1. Reference Writing Style 2. American Psychological Association (APA) 3. APA Style of Citation 4. APA Bibliography Style 5. Research Reference Writing 6. Academic Research 4. APA

1. Prepared By: RAFI ULLAH
(MS-Education)
Reviewed By: RIASAT BIBI
(M.Phil. Education)

2. • What is reference/citation……?
• Why Reference……?
• Types of reference writing
• APA reference writing Basic Rules
• Author Quote

3.  It is the way of acknowledging the source of
information
 Purpose of Reference or Citations is to let the
reader know from where information has
obtained so that sources can easily be located
and consulted.
 Reference should be given when:
o Discuss, summarize, or paraphrase the ideas
of an author
o Provide a direct quotation, definition etc.
o Use statistical or other data

4.  Acknowledging the Contribution of
others
 Evidence and support to the
statement
 Ethics of Research and Author
 This makes the work more reliable
 Shows the depth of study
 Avoidance of Academic misconduct,
cheating

5. 1. American Psychological Association (APA)
o Commonly used in Social Sciences (including
Education)
o Started in 1929
o Revised mostly after Ten (10) years
o Present and Active edition: 7th Ed. since 2020
2. Modern Language Association (MLA)
o Commonly used in Language, Literatures,
Humanities
o Started in 1883
o Present and Active edition: 8th Ed. since 2016

6. 3. Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)/Turabian Style
o Commonly used in History, Religion, Business
o Started in 1906
o Present and Active edition: 17th Ed. Since 2017
4. Council of Science Editors (CSE)
o Commonly used in Science but not mostly used
o Started in 1957
o Present and Active edition: 8th Ed. is active.
 Oxford Style
 Harvard Style (Uniform System of Citation-USC)
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer (IEEE)

7.  Author/s or Editor/s last name (surname)
appears first, followed by initials of First
Name (Mohammad Shoaib -- Shoaib, M.)
 Year of publication in brackets (2010).
 Full title of the book. Capitalize only the
first word of the title and Italicize it.
 Include the edition number, if applicable, in
brackets after the title (3rd ed.)
 Place of publication. Include the city or
Code and Country (NY, USA or Lahore,
Pakistan)

8.  Book: One Author
Hunt, M. (1993). The story of psychology.
Doubleday. New York.
 Book: Multiple Authors
Bordens, K. S., & Abbott, B. B. (1999).
Research design and methods: A process
approach (4th ed.). Mountain View, CA:
Mayfield.

9.  Simpson, M. L., Stahl, N. A., & Francis, M. A.
(2004). Reading and learning strategies:
Recommendations for the 21st century.
Journal of Developmental Education, 28(2),
2−15.
Brown, C., & Austin, D. (2009). Fatty acids,
and disorder. E-journal of Applied
Psychology, 5(1), 49−52. Retrieved from
http://ojs/lib.swin.edu.au/

10.  Harris, M. (2011, August 16). Grades improve
if classes start later, studies find. The
Calgary Herald. Retrieved from
http://www.calgaryherald.com/
 World Health Organization. (2010). The WHO
agenda. Retrieved July 17, 2010, from
http://www.who.int/about/agenda/en/inde
x.html

11.  Twitter, Facebook, Youtube,
 Direct Interview
 Government Reports
 Statistical Data
 Motion Pictures (Movies)
 Handouts, Slides presentation
 Legislation (Codes, Rules, Regulation)
 Image, Picture, Art-work

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