THIS PRESENTATION ABOUT ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS DETAILING THE COMPLETE INFORMATION ABOUT THE DRUGS USED WITH ITS MECHANISM OF ACTION, STRUCTURAL ACTIVITY AND DOSES.
Malignancy is most familiar as a characterization of cancer.Chemotherapy is a category of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen
Anti Malarial Drugs of medicinal chemistryPranjal Saxena
This slide contain information about Anti Malarial Drugs and their description with the synthesis of Chloroquine and pamaquine
SAR of quinolines
Miscellaneous agents of anti Malarial
Aminoglycosides(medicinal chemistry by p.ravisankar)Dr. Ravi Sankar
Aminoglycosides,Aminocyclitols,Source,Structures of streptomycin,Dihydrostreptomycin,A mention of other aminoglycoside antibiotics,Acid hydrolysis,Mechanism of action,SAR,Dihydrostreptomycin and its importance,therapeutic uses, toxicity.
The cephalosporins are β-lactam antibiotics isolated from Cephalosporium spp. or prepared semisynthetically
Most of the antibiotics introduced since 1965 have been semisynthetic cephalosporins.
002. Cephalosporins for students 2023 Prof. P. Ravisankar.pdfDr. Ravi Sankar
Cephalosporins, Why Cephalosporins? Advantages of cephalosporins over penicillin, Mechanism of action of cephalosporins, Classification of cephalosporins, Structures of some important cephalosporins and cephamycins, Oximinocephalosporins, SAR of cephalosporins,Hydrolytic reactions, degradation and stability of cephalosporins, Uses of cephalosporins, Comparison between 6-APA and 7-ACA and penam and cepham.
THIS PRESENTATION ABOUT ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS DETAILING THE COMPLETE INFORMATION ABOUT THE DRUGS USED WITH ITS MECHANISM OF ACTION, STRUCTURAL ACTIVITY AND DOSES.
Malignancy is most familiar as a characterization of cancer.Chemotherapy is a category of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen
Anti Malarial Drugs of medicinal chemistryPranjal Saxena
This slide contain information about Anti Malarial Drugs and their description with the synthesis of Chloroquine and pamaquine
SAR of quinolines
Miscellaneous agents of anti Malarial
Aminoglycosides(medicinal chemistry by p.ravisankar)Dr. Ravi Sankar
Aminoglycosides,Aminocyclitols,Source,Structures of streptomycin,Dihydrostreptomycin,A mention of other aminoglycoside antibiotics,Acid hydrolysis,Mechanism of action,SAR,Dihydrostreptomycin and its importance,therapeutic uses, toxicity.
The cephalosporins are β-lactam antibiotics isolated from Cephalosporium spp. or prepared semisynthetically
Most of the antibiotics introduced since 1965 have been semisynthetic cephalosporins.
002. Cephalosporins for students 2023 Prof. P. Ravisankar.pdfDr. Ravi Sankar
Cephalosporins, Why Cephalosporins? Advantages of cephalosporins over penicillin, Mechanism of action of cephalosporins, Classification of cephalosporins, Structures of some important cephalosporins and cephamycins, Oximinocephalosporins, SAR of cephalosporins,Hydrolytic reactions, degradation and stability of cephalosporins, Uses of cephalosporins, Comparison between 6-APA and 7-ACA and penam and cepham.
To enjoy the presentation kindly download it.
For Original view, download "Poetsen One" font style from dafont website.
Here I have discussed all the first to fifth generation cephalosporins.
Beta lactam antibiotics, PCI syllabus for B.Pharm.Purna Nagasree K
This ppt contains beta lactum antibiotics for B.pharm people. the mechanism of action, classification was well explained. Degradations and generations of penicillins and cephalosporins was covered.
This presentation highlights on the introduction, classification, structures, SAR and mechanism of action of different Diuretics. Pharmacy students will be benefited by this content.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Basavarajeeyam - Ayurvedic heritage book of Andhra pradesh
Cephalosporin- Beta lactam Antibiotic
1. CEPHALOSPORINS
Dr. Vishal S. More,
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Amrutvahini College of Pharmacy, Sangamner.
2. The Cephalosporins were isolated from the fungus
“Cephalosporium acremonium” by Pro Tzu (1948),
Newton and Abraham (1953). The main product being
Cephalosporin-C, the molecular modification of
Cephalosporin-c gave origin to semisynthetic substances.
They are β-lactam antibiotics with same fundamental
structural requirements as penicillins, the main difference
between the two is that cephalosporins contain
dihydrometathiazine ring, while penicillin contains a
tetrahydrothiazole (thiazolidine) ring. The cephalosporins
are much more acid stable than the corresponding
penicillins and also have a mechanism of action similar to
that of penicillins; they mainly inhibit the cross-linking of
the peptidoglycan units in bacterial cell walls by inhibiting
transpeptidase enzyme. However, they bind in the target
proteins other than Penicillins Binding Proteins.
3. CHEMISTRY OF CEPHALOSPORINS
(-LACTAM RING/
2- AZETIDINONE RING)
1
3
2
4
THIAZINE RING
5
2
7
6
1
4
7- Amino Cephalosporanic Acid
8 3
2
3
S
1
4
6
N
5
6H-1,3-thiazine
5. CEPHALOSPORINS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE CLASSES:-
1.Cephalosporin N: It has a penicillin-like structure being a derivative of 6-
aminopenicillanic acid.
2. Cephalosporin P: An acidic antibiotic, which is steroidal in nature.
3. Cephalosporin C: It is a true cephalosporin and it is a derivative of
7 amino-cephalosporanic acid.
Generalized formula for cephalosporins:-
In cephalosporin C
Cepahlosporin C contains a side-chain derived from D-α-aminoadipic acid,
which is attached to 7-aminocephalosporanic acid
In cephalosporin N
8. CLINICALLY USED CEPHALOSPORINS
I. First-generation cephalosporins
These drugs have the highest activity against gram-positive bacteria
and the lowest activity against gram negative bacteria.
II. Second-generation cephalosporins
These drugs are more active against gram-negative bacteria and less
active against gram-positive bacteria than first-generation members.
III. Third-generation cephalosporins
These drugs are less active than first-generation drugs against gram-
positive organisms, but have a much expanded spectrum of activity
against gram-negative organisms.
IV. Fourth-generation cephalosporins
Cefepime and cefpirome are new fourth-generation parenteral
cephalosporins with a spectrum of activity which makes them
suitable for the treatment of infections caused by a wide variety of
bacteria.
19. POSITIONS FOR POSSIBLE MODIFICATION
OF CEPHALOSPORIN C. (THE SHADING INDICATES
POSITIONS WHICH CAN BE VARIED)
20. SAR OF CEPHALOSPORINS
1. 7-Acylamino substitution:-
a. The addition of amino group and a hydrogen to α and α1
position produces basic compound, which is protonated under
acidic conditions of stomach. The ammonium ion improves the
stability of β-lactam of cephalosporins and make active orally.
Activity against positive bacteria is increased and gram negative
is decreased by acylation of amino group.
b. When the new acyl groups are derived from carboxylic acids, it
shows good spectrum of antibacterial action for gram-positive
bacteria.
c. Substitutions on the aromatic ring phenyl that increase
lipophilicity provide higher gram-positive activity and generally
lower gram-negative activity.
d. The phenyl ring in the side chain can be replaced with other
heterocycles with improved spectrum of activity and
pharmacokinetic properties; these include thiophene, tetrazole,
furan, pyridine, and aminothiazoles.
21. e. The L-isomer of an α-amino α1-hydrogen derivative of
cephalosphorins was 30- 40 fold stable than D-isomer. Addition of
methoxy oxime to α and α1 increases the stability to nearly 100-
fold. The presence of catechol grouping can also enhance activity,
particularly, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and also retain
some gram-positive activity, which is unused for a catechol
cephalosporin.
Catechol
Oxime
22. These compounds penetrate into the cell by utilizing the
bacterial ion β-dependent ion transport system. There is a
reduction of Gram negative activity when the lipophilicity of
this side chain is increased and effects of polar α-substituents
are enhanced (OH, NH2, SO3H, COOH).
23. 2. Modification in the C-3 substitution:-
The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics depends on C-3
substituents. Modification at C-3 position has been made to reduce
the degradation (lactone of desacetyl cephalosporin) of
cephalosporins.
a. The benzoyl ester displayers improved gram-positive activity, but
lowered gram-negative activity.
b. Pyridine, imidaozle replaced acetoxy group by azide ion yields
derivative with relatively low gram negative activity.
c. Displacement with aromatic thiols of 3-acetoxy group results in
an enhancement of activity against gram-negative bacteria with
improved pharmacokinetic properties.
d. Orally active compounds are produced by replacement of acetoxy
group at C-3 position with CH3 and Cl.
24. 3. Other modifications
a. Methoxy group at C-7, shows higher resistance to hydrolysis
by β-lactamase.
b. Oxidation of ring spectrum to sulphoxide or sulphone greatly
diminishes or destroys the antibacterial activity.
c. Replacement of sulphur with oxygen leads to oxacepam
(latamoxet) with increased antibacterial activity, because of its
enhanced acylating power. Similarly, replacement of sulphur
with methylene group (loracavet) has greater chemical stability
and a longer half-life.
d. The carboxyl group position-4 has been converted into ester
prodrugs to increase bioavailability of cephalosporins, and these
can be given orally as well.
e. The antibacterial activity depends on the olefinic linkage at
C-3 and C-4 position and their activity is lost due to the
ionization of double bond to 2nd and 3rd positions.
25. a. In strong acid solutions
DEGRADATION OF CEPHALOSPORINS
Cephalosporins experience a variety of
hydrolytic degradation reactions.
28. CHEMICAL PREPARATION OF 7-AMINO CEPHALOSPORANIC
ACID AND 7-AMINODEACETOXY CEPHALOSPORANIC ACID
29. MODE OF ACTION OF ΒETA-LACTAM
ANTIBIOTICS
The cell wall of bacteria is essential for the normal growth and
development. Peptidoglycan is a heteropolymeric component of
the cell wall that provides rigid mechanism for stability by virtue of
its highly cross-linked lattice-wise structure.
The peptidoglycan is composed of glycan chains, which are linear
strands of two alternating amino sugars (N-acetyl glucosamine and
N-acetylmuramic acid) that are cross-linked by peptide chains of an
enzyme, transpeptidase.
Penicillins inhibit the transpeptidase activity to the synthesis of cell
walls. They also block cleavage of terminal D-alanine during the
cell wall synthesis.
The biosynthesis of peptidoglycan involves three stages. Βeta-
lactam antibiotics inhibit the last step in peptidoglycan synthesis.
The transpeptidase enzyme that contains serine is probably
acylated by β-lactam antibiotics with the cleavage of -CO-N-bond of
the β-lactam ring. This renders the enzyme inoperative and inhibits
peptidoglycan synthesis.Cephalosporins bind in the target proteins
other than Penicillins Binding Proteins.
30. Step I Uridine diphosphate (UDP) acetyl muramyl pentapeptide
(Precursor formation)
Step II
+UDP-acetyl glucosamine
Glu NAC-mur NAC-pentapeptide
(Long polymer)
Step III Transpeptidone-Ser-OH
Peptidoglycan
(Cross-linked polymer)
STAGES INVOLVED IN THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN
β-Lactam antibiotics Inhibit
*Cephalosporins bind in the target proteins other than
Penicillins Binding Proteins.