This ppt contains beta lactum antibiotics for B.pharm people. the mechanism of action, classification was well explained. Degradations and generations of penicillins and cephalosporins was covered.
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This slide describes the Important Synthesis of Antiviral Drugs
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This slide describes the Important Synthesis of Antiviral Drugs
Aminoglycosides(medicinal chemistry by p.ravisankar)Dr. Ravi Sankar
Aminoglycosides,Aminocyclitols,Source,Structures of streptomycin,Dihydrostreptomycin,A mention of other aminoglycoside antibiotics,Acid hydrolysis,Mechanism of action,SAR,Dihydrostreptomycin and its importance,therapeutic uses, toxicity.
THIS PRESENTATION ABOUT ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS DETAILING THE COMPLETE INFORMATION ABOUT THE DRUGS USED WITH ITS MECHANISM OF ACTION, STRUCTURAL ACTIVITY AND DOSES.
These are antibiotics having a macrocyclic
lactone ring with attached sugars. Erythromycin
is the first member discovered in the 1950s,
Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin and Azithromycin
are the later additions. Antimicrobial spectrum is narrow,
includes mostly gram-positive and a few gramnegative
bacteria, and overlaps considerably with
that of penicillin G. Erythromycin is highly active
against Str. pyogenes and Str. pneumoniae, N.
gonorrhoeae, Clostridia, C. diphtheriae and
Listeria, but penicillin-resistant Staphylococci
and Streptococci are now resistant to erythromycin
also.
All cocci readily develop resistance
to erythromycin, mostly by acquiring the
capacity to pump it out. Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
have been found to produce an erythromycin
esterase. Alteration in the ribosomal binding
site for erythromycin by a plasmid encoded
methylase enzyme is an important mechanism of
resistance in gram-positive bacteria. All the above
types of resistance are plasmid mediated. Change
in the 50S ribosome by chromosomal mutation
reducing macrolide binding a
Anti Malarial Drugs of medicinal chemistryPranjal Saxena
This slide contain information about Anti Malarial Drugs and their description with the synthesis of Chloroquine and pamaquine
SAR of quinolines
Miscellaneous agents of anti Malarial
antiviral drugs medicinal chemistry by padala varaprasadVaraprasad Padala
medicinal chemistry of antiviral drugs by padala varaprasad
mainly includes structures, SAR , mechanism of action, uses and toxicity of antiviral drugs
Urinary Tract Anti-Infective Agents: Definition, Classification
[Study of the following category of medicinal compounds with respect classification, chemical name, chemical structure (compounds with * mark), uses, stability and storage conditions, different types of formulation & their popular brand names]
Norfloxacin
Ciprofloxacin,
Ofloxacin*,
Moxifloxacin,
Cephalosporins & other β lactam antibiotics & cell wall destructorsFarazaJaved
this ppt cover all 5 generations of cephalosporins and about beta lactam atibiotics and cell wall destructors data available till now. hope u ll find it useful.
Aminoglycosides(medicinal chemistry by p.ravisankar)Dr. Ravi Sankar
Aminoglycosides,Aminocyclitols,Source,Structures of streptomycin,Dihydrostreptomycin,A mention of other aminoglycoside antibiotics,Acid hydrolysis,Mechanism of action,SAR,Dihydrostreptomycin and its importance,therapeutic uses, toxicity.
THIS PRESENTATION ABOUT ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS DETAILING THE COMPLETE INFORMATION ABOUT THE DRUGS USED WITH ITS MECHANISM OF ACTION, STRUCTURAL ACTIVITY AND DOSES.
These are antibiotics having a macrocyclic
lactone ring with attached sugars. Erythromycin
is the first member discovered in the 1950s,
Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin and Azithromycin
are the later additions. Antimicrobial spectrum is narrow,
includes mostly gram-positive and a few gramnegative
bacteria, and overlaps considerably with
that of penicillin G. Erythromycin is highly active
against Str. pyogenes and Str. pneumoniae, N.
gonorrhoeae, Clostridia, C. diphtheriae and
Listeria, but penicillin-resistant Staphylococci
and Streptococci are now resistant to erythromycin
also.
All cocci readily develop resistance
to erythromycin, mostly by acquiring the
capacity to pump it out. Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
have been found to produce an erythromycin
esterase. Alteration in the ribosomal binding
site for erythromycin by a plasmid encoded
methylase enzyme is an important mechanism of
resistance in gram-positive bacteria. All the above
types of resistance are plasmid mediated. Change
in the 50S ribosome by chromosomal mutation
reducing macrolide binding a
Anti Malarial Drugs of medicinal chemistryPranjal Saxena
This slide contain information about Anti Malarial Drugs and their description with the synthesis of Chloroquine and pamaquine
SAR of quinolines
Miscellaneous agents of anti Malarial
antiviral drugs medicinal chemistry by padala varaprasadVaraprasad Padala
medicinal chemistry of antiviral drugs by padala varaprasad
mainly includes structures, SAR , mechanism of action, uses and toxicity of antiviral drugs
Urinary Tract Anti-Infective Agents: Definition, Classification
[Study of the following category of medicinal compounds with respect classification, chemical name, chemical structure (compounds with * mark), uses, stability and storage conditions, different types of formulation & their popular brand names]
Norfloxacin
Ciprofloxacin,
Ofloxacin*,
Moxifloxacin,
Cephalosporins & other β lactam antibiotics & cell wall destructorsFarazaJaved
this ppt cover all 5 generations of cephalosporins and about beta lactam atibiotics and cell wall destructors data available till now. hope u ll find it useful.
The cephalosporins are β-lactam antibiotics isolated from Cephalosporium spp. or prepared semisynthetically
Most of the antibiotics introduced since 1965 have been semisynthetic cephalosporins.
This ppt covers the classification of anti psychotics with structures and IUPAC names, MOA, uses, metabolism and side effects. Dopaminergic pathways also given
This ppt covers the classification, structures and IUPAC names, Mechanism of action and uses of individual drugs...under anticonvulsants topic..Side effects/metabolism are also given for few
This ppt contains information on the classification, structures, uses and SAR related to macrolide antibiotics, lincomycins and chloramphenicol. It was prepared according to PCI syllabus for B.Pharma graduates
It contains classification, SAR, MOA, metabolism and usd of hypnotics and sedatives. Barbiturates and benzodiazepines were discussed as per PCI syllabus. This helps B.Pharm students to learn with focus
This presentation covers about the classification of diuretics, structures with mechanism of action and SAR and therapeutic uses of drugs according to PCI syllabus
This PPT on hypnotics and sedatives covers the Introduction, SAR classification and mechanism of action of drugs listed as per PCI syllabus for in medicinal chemistry for B. Pharmacy
Calcium channel blockers - Medicinal chemistry for B.Pharm.Purna Nagasree K
This ppt describes about the drugs used as calcium channel blockers, their mechanism of action, metabolism and Structure activity relationship of dihydropyridines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Cambridge International AS A Level Biology Coursebook - EBook (MaryFosbery J...
Beta lactam antibiotics, PCI syllabus for B.Pharm.
1. MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY III
B. Pharmacy III/IV (Second sem.)
Dr. K. Purna Nagasree
M.Pharm. (BITS, Pilani), Ph.D., PDF (DST, WOSA)
Associate Professor
VIGNAN INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL
TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by PCI, AICTE New Delhi and affiliated to JNTUK)
ANISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015, OHSAS 18001:2007 Certified institution, beside VSEZ, Duvvada,
Vishakapatnam-530049, Andhra Pradesh, India
2021
2. Antibiotics: Historical background, Nomenclature,
Stereochemistry, Structure activity relationship, Chemical
degradation classification and important products of the
following classes.
β-Lactam antibiotics: Penicillin, Cepholosporins, β- Lactamase
inhibitors, Monobactams
Aminoglycosides: Streptomycin, Neomycin, Kanamycin
Tetracyclines: Tetracycline, Oxytetracycline, Chlortetracycline,
Minocycline, Doxycycline
Unit I
3. Sir Alexander Fleming - 1929, accidentally discovered the
antibacterial properties of penicillin
Chain and Florey -1939
Penicillin was clinically used - 1941
In 1942, Waksman proposed the search of actinomycetes and
discovered streptomycin in 1944.
synthetic and semisynthetic agents.
Introduction
9. The cephalosporins were isolated from the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium
in 1948 by Pro Tzu, Newton, and Abraham (1953)
Cephalosporins contain dihydrometathiazine ring, while penicillin contains a
tetrahydrothiazole (thiazolidine) ring
The cephalosporins are much more acid stable than the corresponding
penicillins,.
Cephalosporins can be divided into three classes:
1. Cephalosporin N: penicillin-like structure - a derivative of 6-aminopenicillanic acid.
2. Cephalosporin P: An acidic antibiotic, which is steroidal in nature
.
3. Cephalosporin-C: It is a true cephalosporin and it is a derivative of 7 amino-
cephalosporanic acid – semi synthetic derivatives
Cephalosporins
10. Cepham is the name given to the unsubstituted bicyclic
lactam.
Cephalosporins
11. a. Orally administered: cephalexin, cephradine, and cefaclor
b. Parentrally administered: cephalothin, cephapirin, cephacetrile, and
cefazedone. These agents are sensitive to β-lactamase
c. Resistant to β-lactamase and parentrally administered: cefuroxime,
cefamandole, cefoxitin
d. Metabolically unstable: cephalothin and cephapirin
Classification
Cephalosporins
(Route of administration)
14. SAR of cephalosporins
1. 7-Acylamino substituents:
(i) Acylation of amino group generally increases the potency against gram-
positive bacteria, but decreases gram-negative potency.
(ii) Substituents on the aromatic ring that increases lipophilicity provide
higher gram- positive activity and generally lower gram-negative activity.
(iii) The phenyl ring in the side-chain can be replaced with other heterocycles
with improved spectrum of activity and pharmacokinetic properties, and
these include thiophene, tetrazole, furan, pyridine
15. 2. C-3 substituents:
influences pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties as well as
antibacterial activity. Modification at C-3 position has been made to reduce
the degradation of cephalosporins.
(i) The benzoyl ester - improved gram-positive activity but lower gram-negative
activity.
(ii) Pyridine and imidazole- show improved activity against P. aeruginosa.
azide ion with relatively low gram-negative activity.
(iii) aromatic thiols of 3-acetoxy group results in an enhancement of activity
against gram-negative bacteria with improved pharmacokinetic properties.
(iv) Replacement of acetoxy group at C-3 position with —CH3, Cl has resulted in
orally active compounds.
SAR of cephalosporins
16. 3. Introduction of C-7 α-methoxy group shows higher resistance to hydrolysis
by β-lactamases
4. Oxidation of ring sulphur to sulphoxide or sulphone greatly diminishes or
destroys the antibacterial activity.
5. Replacement of sulphur with oxygen leads to oxacepam with increased
antibacterial activity, with methylene group - greater chemical stability and a
longer half-life.
6. The carboxyl group of position-4 has been converted into ester prodrugs to
increase bioavailability of cephalosporins, and these can be given orally as well.
Examples include cefuroxime axetil and cefodoxime proxetil.
7. Olefinic linkage at C 3-4 is essential for antibacterial activity. Isomerization of
the double bond to 2-3 position leads to great losses in antibacterial activity
SAR of
cephalosporins
20. It is more resistant to inactivation by gastric juice than
penicillin G and better absorbed from the gastro intestinal (GI)
tract.
Penicillin V is given to treat ‘trench mouth’.
It is useful in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis,
pneumonia, arthritis, meningitis, and endocarditis caused by S.
pyogenes.
Penicillin
V
21. It is particularly resistant to inactivation by the penicillinase
found in Staphylococci, Bacillus cereus
Methicillin sodium has been introduced for use in the
treatment of Staphylococci infections caused by the strains
resistant to other penicillins.
It is given by IM or by slow IV infusion every 4–6 h.
Methicillin
22. Use should be restricted to the treatment of infections caused
by Staphylococci that are resistant to penicillin G
Oxacillins (Phenyl methyl Isoxazolyl
penicillins)
23. It is used to treat urinary tract infections and respiratory tract
infections
The α-amino group plays an important role in the broader
activity.
Ampicillin stable to acid hydrolysis and instable to alkaline
hydrolysis. Pivampicillin is a prodrug of ampicillin
Ampicillin
24. It is effective in the treatment of systemic and urinary tract
infections.
The carboxyl group is thought to provide improved penetration
of the molecule through the cell wall barriers of gram-negative
bacilli as compared with other penicillins.
acid labile being a malonic acid derivative, it decarboxylates
readily to penicillin G.
It has low toxicity, and interferes with platelet function resulting
in bleeding
Carbenicillin
25. It is particularly recommended for urinary tract infection
The α-amino group of cephalexin renders it acid stable.
The 3-methyl group is responsible for the metabolic stability.
Cephalexin (phenyl acetamido 7ACA)
26. a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with bactericidal
activity.
Cefamandole is active against Haemophilus and gram-negative
bacilli susceptible to other cephalosporins.
solutions are stored for 24 h at room temperature or up to 96 h
by refrigeration
Cefamandole
27. It is a beta lactamase resistant cephalosporin, used in lower
respiratory infection and meningitis
Cefpirome (4th generation) is used to treat susceptible infections,
including urinary and respiratory tract infections, skin infections,
septicaemia, and infections in immuno-compromised patients.
Ceftizoxime sodium
2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl] 7 ACA
28. cephalosporins
Allergic manifestation: The cephalosporins should be avoided or
used with caution in individuals allergic to penicillins.
When cefamandole or cefoperazone is ingested with alcohol, a
disulphiram like effect is seen
ii. Bleeding: Bleeding can occur with cefemandole or
ceforperazone because of antivitamin K effects. But the
administration of the vitamin overcomes this problem.
Adverse reactions
29. Penicillins- Anaphylactic shock
Common allergic reactions to penicillin include rashes etc itchy
eyes, and swollen lips, tongue, or face.
In rare cases, an allergy to penicillin can cause an anaphylactic
reaction (in an hour) which can be deadly
Epinephrine
Adverse reactions
30. Unlike other beta-lactams, the monobactam contains a nucleus
with no fused ring attached. Thus, there is less probability of
cross-sensitivity reactions.
Example:
Aztreonam
Monobactams
31. Although they exhibit negligible antimicrobial activity, they contain the
β-lactam ring.
prevent the inactivation of β-lactam antibiotics by binding the β-
lactamases
they are co-administered with β-lactam antibiotics. These drugs are
irreversible inhibitors of β-lactamase
these bind the enzyme and do not allow it to interact with the
antibiotic
Beta lactamase inhibitors
Editor's Notes
Anaphylactic shock is a rare but severe allergic reaction that can be deadly if you don't treat it right away. It's most often caused by an allergy to food, insect bites, or certain medications. A shot of a drug called epinephrine is needed immediately,