Penicillin (PCN or pen) is a group of antibiotics which include penicillin G (intravenous use), penicillin V (use by mouth), procaine penicillin, and benzathine penicillin (intramuscular use). Penicillin antibiotics were among the first medications to be effective against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci. They are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria have developed resistance following extensive use.
About 10% of people report that they are allergic to penicillin; however, up to 90% of this group may not actually be allergic.[2] Serious allergies only occur in about 0.03%.[2] All penicillins are β-lactam antibiotics.
This document discusses β-lactam antibiotics, specifically penicillins. It covers the chemistry and classification of penicillins, including natural vs. semi-synthetic penicillins. The structure-activity relationship of penicillins is examined in depth, focusing on factors that influence spectrum of activity, acid stability, and bacterial resistance, such as penicillinase production. Extended-spectrum penicillins like ampicillin and carbenicillin are described as having activity against gram-negative bacteria through the introduction of ionizable groups that increase polarity and membrane permeability. Resistance mechanisms include bacterial production of beta-lactamase enzymes that deactivate penicillins by hydrolyzing the beta-lactam ring.
This document provides information on various antibiotics, with a focus on penicillin. It defines antibiotics and classifies them into different groups. It then discusses beta-lactam antibiotics and their mechanism of inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. The document outlines the timeline of penicillin discovery and development. It describes the mechanism of action of penicillins, including their inhibition of transpeptidase enzyme and weakening of the bacterial cell wall. Finally, it provides details on specific penicillin drugs, their indications, mechanisms, side effects and dosages.
Penicillins are a group of antibiotics derived from the Penicillium mold. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 after noticing bacteria-killing properties of the mold. Penicillins work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis through binding to penicillin-binding proteins. They are classified based on source, administration route, and spectrum of activity. Common side effects include diarrhea and rash. Therapeutic uses include pneumonia, meningitis, and other bacterial infections.
Penicillin is a group of antibacterial drugs that were the first used by doctors. They are obtained from fungi and work by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis. There are several classifications of penicillin including narrow spectrum, broad spectrum, and penicillinase resistant. Common indications are streptococcal infections, otitis media, tonsillitis, and more. Side effects can include diarrhea, rash, and allergic reactions. Special precautions are needed for those breastfeeding, with kidney disease, or other health conditions.
In This PPt you will find every detail about Penicillin
like history of penicillin
Discovery of penicillin
Manufacture of penicillin
Advantage of penicillin
Disadvantage of penicillin
This document provides a summary of the history and properties of penicillin. It discusses how Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered penicillin in 1928 when he observed that a mold in one of his culture dishes was releasing a substance that killed surrounding bacteria. Later researchers were able to isolate and purify penicillin, which paved the way for its clinical use. The document also describes the structure of penicillin including its beta-lactam ring and how its mechanism of action involves binding to bacterial cell walls. Common uses and side effects of penicillin are also summarized.
Penicillin Classification, Mechanism of Action, Structure Activity Relationship, Structure of Penicillins, penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) functional propertiesCross-linking of the peptidoglycan by transpeptidases, Cross-linking of the peptidoglycan by transpeptidases, Shape of penicillin G Penicillin SAR AcylSide Chain Modifications Instability of β-lactams to nucleophiles
Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins Protein Binding of Penicillins
Penicillin (PCN or pen) is a group of antibiotics which include penicillin G (intravenous use), penicillin V (use by mouth), procaine penicillin, and benzathine penicillin (intramuscular use). Penicillin antibiotics were among the first medications to be effective against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci. They are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria have developed resistance following extensive use.
About 10% of people report that they are allergic to penicillin; however, up to 90% of this group may not actually be allergic.[2] Serious allergies only occur in about 0.03%.[2] All penicillins are β-lactam antibiotics.
This document discusses β-lactam antibiotics, specifically penicillins. It covers the chemistry and classification of penicillins, including natural vs. semi-synthetic penicillins. The structure-activity relationship of penicillins is examined in depth, focusing on factors that influence spectrum of activity, acid stability, and bacterial resistance, such as penicillinase production. Extended-spectrum penicillins like ampicillin and carbenicillin are described as having activity against gram-negative bacteria through the introduction of ionizable groups that increase polarity and membrane permeability. Resistance mechanisms include bacterial production of beta-lactamase enzymes that deactivate penicillins by hydrolyzing the beta-lactam ring.
This document provides information on various antibiotics, with a focus on penicillin. It defines antibiotics and classifies them into different groups. It then discusses beta-lactam antibiotics and their mechanism of inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. The document outlines the timeline of penicillin discovery and development. It describes the mechanism of action of penicillins, including their inhibition of transpeptidase enzyme and weakening of the bacterial cell wall. Finally, it provides details on specific penicillin drugs, their indications, mechanisms, side effects and dosages.
Penicillins are a group of antibiotics derived from the Penicillium mold. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 after noticing bacteria-killing properties of the mold. Penicillins work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis through binding to penicillin-binding proteins. They are classified based on source, administration route, and spectrum of activity. Common side effects include diarrhea and rash. Therapeutic uses include pneumonia, meningitis, and other bacterial infections.
Penicillin is a group of antibacterial drugs that were the first used by doctors. They are obtained from fungi and work by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis. There are several classifications of penicillin including narrow spectrum, broad spectrum, and penicillinase resistant. Common indications are streptococcal infections, otitis media, tonsillitis, and more. Side effects can include diarrhea, rash, and allergic reactions. Special precautions are needed for those breastfeeding, with kidney disease, or other health conditions.
In This PPt you will find every detail about Penicillin
like history of penicillin
Discovery of penicillin
Manufacture of penicillin
Advantage of penicillin
Disadvantage of penicillin
This document provides a summary of the history and properties of penicillin. It discusses how Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered penicillin in 1928 when he observed that a mold in one of his culture dishes was releasing a substance that killed surrounding bacteria. Later researchers were able to isolate and purify penicillin, which paved the way for its clinical use. The document also describes the structure of penicillin including its beta-lactam ring and how its mechanism of action involves binding to bacterial cell walls. Common uses and side effects of penicillin are also summarized.
Penicillin Classification, Mechanism of Action, Structure Activity Relationship, Structure of Penicillins, penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) functional propertiesCross-linking of the peptidoglycan by transpeptidases, Cross-linking of the peptidoglycan by transpeptidases, Shape of penicillin G Penicillin SAR AcylSide Chain Modifications Instability of β-lactams to nucleophiles
Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins Protein Binding of Penicillins
1. Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 when he noticed it being produced by the mould Penicillium notatum. Amoxicillin is a semi-synthetic penicillin derived from penicillin G that was first made in 1972.
2. Amoxicillin targets the penicillin-binding proteins in bacterial cell walls and inhibits the final stage of cell wall biosynthesis in gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria. It has good oral absorption and a longer half-life than ampicillin.
3. Amoxicillin was designed to be more stable in the gastrointestinal tract than ampicillin through modifications to its structure, improving its bioavailability. It is often combined with clavulanic
Penicillin was the first discovered antibiotic, found accidentally by Alexander Fleming in 1928 when a mold inhibited Staphylococcus bacteria growth. It works by inhibiting cell wall synthesis in bacteria. There are now natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic penicillins that are administered for various bacterial infections and come in different forms depending on acid resistance and ability to resist penicillinase enzymes produced by some bacteria. Beta-lactamase inhibitors like clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam are often combined with penicillins to restore their effectiveness against bacteria that produce these enzymes.
Penicillin is an antibiotic that was first discovered in 1941 and works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. It comes in both oral and injectable forms for treating various bacterial infections. Common side effects include diarrhea, rashes, and allergic reactions like anaphylaxis. Nurses must carefully assess patients for allergies and monitor for signs of side effects when administering penicillin.
Penicillin is produced through the fermentation of Penicillium fungi. The production process involves growing the fungi in a liquid culture medium under controlled conditions. As the fungi grows, it produces penicillin. The fermentation broth is then filtered to remove the fungi biomass. Organic solvent extraction is used to extract the penicillin from the broth. Finally, the penicillin is purified into a powder through further extraction, crystallization, and drying processes.
Penicillin is one of the foremost important antibiotic in the world. It is used against the gram positive bacteria. But the resistance mechanism has been developed by them. But researchers are taking step to synthesis such synthetic penicillin for multipurpose use.
This document discusses penicillin antibiotics, including their classification, mechanisms of action, spectra, forms, indications, and adverse effects. It covers natural penicillins, penicillinase resistant penicillins, aminopenicillins, carboxypenicillins, and ureidopenicillins. Key indications for penicillin use include syphilis, gonorrhea, streptococcal infections, and prophylaxis for rheumatic fever. Adverse effects can include rashes, seizures, and bleeding disorders. Aminopenicillins like ampicillin and amoxicillin are also discussed, along with their absorption, interactions, dosing, and common indications for urinary tract infections and respiratory infections.
This document summarizes the production of penicillin from Penicillium molds. It describes how penicillin was discovered in 1928 and began being used to treat bacterial infections in 1942. The production process involves growing Penicillium cells under stressed conditions to induce penicillin production. Key factors that must be controlled include carbon sources, pH, nitrogen, and oxygen levels. The industrial production consists of upstream processing, involving cell growth and product synthesis, and downstream processing to extract and purify the penicillin. Fermentation is the main technique used, employing fed-batch cultivation in large steel tanks.
Penicillins are a class of antibiotics that are produced by fungi of the Penicillium genus. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 after observing mold inhibiting bacterial growth. Mass production of penicillin began in the 1940s. There are various types of penicillins that are classified based on their chemical structure and properties. The production process involves growing Penicillium fungi in fermenters, then extracting, purifying, and crystallizing the penicillin. Penicillins are effective against gram-positive bacteria and have advantages of being inexpensive and having low toxicity, though some patients experience allergic reactions. Research continues on developing penicillin derivatives that overcome antibiotic resistance.
Fermentation of Penicillin Antibiotic
Penicillin is an antibiotic produced by microorganisms. These antibiotics inhibit the growth and development of another micro-organism. Generally, the penicillin antibiotic is produced by some actinomycetes and some filamentous fungi. The antibiotics produced by these micro-organisms can be used medicine field, veterinary as well as agricultural field. Penicillin antibiotic was the first antibiotic used in large amount during world war second for treatment of soldiers. Penicillin is a antibiotic used against Gram positive bacteria as well as high dosage can be used against Gram negative bacteria. Penicillin is not harmful to plants, animals or human beings except in some cases of allergies
To enjoy the presentation kindly download it.
For Original view, download "Poetsen One" font style from dafont website.
Here I have discussed mecahnism of action of penicillin (all beta lactam antibiotics)
It include introduction and history of penicillin, mechanism of action of penicillin, classification of penicillin, structural activity relationship of penicillin, adverse effects of penicillin and therapeutic uses of penicillin.
this presentation cover medicinal chemistry of penicillin.
The document discusses the production of the antibiotic penicillin. It describes how penicillin is produced through the fermentation of Penicillium chrysogenum fungus. Key steps include using lactose and yeast extract as a carbon and nitrogen source, respectively, in an aerobic fermentation process at 25-27C. Downstream processing after fermentation involves filtering cells from the liquid and extracting and precipitating the penicillin product. The yield has increased from 1 mg/L originally to over 50 g/L today through strain and process improvements.
This document provides an overview of beta lactam antibiotics, including penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems. It discusses their history, chemical structures, mechanisms of action, classifications, examples of common drugs, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and side effects. Key points include: penicillin was the first antibiotic discovered in 1928 and works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis; major classes include penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams like aztreonam, and carbapenems like imipenem; they are often effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The document provides detailed information on many individual beta lactam antibiotics
Pharmacology of Penicllins (Beta lactam antibiotics), description of their mechanism of action, mechanism of resistance, classification, indications and adverse effects
Penicillin is a group of antibiotics originally derived from penicillium moulds. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928. It is used to treat certain bacterial infections like streptococcal infections, pneumonia, skin infections, and more. Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, rashes, and allergic reactions. It is contraindicated in those with penicillin allergies or renal disorders. Nurses assess for allergies and monitor for side effects when administering penicillin treatments.
Introduction to common essential DrugsTanzir Ahmed
This document provides information on common essential drugs including benzoic acid, salicylic acid, aspirin, paracetamol, PABA, sulfa drugs, and PASA. It describes the structure, synthesis, properties and uses of each drug. Benzoic acid is used as a germicide and food preservative. Salicylic acid has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Aspirin is used to reduce fever and pain. Paracetamol is an analgesic and antipyretic. PABA acts as a sunscreen and in vitamin synthesis. Sulfa drugs treat bacterial infections. PASA is used to treat tuberculosis.
This document summarizes the industrial production of penicillin using Penicillium chrysogenum. It discusses that penicillin is produced by fermenting Penicillium fungi in a controlled, homogeneous environment. Bubble columns are commonly used as the fermentation reactor since they can efficiently mix and oxygenate the high viscosity broth. The optimum conditions for growth include a pH of 6.5, temperature of 20-24°C, sufficient oxygen supply, and a specific nutrient media formulation. After 7 days, growth is completed and penicillin production ceases, at which point filtration and solvent extraction are used to isolate the penicillin-sodium salt product.
This presentation about the glance of industrial production and application of antibiotics useful for learner who quikly understand the antibiotics production and their uses.
Beta lactam antibiotics, PCI syllabus for B.Pharm.Purna Nagasree K
This ppt contains beta lactum antibiotics for B.pharm people. the mechanism of action, classification was well explained. Degradations and generations of penicillins and cephalosporins was covered.
1. Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 when he noticed it being produced by the mould Penicillium notatum. Amoxicillin is a semi-synthetic penicillin derived from penicillin G that was first made in 1972.
2. Amoxicillin targets the penicillin-binding proteins in bacterial cell walls and inhibits the final stage of cell wall biosynthesis in gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria. It has good oral absorption and a longer half-life than ampicillin.
3. Amoxicillin was designed to be more stable in the gastrointestinal tract than ampicillin through modifications to its structure, improving its bioavailability. It is often combined with clavulanic
Penicillin was the first discovered antibiotic, found accidentally by Alexander Fleming in 1928 when a mold inhibited Staphylococcus bacteria growth. It works by inhibiting cell wall synthesis in bacteria. There are now natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic penicillins that are administered for various bacterial infections and come in different forms depending on acid resistance and ability to resist penicillinase enzymes produced by some bacteria. Beta-lactamase inhibitors like clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam are often combined with penicillins to restore their effectiveness against bacteria that produce these enzymes.
Penicillin is an antibiotic that was first discovered in 1941 and works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. It comes in both oral and injectable forms for treating various bacterial infections. Common side effects include diarrhea, rashes, and allergic reactions like anaphylaxis. Nurses must carefully assess patients for allergies and monitor for signs of side effects when administering penicillin.
Penicillin is produced through the fermentation of Penicillium fungi. The production process involves growing the fungi in a liquid culture medium under controlled conditions. As the fungi grows, it produces penicillin. The fermentation broth is then filtered to remove the fungi biomass. Organic solvent extraction is used to extract the penicillin from the broth. Finally, the penicillin is purified into a powder through further extraction, crystallization, and drying processes.
Penicillin is one of the foremost important antibiotic in the world. It is used against the gram positive bacteria. But the resistance mechanism has been developed by them. But researchers are taking step to synthesis such synthetic penicillin for multipurpose use.
This document discusses penicillin antibiotics, including their classification, mechanisms of action, spectra, forms, indications, and adverse effects. It covers natural penicillins, penicillinase resistant penicillins, aminopenicillins, carboxypenicillins, and ureidopenicillins. Key indications for penicillin use include syphilis, gonorrhea, streptococcal infections, and prophylaxis for rheumatic fever. Adverse effects can include rashes, seizures, and bleeding disorders. Aminopenicillins like ampicillin and amoxicillin are also discussed, along with their absorption, interactions, dosing, and common indications for urinary tract infections and respiratory infections.
This document summarizes the production of penicillin from Penicillium molds. It describes how penicillin was discovered in 1928 and began being used to treat bacterial infections in 1942. The production process involves growing Penicillium cells under stressed conditions to induce penicillin production. Key factors that must be controlled include carbon sources, pH, nitrogen, and oxygen levels. The industrial production consists of upstream processing, involving cell growth and product synthesis, and downstream processing to extract and purify the penicillin. Fermentation is the main technique used, employing fed-batch cultivation in large steel tanks.
Penicillins are a class of antibiotics that are produced by fungi of the Penicillium genus. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 after observing mold inhibiting bacterial growth. Mass production of penicillin began in the 1940s. There are various types of penicillins that are classified based on their chemical structure and properties. The production process involves growing Penicillium fungi in fermenters, then extracting, purifying, and crystallizing the penicillin. Penicillins are effective against gram-positive bacteria and have advantages of being inexpensive and having low toxicity, though some patients experience allergic reactions. Research continues on developing penicillin derivatives that overcome antibiotic resistance.
Fermentation of Penicillin Antibiotic
Penicillin is an antibiotic produced by microorganisms. These antibiotics inhibit the growth and development of another micro-organism. Generally, the penicillin antibiotic is produced by some actinomycetes and some filamentous fungi. The antibiotics produced by these micro-organisms can be used medicine field, veterinary as well as agricultural field. Penicillin antibiotic was the first antibiotic used in large amount during world war second for treatment of soldiers. Penicillin is a antibiotic used against Gram positive bacteria as well as high dosage can be used against Gram negative bacteria. Penicillin is not harmful to plants, animals or human beings except in some cases of allergies
To enjoy the presentation kindly download it.
For Original view, download "Poetsen One" font style from dafont website.
Here I have discussed mecahnism of action of penicillin (all beta lactam antibiotics)
It include introduction and history of penicillin, mechanism of action of penicillin, classification of penicillin, structural activity relationship of penicillin, adverse effects of penicillin and therapeutic uses of penicillin.
this presentation cover medicinal chemistry of penicillin.
The document discusses the production of the antibiotic penicillin. It describes how penicillin is produced through the fermentation of Penicillium chrysogenum fungus. Key steps include using lactose and yeast extract as a carbon and nitrogen source, respectively, in an aerobic fermentation process at 25-27C. Downstream processing after fermentation involves filtering cells from the liquid and extracting and precipitating the penicillin product. The yield has increased from 1 mg/L originally to over 50 g/L today through strain and process improvements.
This document provides an overview of beta lactam antibiotics, including penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems. It discusses their history, chemical structures, mechanisms of action, classifications, examples of common drugs, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and side effects. Key points include: penicillin was the first antibiotic discovered in 1928 and works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis; major classes include penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams like aztreonam, and carbapenems like imipenem; they are often effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The document provides detailed information on many individual beta lactam antibiotics
Pharmacology of Penicllins (Beta lactam antibiotics), description of their mechanism of action, mechanism of resistance, classification, indications and adverse effects
Penicillin is a group of antibiotics originally derived from penicillium moulds. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928. It is used to treat certain bacterial infections like streptococcal infections, pneumonia, skin infections, and more. Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, rashes, and allergic reactions. It is contraindicated in those with penicillin allergies or renal disorders. Nurses assess for allergies and monitor for side effects when administering penicillin treatments.
Introduction to common essential DrugsTanzir Ahmed
This document provides information on common essential drugs including benzoic acid, salicylic acid, aspirin, paracetamol, PABA, sulfa drugs, and PASA. It describes the structure, synthesis, properties and uses of each drug. Benzoic acid is used as a germicide and food preservative. Salicylic acid has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Aspirin is used to reduce fever and pain. Paracetamol is an analgesic and antipyretic. PABA acts as a sunscreen and in vitamin synthesis. Sulfa drugs treat bacterial infections. PASA is used to treat tuberculosis.
This document summarizes the industrial production of penicillin using Penicillium chrysogenum. It discusses that penicillin is produced by fermenting Penicillium fungi in a controlled, homogeneous environment. Bubble columns are commonly used as the fermentation reactor since they can efficiently mix and oxygenate the high viscosity broth. The optimum conditions for growth include a pH of 6.5, temperature of 20-24°C, sufficient oxygen supply, and a specific nutrient media formulation. After 7 days, growth is completed and penicillin production ceases, at which point filtration and solvent extraction are used to isolate the penicillin-sodium salt product.
This presentation about the glance of industrial production and application of antibiotics useful for learner who quikly understand the antibiotics production and their uses.
Beta lactam antibiotics, PCI syllabus for B.Pharm.Purna Nagasree K
This ppt contains beta lactum antibiotics for B.pharm people. the mechanism of action, classification was well explained. Degradations and generations of penicillins and cephalosporins was covered.
The document discusses the role of antibiotics in dentistry. It provides background on the history and discovery of antibiotics. It describes different classifications of antibiotics based on their mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and mode of action. Specific antibiotics commonly used in oral infections are discussed in detail, including penicillin, amoxicillin, cephalexin, and tetracyclines. Their uses, dosages, side effects and other pharmacokinetic properties are summarized. The document overall examines the importance and applications of different antibiotics in treating dental infections and conditions.
The document summarizes key information about penicillin, including its history of discovery, structure, mechanisms of action, resistance, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects. Penicillin was the first antibiotic discovered from mold and works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. It binds to penicillin-binding proteins and inhibits the final transpeptidation step in peptidoglycan synthesis, disrupting cell wall formation.
Beta-Lactam Antibiotics Penicillins and cephalosporins.pptxsapnabohra2
TYB pharmacy
Pharmacology VI semester
Pharmacology notes
Beta-Lactam Antibiotics Penicillins and cephalosporins
antibiotics
Third year B pharmacy pharmacology notes
Pharmacology unit 3 notes
Penicillins and cephalosporins
Pharmacology VI semester notes
beta lactam antibiotics
The document discusses various types of antibiotics including their discovery, classification, properties, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic uses. It describes key antibiotics such as penicillin (discovered in 1928), chloramphenicol (1947), tetracyclines, streptomycin, rifampin, and cephalosporins. It provides details on their structures, spectra of activity, modes of administration, and toxicity. The document also covers classification of antibiotics based on their chemical structures and modifications that affect their biological activity.
This document summarizes various classes of antibiotics that act by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. It discusses tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, ketolides, chloramphenicol, clindamycin and others. Each drug class is briefly described in terms of mechanism of action, antibacterial spectrum, pharmacokinetics and common adverse effects. The document provides an overview of major antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
1. Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 when he noticed it being produced by the mould Penicillium notatum. Amoxicillin was later discovered as a semi-synthetic penicillin derivative with improved acid stability and resistance to beta-lactamase enzymes produced by some bacteria.
2. Amoxicillin's target is the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in bacterial cell walls. It inhibits the final stage of cell wall biosynthesis, leading to bacterial death. It selectively targets bacteria due to differences in human and bacterial cell walls.
3. Amoxicillin is often combined with clavulanic acid as Augmentin to increase its effectiveness against beta-
Pharmacology of Semi synthetic Penicillins Vijay Kevlani
This document discusses various types of beta-lactam antibiotics including penicillins. It describes semisynthetic penicillins which were developed to overcome limitations of penicillin G, including poor oral efficacy and susceptibility to penicillinase. Examples mentioned include phenoxymethylpenicillin, methicillin, and extended spectrum penicillins. It also discusses beta-lactamase inhibitors like clavulanic acid which are used in combination with antibiotics to overcome bacterial resistance.
- Penicillins are a major class of antibiotics that were the first discovered from the mold Penicillium. They work by inhibiting the final step of bacterial cell wall synthesis through binding to penicillin-binding proteins. This disrupts cell wall formation and causes cell lysis.
- There are different generations/classes of penicillins that vary in their spectra of activity and resistance to bacterial beta-lactamases. Oral forms are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract while injectable forms provide more sustained drug levels. Adverse effects include hypersensitivity reactions and gastrointestinal issues.
Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be discovered in 1928 from the fungus Penicillium notatum. It was purified in the 1940s and used widely during World War 2. Industrial production involves growing the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum in large fermenters, extracting and purifying the penicillin. The fermentation process yields about 50 grams of penicillin per cubic meter now compared to 1 milligram previously. Purification involves filtration, extraction into organic solvents like butyl acetate, and crystallization to produce the final product.
Introduction to Antibiotics,Classification,General Mechanism of action,Penicillin,Classification of Penicillin,Moa,Structure Activity Relationship,Uses
The document defines various terms related to antibiotics such as antimicrobials, bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and antibiotic resistance. It describes different types of antibiotics like narrow and broad spectrum and discusses minimum inhibitory concentration. It provides historical context on the discovery of penicillin and discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, uses, and development of resistance for penicillins and cephalosporins. [/SUMMARY]
Penicillins are a group of antibiotics that are derived from the Penicillium mold. They work by inhibiting the final step of bacterial cell wall synthesis through binding to penicillin-binding proteins. This prevents cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains, leading to cell lysis. The first penicillin discovered was penicillin G, which is acid labile and used parenterally. Semisynthetic penicillins were later developed with better stability and absorption, including penicillinase-resistant penicillins effective against Staphylococcus. Extended-spectrum penicillins like ampicillin are also active against common gram-negative bacteria.
This document discusses cell wall inhibiting antibiotics, specifically penicillins and cephalosporins. It describes how these drugs interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis by inactivating penicillin-binding proteins, inhibiting transpeptidation and causing cell lysis. Resistance mechanisms like beta-lactamase production and changes to penicillin-binding proteins are also summarized. The antibiotic classes covered include penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams and vancomycin.
- β-Lactam antibiotics include penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams. They contain a β-lactam ring structure and inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis.
- Penicillins were the first discovered from the mold Penicillium and include natural penicillin G as well as semi-synthetic derivatives like ampicillin. Cephalosporins were later derived from the fungus Cephalosporium and have greater gram-negative spectrum.
- Carbapenems like imipenem and meropenem have a very broad spectrum including Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance to most β-lactamases. Monobactams such as aztre
Penicillin is a group of antibiotics that includes different formulations for intravenous, oral, and intramuscular use. It was the first effective medication against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci. Penicillin works by inhibiting penicillin-binding proteins in bacteria, which normally help cross-link the bacterial cell wall during growth and division. This prevents proper cell wall formation and causes bacterial cells to die as they shed their cell walls.
The document summarizes key information about penicillins including their structure, classification, mechanism of action, resistance, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions, treatment of reactions, contraindications and drug interactions. It describes the core structure of penicillins including the thiazolidine and β-lactam rings. It classifies penicillins into natural, anti-staphylococcal, extended spectrum, and anti-pseudomonal categories. It explains their mechanism of inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis and common resistance mechanisms like β-lactamase production.
This document provides an overview of infrared spectroscopy. It discusses the different infrared regions and how they are useful for organic chemistry. The document explains fundamental concepts such as molecular vibrations, selection rules, and factors that influence the number of observed absorption bands. It also describes sample preparation and how to record IR spectra of different sample types. The working of traditional dispersive IR spectrometers and modern Fourier transform IR spectrometers is summarized. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to infrared spectroscopy and how it can be used to study organic molecules.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy involves promoting electrons from the highest occupied molecular orbital to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital when molecules absorb electromagnetic radiation. This causes different types of electronic transitions that can be observed based on wavelength shifts. The technique follows Beer's law where absorbance is directly proportional to concentration and path length. It is used to determine conjugation and identify functional groups in molecules.
NMR spectroscopy is a technique used to determine the structure of organic molecules. It works by applying a strong magnetic field to atomic nuclei, causing them to absorb radio frequencies that are dependent on their chemical environment. This allows differentiation of chemically distinct hydrogen atoms. The frequency of absorption is measured in parts per million relative to a standard, and is influenced by factors like neighboring bonds, substituents, and spin-spin coupling between nuclei. NMR can be used to determine a compound's empirical formula, identify different types of protons, count the number of protons in each type, and elucidate relative stereochemistry and conformations.
Diuretics work by increasing the excretion of sodium and water from the body through actions on the kidneys. They do this by decreasing sodium and chloride absorption from the renal tubules. Common classes of diuretics include carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, loop diuretics, and thiazide diuretics, which work at different locations along the nephron. Diuretics are useful for treating conditions involving fluid retention such as congestive heart failure and edema.
LDL particles are formed from IDL and consist of cholesterol, phospholipids, and apoprotein B-100. LDL transports cholesterol to tissues and is the main form of cholesterol in plasma. Statins such as lovastatin and simvastatin are HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that lower cholesterol by inhibiting endogenous cholesterol synthesis in the liver. Fibrates are analogs of phenoxyisobutyric acid that lower triglycerides. Bile acid sequestrants like cholestyramine and colestipol lower cholesterol by binding bile acids in the gut and reducing their reabsorption.
Certain drugs and diseases can disrupt the normal rhythm and rate of the heart by affecting the conduction, automaticity, or refractory period of cardiac cells. Class I drugs like quinidine and procainamide work by inhibiting the fast upstroke of the cardiac action potential, increasing the refractory period and slowing conduction. These effects help abolish reentrant arrhythmias. Lidocaine is often used for emergency treatment of ventricular arrhythmias due to its rapid onset and short duration when given intravenously. Calcium channel blockers like verapamil are class IV drugs that work by prolonging the refractory period in the AV node and atria.
This document discusses several chemotherapy drugs and their mechanisms of action. It describes how these drugs work by interfering with DNA replication in cancer cells in different ways, such as by causing DNA crosslinking, strand breaks, or incorporation into DNA to prevent its replication. The drugs mentioned work as alkylating agents, antimetabolites, or by other mechanisms to damage cancer cell DNA and inhibit cell proliferation and survival.
This document discusses several chemotherapy drugs and their mechanisms of action. It describes how these drugs work by interfering with DNA replication in cancer cells in different ways, such as by causing DNA crosslinking, strand breaks, and incorporation into DNA to prevent its replication. The drugs mentioned work as alkylating agents, antimetabolites, or by other mechanisms to damage cancer cell DNA and inhibit cell proliferation and survival.
This document discusses several key concepts in medicinal chemistry and pharmacology. It defines drug solubility, partition coefficients, dissociation constants, and plasma protein binding. It also explains ionization, bioisosterism, chelation, and hydrogen bonding - important molecular interactions that impact drug properties. Solubility, partitioning, dissociation, and protein binding influence how drugs are absorbed and distributed in the body. Ionization, bioisosterism, chelation, and hydrogen bonding can be exploited to optimize these parameters.
1) Proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole, and esomeprazole are widely used to treat gastric acid-related disorders by inhibiting the H+/K+ ATPase pump in parietal cells.
2) They work by accumulating in the acidic canaliculi of parietal cells where they are activated and bind covalently to cysteine residues on the pump, irreversibly inhibiting it.
3) Common side effects include headache, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nausea. They generally have few drug interactions but some are metabolized by CYP450 enzymes and may
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2. An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance
active against bacteria It is the most important type
of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections
and antibiotic medications are widely used in
the treatment and prevention of such infections. They
may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. A limited
number of antibiotics also
possess antiprotozoal activity. Antibiotics are not
effective against viruses such as the common
cold or influenza drugs which inhibit viruses are
termed antiviral drugs or antiviral rather than
antibiotics.
3. Penicillin's (P, PCN or PEN) are a group
of antibiotics originally obtained from Penicillium moulds,
principally P. chrysogenum and P. rubens. Most penicillins in
clinical use are chemically synthesized from naturally-
produced penicillins. A number of natural penicillins have been
discovered, but only two purified compounds are in clinical
use: penicillin G (intramuscular or intravenous use)
and penicillin V(given by mouth). Penicillins were among the
first medications to be effective against many bacterial
infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci. They are
members of the β-lactam antibiotics. They are still widely used
today for different bacterial infections, though many types
of bacteria have developed resistance following extensive
use.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. 6-Acyl side chain: The substitution of R on the primary amine with an
electron withdrawing group decreases the electron density on the side
chain and protects from acid degradation. Substituent's on the α-carbon
of the side chain, such as amino (ampicillin), chloro, and guanidine
exerts good resistance to inactivation by acids. Benzyl penicillin
undergoes acid and alkali degradation and is susceptible to all known β-
lactamase. The increased latitude in varying the acyl amino side chain
through acylation of 6APA results with superior biological activity.
Substitution of α-aryl of the alkyl group in the side chain gives increased
stability and oral absorption.
1. Substitution of bulky groups on α-carbon of the side chain
confers β-lactamase resistance. Examples: methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin,
etc. In all these penicillins, an aromatic ring is attached directly to the
side chain amide carbonyl, and there is substitution at both positions
ortho to the point of attachment. The size of the ring systems play an
important role in determining the ability of the ortho substitutent to
confer penicillinase resistance.
9. 2. The isomeric forms of penicillins differs in their activity.
Example: D-isomer is 2–8 times more active than L-isomer of
amoxicillin. The introduction of polar group or ionized molecule into
the α-position of the side chain in the benzyl carbon atom of
penicillin-G confers against the gram-negative bacilli. Amino,
hydroxyl, carboxyl, and sulphonyl increases gram-negative activity.
Example: ampicillin and carbenicillin.
Replacement of acryl side chain with hydroxymethyl groups shows
improved gram-negative activity and introduction of C-6 α-methoxy
group produces greater stability against β-lactamase. N-acylated
ampicillins (ureidopenicillins) have increased activity against
Pseudomonas.
4. Many esters of the carboxyl group attached to C-3 have been
prepared as prodrugs to increase lipophilicity and acid stability.
Example: Acetoxymethyl ester derivatives are used for preparing
prodrugs.
10. 5.The sulphur of the thiazolidine ring with O, CH , and CH-β-
CH3 gives broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. The geminal
dimethyl group at C-2 position is a characteristic of the
penicillin. In general, derivatization of the C-3 carboxylic acid
functionality is not tolerated unless the free penicillin
carboxylic acid can be generated in vivo. Doubly activated
penicillin esters, undergo rapid cleavage in vivo to generate
active penicillin. Example: pivampicillin and becampicillin. The
antibacterial activity is evidented by N-4 atom at ring junction.
6. In vitro degradation is retarded by keeping the pH of the
solution between 6.0 and 8.0. More lipophilic side chain
increases the plasma protein binding. Example: Ampicillin:
25% plasma protein bound and phenoxy methyl penicillin:
75% plasma protein bound.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. Properties and uses: Penicillin V is a white, odourless,
crystalline powder with slightly bitter taste and soluble in
water. It is more resistant to inactivation by gastric juice than
penicillin G and better absorbed from the gastro intestinal (GI)
tract. Equivalent oral doses provide two or five times greater
plasma concentration than penicillin G. Penicillin V is given to
treat ‘trench mouth’. It is useful in the treatment of
streptococcal pharyngitis, pneumonia, arthritis, meningitis, and
endocarditis caused by S. pyrogenes.
Dose: Dose of penicillin V by oral route is 125–500 mg six
times daily for 10 days. For prophylaxis of rheumatic fever, the
dose is 125–250 mg twice daily.
Assay: It is assayed by adopting liquid chromatography
technique.
16.
17. White hygroscopic powder
Very soluble in water
Slightly soluble in acetone
10% solution have ph range 8.0.-10.0
MOA – AMOXICILLINS act as cell wall
synthesis inhibitors
Use – skin infection ,UTI infection ,RTI
infection ,sinusitis
18.
19. White hygroscopic powder
Very soluble in water
Slightly soluble in acetone
10% solution have ph range 4.5-7.5
MOA – cloxacillins act as cell wall
synthesis inhibitors
Use – skin infection ,UTI infection ,RTI
infection ,sinusitis
20. White crystalline powder
Very soluble in water & dilute acid
Slightly soluble in acetone
10% solution have ph range 6.5-8.0
MOA – cloxacillins act as cell wall
synthesis inhibitors
Use – skin infection ,UTI infection ,RTI
infection ,sinusitis ,gm- bacterial infection
21. The cephalosporins are a class of β-lactam
antibiotics originally derived from the
fungus Acremonium, which was previously
known as "Cephalosporium". Together with
cephamycins, they constitute a subgroup
of β-lactam antibiotics called cephems.
Cephalosporins were discovered in 1945,
and first sold in 1964.
22.
23. Cefalexin, cephalothin (cefalotin),
cephaloglycin, and cephaloridine are examples
of first-generation cephalosporins. The methyl
group in cephalexin is a poor leaving group, which
is bad for activity. However, the use of a methyl
group appears to improve absorption. Cefalexin
may be synthesized through an acid-catalysed
ring expansion of a penicillin. Cephalothin has an
acetoxy as a leaving group and a 1-(thiophen-2-
yl)propan-2-one in its acylamino side chain
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30. Beta lactum ring is essential for anti
bacterial activity
Beta lactum ring is essential for MOA,
resistance ,pharmacodynamics
Double bond is essential for antibacterial
activity between C-3,C-4
Replacement of s atom increase chemical
stability
31.
32. Yellow crystalline powder
Practically insoluble in water ,ether ,ethyl
acetate
Soluble in methyl alcohol ,PEG
MOA- CEFIXIME cell wall synthesis
inhibitors
Uses- RTI ,Meningitis ,UTI Infection
33.
34. White crystalline powder
slightly soluble in alcohol ,freely soluble in
acetone
Soluble in methyl alcohol ,PEG
MOA- cefuroxime cell wall synthesis
inhibitors
Uses- RTI ,Meningitis ,UTI Infection
35. Tetracycline, sold under the brand
name Sumycin among others, is an
oral antibiotic in the tetracycline's family of
medications, used to treat a number
of infections, including acne, cholera, brucellosis, p
lague, malaria, and syphilis
Common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea,
rash, and loss of appetite. Other side effects
include poor tooth development if used by children
less than eight years of age, kidney problems,
and sunburning easily Use during pregnancy may
harm the baby. It works by inhibiting protein
synthesis in bacteria.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42. Yellow crystalline powder
Very slightly soluble in water ,soluble in
alcohol,
1% suspension in water has ph 3.5 -6.0
Should store in airtight container
Moa- tetracycline binds to 30s subunit at A
site to prevent attachment of aminoacyl t-
RNA
Use-UTI,RTI,infections ear infection
43.
44. Yellow crystalline powder
Very slightly soluble in water ,soluble in
alcohol,
1% suspension in water has ph 2.3 -3.3
Should store in airtight container
Moa- tetracycline binds to 30s subunit at A
site to prevent attachment of aminoacyl t-
RNA
Use-UTI,RTI,infections ear infection
45.
46. Yellow crystalline powder
Very slightly soluble in water ,soluble in
alcohol,
1% suspension in water has ph 5.0 -6.0
Should store in airtight container
Moa- tetracycline binds to 30s subunit at A
site to prevent attachment of aminoacyl t-
RNA
Use-UTI,RTI,infections ear infection
47. Aminoglycoside is a medicinal and bacteriologic category of
traditional Gram-negative antibacterial medications that inhibit
protein synthesis and contain as a portion of the molecule an amino-
modified glycoside (sugar).The term can also refer more generally to
any organic molecule that contains amino sugar substructures.
Amino glycoside antibiotics display bactericidal activity against
Gram-negative aerobes and some anaerobic bacilli where resistance
has not yet arisen but generally not against Gram-positive and
anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria.
Streptomycin is the first-in-class amino glycoside antibiotic. It is
derived from Streptomyces griseous and is the earliest modern
agent used against tuberculosis. Streptomycin lacks the common 2-
deoxystreptamine moiety (image right, below) present in most other
members of this class. Other examples of amino glycosides include
the deoxystreptamine-containing
agents kanamycin, tobramycin, gentamicin, and neomycin