surname of the first author
of each work

Reference Page
•Invert authors’ names (last name first followed by initials)
•EX:“Smith, J.Q.”
• Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and
subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title,
and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the
second word in a hyphenated compound word.
•EX: The perfectly formatted paper: How the Purdue
OWL saved my essay.

Reference Page
References
• Capitalize all major words in journal titles
• Italicize titles of longer works such as books and
journals
• Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles
of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in
edited collections

American Psychological Association
The APA Style of Citation
 that is an author/date-based style. This
means emphasis is placed on the author
and the date of a piece of work to
uniquely identify it

Citations and References
• Citations and references should be
included anytime you use another
individual’s work in your own assignment.
When including a quote, paraphrased
information, images, or any other piece of
information from another’s work, you need
to show where you found it by including a
citation and a reference. This guide
explains how to make them.
http://www.citationmachine.net/apa/cite-a-book

Citations (In-text citations)
Citations vs. References
 are included when you’re adding information from another
individual’s work into your own project. When you add text word-
for-word from another source into your project, or take information
from another source and place it in your own words and writing style
(known as paraphrasing), you create an in-text citation. These
citations are short in length and are placed in the main part of your
project, directly after the borrowed information.
References
 found at the end of your research project, usually on the last page.
Included on this reference list page is the full information for any in-
text citations found in the body of the project. These references are
listed in alphabetical order by the author's last name.

 in-text citation includes only three items:
 the last name(s) of the author(s);
 the year the source was published; and
 sometimes the page or location of the information.
References
 References include more information such as the name of
the author(s), the year the source was published, the full
title of the source, and the URL or page range.

References
http://www.citationmachine.net/apa/cite-a-
book

In-text citation: Signal Words
Introduce quotations with signal phrases, e.g.:
According to Xavier (2008), “….” (p. 3).
Xavier (2008) argued that “……” (p. 3).
Use such signal verbs such as:
acknowledged, contended, maintained,
responded, reported, argued, concluded, etc.
Use the past tense or the present perfect tense of verbs
in signal phrases when they discuss past events.

In-text citation: Basics
In-text citations help readers locate the cited source in
the References section of the paper.
Whenever you use a source, provide in parenthesis:
• the author’s name and the date of publication
• for quotations and close paraphrases, provide the
author’s name, date of publication, and a page
number

In-text citation: Quoting Directly vs.
Summary/Paraphrasing
Short Quotations
• If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include
the author, year of publication, and the page number for the
reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a
signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by
the date of publication in parentheses.
– According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).
– Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199);
what implications does this have for teachers?
• If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's
last name, the year of publication, and the page number in
parentheses after the quotation.
– She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones,
1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

Long Quotations
• Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or longer, in a free-
standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks.
Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the
left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new
paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and
indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the
quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-
spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come
after the closing punctuation mark.
– Jones's (1998) study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time citing sources.
This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many
students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask
their teacher for help. (p. 199)

Summary or Paraphrase
• If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work,
you only have to make reference to the author and
year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA
guidelines encourage you to also provide the page
number (although it is not required.)
– According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for
first-time learners.
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones,
1998, p. 199).

Format In a Reference List In-text Citation
Author’s last
name, first
initial.
(Publication
date). Book
title.
Additional
information.
City of
publication:
Publishing
company.
A-D-T-P-P
1. Book with one author
King, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel:
A life of Janet Frame. Auckland, New
Zealand: Viking.
(King, 2000) or
King (2000) compares
Frame…
2. Books with two authors
Dancey, C.P., & Reidy, J. (2004). Statistics
without maths for psychology: Using
SPSS for Windows (3rd ed.). Harlow,
England: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
(Dancey & Reidy, 2004)
or Dancey and Reidy
(2004) said…
3. Book with three to five authors
Krause, K. –L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne,
S. (2006). Educational psychology for
learning and teaching (2nd ed.). South
Melbourne, Vic., Australia: Thomson.
(Krause, Bochner, &
Duchesne, 2006)
If used first time then in
subsequent citations,
(Krause et. al., 2006)
Krause et.al…..
APA Examples of In-text Citations
& Referencing by Type of Sources
Books

Books
 When citing a work of unknown
author:
•use the source’s full title in the signal phrase
•cite the first word of the title followed by the
year of publication in parenthesis.
oWhen a work is signed “Anonymous,” cite the
word “Anonymous.”
o(Anonymous, year)
Ex:
According to “Indiana Joins Federal
Accountability System” (2008)
OR
(“Indiana,” 2008) OR
(Anonymous, 2007, pp. 89-96).
Titles:
Articles and Chapters = “ ”
Books and Reports = italicize
 When citing a work with six
and more authors, identify
the first author’s name
followed by “et al.”
Smith et al. (2006)
maintained that….
(Smith et al., 2006)

Books
When citing authors with the same last names, use first initials with the
last names.
(B. Kachru, 2005; Y. Kachru, 2008)
When citing two or more works by the same author and published in
the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) after the year of
publication to order the references.
Smith’s (1998a) study of adolescent immigrants…

Author’s last
name, first initial.
(Publication
date). Book title.
Additional
information. City
of publication:
Publishing
company.
A-D-T-P-P
4. Book or report by a corporate
author e.g. organization, association,
government department
University of Wakaito. (1967). First hall of
residence (Information series No. 3).
Hamilton, New Zealand: Author
(University of
Wakaito, 1967)
5. Book chapter in edited book
Helber, L. E. (1995). Redeveloping
mature
resorts for new markets. In M.V.
Conlin
& T. Baum (Eds.), Island Tourism:
Management principles and practice
(pp.
105-113). Chichester, England: John
Wiley.
(Helber, 1995);
(Helber, 1995, p.
105-113); or
Helber (1995)
compares luxury
resorts…
Books

Classical Works
o When using classical works such as the Greeks, Romans, or the Bible, a
reference entry is not required. You must only identify the version and
lines used.
o 1 Cor. 13:1 (Revised Standard Edition)
o When using very old works where the date is not applicable, list the
year of the translation you used.
o Narrative in text citation
o Aristotle argues . . . (trans. 1922).
o Parenthetical citation
o The ethos, pathos, and logos . . . (Aristotle, trans. 1922).
o If a text does not have a date, cite the author’s name followed by “n.d.”
o Narrative in-text (n.d.)
o Julius Caesar argued . . . (n.d.).
o Parenthetical citation
o The Trojan horse . . . (Caesar, n.d.).

Author’s last
(Date). Title of
Article. Title of
Encyclopedia
(Volume,
pages). City of
publication:
Publishing
company.
A-D-T-TE-C-P
6. Encyclopedia
Pettingill, O.S., Jr. (1980). Falcon and
Falconry. World book encyclopedia.
(pp. 150-155). Chicago: World book
(Pettingill, 1980) or
According to
Pettingill (1980)…
7. Dictionary
Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary
(10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA:
Merriam-Webster
Merriam-Webster
Dictionary (1993)
defines…
Or
(Merriam-Webster
Dictionary, 1993)
Encyclopedia & Dictionary

Author’s last
(Publication
Date). Article
Title. Periodical
title, volume
number (issue
number if
available),
inclusive pages.
A-D-T-TPv-pp
8. Journal article – academic / scholarly
(print version)
Harlow, H.F. (1983). Fundamentals for
preparing psychology journal articles.
Journal of Comparative and
Physiological Psychology, 55, p. 893
-896.
(Harlow, 1983)
or Harlow (1983)
shows…
9. Magazine
Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the
grade in today’s schools. Time, 135,
28-31.
9. Newspaper Articles
Kalette, D. (1986, July 21). California town
counts to big quake. USA Today, 9, p.
A1.
Note: If the news paper has no author:
Report casts shadow on biofuel crops.
(2007, October 16). Waikato Times, p. 21.
(Henry, 1990)
or Henry (1983)
expands the idea…
(Kalette, 1986); or As
reported by Kalette
(1986), California….
(“Report Casts
Shadow,” 2007)
Magazine &
Newspaper
Articles (Print)

Author Last
name, First initial.
Middle initial.
(Year Published).
Title of
article. Title of
Periodical,
Volume(Issue),
page range.
http://dx.doi.org/x
xxx or Retrieved
from URL if no
DOI
10. Online Journal Articles
Burnell, K. J., Coleman, P. G., & Hunt, N.
(2010). Coping with traumatic memories:
Second World War veterans’
experiences of social support in relation
to the narrative coherence of war
memories. Ageing and Society, 30(1),
57-78.
http://dx.doi.org.i.ezproxy.nypl.org/10.1017/
S0144686X0999016X
If there’s no DOI, indicate the full URL or
the to where did you retrieve the source.
First citation:
(Burnell, Coleman, &
Hunt, 2010) or
Second citation:
(Burnell, et. al.,
2010) or
According to Burnell,
et. al., (1980),…
Electronic Sources

Journals found online
Journal articles online:
 If your source is found online, but there is no DOI provided, you
can include the URL instead.
 A DOI (digital object identifier) is basically a number that links a
source to its location on the Internet. This number isn’t always
provided, but if it is, you should include it in your citation rather
than including a URL.
 Unlike previous editions, APA 6th edition does not require
including a retrieval date or date accessed for online sources.
A retrieval date is only necessary if the source is likely to change
(ex. Wikipedia).

Author Last
Name, First
initial. Middle
initial. (Year,
Month
Published). Title
of article. Title of
Magazine, Volu
me(Issue).
Retrieved from
URL
11. Online Magazine Articles
Pelz, W. (2018, Winter). A basket of
dreams
for different times. Fleurieu Living
Magazine. Retrieved from
https://issuu.com/fleurieuliving/
docs/flmwinter2018/a/126958.
(Pelz, 2018)
According to Pelz
(2018),…
Electronic Sources

Author Last
name, First
initial. Middle
initial. (Year,
Month Date
Published). Title
of article. Title of
Newspaper.
Retrieved from
newspaper
homepage URL
12. Online Newspaper Articles
Whiteside, K. (2004, August 31). College
athletes want cut of action. USA
Today. Retrieved
http://www.usatoday.com
(Whiteside, 2004)
or Whiteside (2014)
claims that..
Electronic Sources

Author’s name. (Date of
publication). Title of
article. Title of
Periodical, volume
number. Retrieved
month day, year, from
full URL.
13. Online Periodical
Devitt, T. (2001, August 2). Lightning
injures four at music festival. The
Why? Files. Retrieved January
23, 2002, from http://whyfiles.org/
137lightning/index.html
(Devitt, 2001) or
Devitt (2001)
introduces
Author’s name. (Date of
work. Retrieved month
day, year, from full
URL.
14. Online Document
GVU’s 8th WWW user survey: (n.d.).
Retrieved August 8, 2000, from
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/
gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10/
(GVU survey, n.d.)
Or
In a GVU survey
(n.d.), the result…
Website or Webpage

Format
In a Reference List In-text
Citation
Last name, First initial.
Middle initial. (Year,
Month, Date of blog
post). Title of blog post
[Blog post]. Retrieved
from URL
15. Blogs
McClintock Miller, S. (2014, January28).
EasyBib joins the Rainbow Loom project
as we dive into research with the third
graders [Blog post]. Retrieved from
http://vanmeterlibraryvoice.blogspot.com
(McClintock
Miller, 2014) or
McClintok
Miller (2014)
shows
Author, A. A., & Author,
B. B. (Date of
article. In Title of book
or larger
document (chapter or
section number).
Retrieved from
https://www.someaddre
ss.com/full/url/
16. Chapter/Section of a Web Document
or Online Book Chapter
Peckinpaugh, J. (2003). Change in the
Nineties. In J. S. Bough and G.B.
DuBois (Eds.), A century of growth in
America. Retrieved from GoldStar
database.
(Peckinpaugh,
2003) /
Peckinpaugh
(2003)

In a Reference List In-text Citation
17. Online Bibliographies and Annotated
Bibliographies
Jürgens, R. (2005). HIV/AIDS and HCV in Prisons: A
Select Annotated Bibliography. Retrieved from
https://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/alt_formats/hpb
dgps/pdf/intactiv/hiv-vih-aids-sida-prison
carceral_e.pdf
(Jurgens, 2005) or Jurgens
(2005) shows
18. Graphic Data (e.g. Interactive Maps and Other
Graphic Representations of Data)
Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment. (2007).
[Graph illustration the SORCE Spectral Plot May
8, 2008]. Solar Spectral Data Access from the
SIM, SOLSTICE, and XPS Instruments. Retrieved
from https://lasp.colorado.edu/cgi-bin/ion
p?page=input_data_for_ spectra.ion
(Solar Radiation and Climate
Experiment, 2007)

19. Qualitative Data and Online Interviews
Butler, C. (Interviewer) & Stevenson, R. (Interviewee).
(1999). Oral History 2 [Interview transcript]. Retrieved
from Johnson Space Center Oral Histories Project
website:https://ww11.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_
histories/oral_histories.htm
(Butler, 1999)
20. Online Lecture Notes and Presentation Slides
Hallam, A. Duality in consumer theory [PDF document].
Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online Website:
https://www.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ501/
Hallam/index.html
Roberts, K. F. (1998). Federal regulations of chemicals in
the environment [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from
https://siri.uvm.edu/ppt/40hrenv/index.html
(Halam, n.d.)
(Roberts, 1998)

21. YouTube Video or Video Blog Entry
PBSoffbook. (2013, October 3). How to be creative [Video
file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
weIQIthC3Ks
(PBSoffbook, 2013)
22. Wikis
OLPC Peru/Arahuay. (n.d.). Retrieved April 29, 2011from
the OLPC Wiki: https://wiki.laptop.org/go/OLPC_Peru/
Arahuay
(OLPC Peru, n.d.)
23. Audio Podcast
Bell, T., & Phillips, T. (2008, May 6). A solar flare. Science
@NASA Podcast. Podcast retrieved from
https://science.nasa.gov/podcast.htm
(Bell & Phillips, 2008)
24. Video Podcast
Scott, D. (Producer). (2007, January 5). The community
college classroom [Episode 7]. Adventures in
Education. Podcast retrieved from https://www.adveeducation.com
(Scott, 2007)

Producer Last
Name, First
initial. Middle
initial. (Producer),
& Director Last
Name, First
initial. Middle
initial. (Director).
(Year
Released). Title
of film [Motion
picture]. Country
of origin: Studio.
25. Films
Kurtz, G. (Producer), & Kershner, I.
(Director). (1980). The emperor
strikes back [Motion picture]. United
States: 20th Century Fox.
There is the option to
automatically cite
films found online, in
film, and on a
database.
Ex. In the movie, The
emperor strikes back
(1980)…

Writer Last Name, First
initial. Middle initial.
(Writer), & Director Last
Name, First initial.
(Director). (Year aired).
Title of episode
[Television or Radio
series episode]. In First
initial. Producer’s Last
name (Executive
producer), TV or Radio
series name. City, State
of original channel:
Channel..
26. TV and radio broadcasts:
Lin, K. (Writer), & Coles, J. D.
(Director). (2014). Chapter 18
[Television series episode]. In
Bays, C. (Executive
producer), House of cards.
Washington, D.C.: Netflix.
(Lin, 2014);
(House of Cards,
2014) or
In a television
episode House of
Cards written by Lin
(2014)…

For In-text citation:
(Interviewee First
initial., Last Name,
personal
communication, Date
Interviewed)
For referencing:
Last Name, First initial.
Middle initial. of
Individual being
interviewed (Year,
Month Day
Interviewed). Interview
by F. I. Last name
[Format of interview].
27. Interview:
(letters, telephone conversations,
emails, interviews)
Halsey, D. (2011, December 12).
Interview by S. L. Ferguson [In-
person].
(D. Halsey,
personal
communication,
December 12,
2011)

Middle initial. of
Songwriter. (Year
created). Song title
[Recorded by First initial.
Middle initial. Last name
of the performer’s name
or the name of the
band]. On Album
title [Medium]. Retrieved
from URL
28. Songs & musical recordings
found online
Hedfors, A., Ingrosso, S., & Angello,
S. (2012). Greyhound
[Recorded by Swedish House
Mafia]. On Until now [Audio file].
Retrieved from
https://open.spotify.com/track/
0VffaI2jwQknRrxpECYHsF
(Hedfors, Ingrosso
& Angello, 2012)
The second time:
(Hedfors, et. al.,
2012)

Middle initial. (Year
published). Title of
dissertation or
thesis (Doctoral dissertation
or Master’s thesis).
Retrieved from Name of
database. (Accession or
Order No. xxxxxxx).
29. Doctoral dissertations & Master’s
theses found on a database:
English, L. S. (2014). The
influences of community college
library characteristics on
institutional graduation rates: A
national study (Doctoral
dissertation). Retrieved from
American Doctoral
Dissertations.
(37CDD15DF659E63F).
Oba, M. (2015). Adsorption selectivity of
cations in constrained
environments (Master’s thesis).
Retrieved from
https://opencommons.uconn.edu/gs_thes
es/781/
English (2014)
Oba (2015)

Facebook user’s
Last name, F. M.
(Year, Monday
Day of Post). Full
text of Facebook
post [Facebook
status update].
Retrieved from
URL
30. Facebook Posts:
Gomez, S. (2018, May 18). I am at a complete
loss for words watching yet another school
shooting. This time in my home state of
Texas. Congress continues to do absolutely
nothing and it’s infuriating. My thoughts are
with the families of Santa Fe who were
supposed to be looking forward to summer
break with their loved ones. Please reach
out to Everytown for Gun Safety to see
what you can do to help be a part of this
movement that needs to get even louder
[Facebook status update]. Retrieved from
https://www.facebook.com/Selena/
(Gomez, 2018)
According to
Gomez (2018)’s
Facebook post…
Social Media

Account holder’s
Last name, F. M.
[Twitter Handle].
(Year, Month Day
of Post). Full text
of tweet [Tweet].
Retrieved from
URL
31. Twitter posts:
Edelman, J. [Edelman11]. (2018, April 26).
Nine years ago today my life changed
forever. New England took a chance on a
long shot and I’ve worked relentlessly ever
since to prove that it was the right decision.
Good luck to all the 2018 prospects. #Tbt
#NFLDraft [Tweet]. Retrieved from
https://twitter.com/Edelman11/
status/989652345922473985
(Edelman,
2018)…
(Edelman11,
2018)
Social Media

Account holder’s
Last name, F. M.
[@Instagram
handle]. (Year,
Month Day).
Caption
[Instagram photo].
Retrieved from
URL
32. Instagram posts:
Portman, N. [@natalieportman]. (2019,
January 5). Many of my best experiences
last year were getting to listen to and learn
from so many incredible people through
Time’s Up. But we’ve only just begun.
Here’s to continued meaningful change in
2019. @timesupnow #timesup [Instagram
photo]. Retrieved from
https://www.instagram.com/p/BsRD
FBB8HI/?utmsource=igwebcopylink
(Portman, 2019)
Social Media

Sample Reference Page
References
American Association for Artificial Intelligence. (2001, March). Retrieved from http://www.aaai.org
Bernstein, B. J. Atomic diplomacy: Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Diplomatic History, 28 (3), 126-129.
Broadway, B. (2002). Pink houses and family taverns. Bloomington, IL: Indiana University Press.
Broadway, B., Carrol, L., Smith, T. (2007). How the lady sings. New York: Harper.
Broadway, B., et al. (2008). How the man sings. New York: Harper.
Crane, N. F. (2003, September). Anarchy at sea. Atlantic Monthly, 50-80.
Creation of the media: Political origins of the media. (1922). Los Angeles: Houghton-Mifflin.
Foreman, R., Bennett, E., & Collins, T. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. The New
York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C., Plath, L. C., Asgaard, G., … Botros, N. (2004). Effects of
quitting smoking on EEG activation and attention last for more than 31 days and are more severe with stress,
dependence, DRD2 A1 allele, and depressive traits. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6, 249-267. doi:
10.1080/14622200410001676305
Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients.
Health Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225
Jackson, G. (2004). Multiple historic meanings of the Spanish civil war. Science and Society, 68(3), 272-276. Retrieved
from the Lexis Nexis Academic database.
Kramer, C. F. (2003, June 22). A health threat baffling for its lack of a pattern. The New York Times, p. A14.
Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate between perceived early parental love
and adult happiness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved from
http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap
Tyson, P. A., & Gordon, M.G. (1998). The Psychology of women. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 46,
361-364.
Van Delay, A. (1994). Venetian blinds: Contemporary study of compulsive lying. New York: Pendant Publishing.
Van Delay, A. (1997). Seinfeld: The show about nothing. New York: Penguin Books.

HEADINGS
APA uses a system of five heading levels

HEADINGS
Here is an example of the five-level heading system:

TABLES
Label tables with an Arabic numeral and provide a title. The label and
title appear on separate lines above the table, flush-left and single-
spaced.
Cite a source in a note below the table.
Table 1
Internet users in Europe
Note: The data are adapted from “The European
Union and Russia” (2007). Retrieved from
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu

FIGURES
1. Label figures with an Arabic numeral and provide a title. The label and the
title appear on the same line below the figure, flush-left .
2. You might provide an additional title centered above the figure.
3. Cite the source below the label and the title.
Figure 1. Internet users in Europe.
Adapted from The European Union and Russia: Statistical comparison by
Eurostat Statistical Books, 2007, Retrieved from
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu

List of SOURCES
• http://www.citationmachine.net/apa/cite-a-
book
Purdue Owl:
• https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_cit
ation/apa_style/apa_style_introduction.html
• Photos: google.com
• APA’s website: http://www.apastyle.org

Let’s check what have you
learned!

Identify whether the following is
associated with APA or NOT.
1. Used in humanities
2. Book citations require the author name, work title, publication
city, publisher, and publication year.
3. Ampersand is used in citing two or more authors
4. E-mails are not included in references
5. (Bernstein 28)
6. Harris, M. (2000). Talk to me: Engaging reluctant writers. In
Ben Rafoth (Ed.), A tutor’s guide: Helping writers one to
one (pp. 24–34). Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
You are given 2 minutes.

ANSWERS
1. Used in humanities--- NOT. mla
2. Book citations require the author name, work title, publication
city, publisher, and publication year. NOT. CHICAGO
3. Ampersand is used in citing two or more authors APA
4. E-mails are not included in references APA
Source: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/using_research/citation_style_chart.html
5. (Bernstein 28) NOT. MLA
6. Harris, M. (2000). Talk to me: Engaging reluctant writers. In
Ben Rafoth (Ed.), A tutor’s guide: Helping writers one to
one (pp. 24–34). Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. APA

“In order to succeed, be like
APA, don’t just focus on the
author, but also be mindful

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION REFERENCING STYLE & CITATION

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