It is a Basic Structural system presentation. We are student of Khulna University Architecture Discipline.

1. A presentation on structural system
Presented by : 190122,190128,190139,
190142,190153,180124
Course no :CE 3156
Course title :basic Structural design lab

2. Content
▪ Structure
▪ Components of structure
▪ Loads and types of loads
▪ Wall slab structure
▪ Wall slab case study
▪ Post slab structure
▪ Post slab case study
▪ Post lintel structure
▪ Post lintel case study

3. structure
In a building construction, structure is a body or assemblage
of bodies in space to form a system which is able to transfer
the loads safely to the ground without exceeding the stress.
Generally there are two parts of structure. These are:
▪ Substructure
▪ superstructure
superstructure superstructure
Sub-structure Sub-structure
Components of structural system
Column: There are different types of column. Such as :
▪ An element designed to carry primarily axial load .
▪ The forces act on the beam results on its support point.
❑ Square or Rectangular Column.
❑ Circular Column.
❑ L and T shaped Column.
Slab:
▪ One way slab:supported by beams on the two opposite
sides to carry the load along one direction
▪ Two way slab :generally supported on all sides of walls
or beams
Beam:
Beams
Rectagular Circular I section T shape

4. Loads and types of loads
Loads: A structural load is a force ,deformation or
acceleration applied to structural elements. Load
causes stress, deformation, and displacement in a
structure.
There are basically two types of load in structure:
▪ Dead Load :
▪ Seismic load
▪ Wind load
▪ Earthquake load
▪ Thermal load
❑ the load that can not change over time on
structure .
❑ For example : weight of components of structures
like column , slab , beam and so on.
❑live load are the loads which can change and
values are uncertain.
❑For example: furniture's , humans and so on
▪ Live load
Different loads are transmitted by columns and beam to the ground

5. Structure Types
▪ Wall slab
▪ Post slab
▪ Post lintel
There is mainly two types of structural system.
They are:
▪ Trabeated system : A trabeate structure consists of
props supporting a horizontal lintel. The lintel may
be a timber, a stone block or a steel girder. .
Examples of trabeate structures are all Greek
temples, Stonehenge, and most private houses.
▪ Arcuated system : The Romans made use of arcuate
structures, finding that an arch can cover a far
greater area, because most of the weight from
above is directed sideways. Examples of arcuate
structures are Roman bridges and aqueducts,
amphitheatres, St Paul’s Cathedral, St Peter’s in
Rome, Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, igloos, tunnels, and
some famous railway stations.
There are another three kinds of structural
system. They are :
Stonehenge Greek temple
Trabeated
system:
Arcuated
system:
Hagia sofia St Paul’s Cathedral

6. Wall slab structure
Structure Member
Wall ( vertical load bearing member )
Continuous or linear support system to
transfer the external loads to the ground
With the help of wall and slab
Slab ( horizontal load bearing member )
▪ One way slab
▪ Two way slab
▪ Waffle
For large span waffle slab constructed
Vertical load bearing
member
Horizontal load bearing member
Waffle slab
History
In Byzantine architecture ( 313-800 AD ), Construction
material was limestone and sand mortar &
construction system was wall slab.

7. Wall slab structure
Load transferring method:
slab wall foundation groun
d
Load transferring system towards ground through wall (plan of parekh house ,Charles coerea )
Opening
▪ Not more than 30% of the load bearing wall
▪ Continues horizontal opening avoided
▪ Arch
▪ Small opening
▪ Vertical openings are observed in as the load bearing
walls are designed maintaining references in different
floors
Slab outline
Small Opening ( Mazharul Islam own residence)
Vertical opening (First Unitarian Church, kahn )
Arch (Massago, Mario Botta)
Load bearing walls
Load bearing system of stair
▪ Stair should be Supported by load bearing wall
Stair supported by wall (plan of French
Embassy,Raj rewal)

8. Wall slab structure
Span
▪ 12’-15’
▪ Large span is problem and it may solve by waffle slab
▪ Sometimes edge beam is observed for large span.
Punch making method
▪ Generally punch can not be possible
▪ Only a punch is appeared on first floor with respect to
sufficient walls around it.
Punch ( Mazarul Islam Own Residence )
Short span (plan of Parikh house ,Charles coria) Edge beam is used for large span (section of
nidrabilash residence)
Thickness of the wall :
▪ For multistory building 1st and 2nd floor wall
thickness is 15 inches
▪ Other floor thickness is 10 inches.
Thick Wall (MUZHARUL ISLAM own residence
plan)
Punch in roof ( Mazarul Islam Own Residence )

9. Wall slab structure
Advantage:
▪ This system is economical for low storied building
▪ Generally screen walls are provided but don’t bear the
load.
▪ This types of structure gives extra benefit for hot dry
climate.
▪ Arches, domes and vaults are used in this system
▪ Expresses the composition of horizontal and vertical
plane.
Screen wall ( East Elevation of Nirdrabilash Residence )
Brick Dome
The Vaults house
▪ Wall must be built over a wall.
▪ Continuous horizontal opening can not possible
▪ Height limitation is 6-7 storied.
▪ Span of the area is not large enough. vaults,waffle
slab and dome can minimize the problem.
Limitations :
Screen wall ( plan of
Nirdrabilash Residence )
Small Opening ( Mazharul Islam own residence)
Screen wall ( section of Nirdrabilash
Residence )

10. Wall slab structure
Structural expression (
Bait ur roof mosque )
References maintain in wall(Plan of parekh house Charles correa
Expression:
▪ Plan follows no grid pattern.it should be regular or
any desired shape.
▪ Plan is dominated by regular geometry.
▪ Load bearing walls of upper floor should be placed
upon the load bearing walls of the lower floor .
▪ Modular repeatation is observed.
▪ No continuous opening on the load bearing wall.
▪ Generally screen walls are provided.
▪ Arches are provided sometimes on opening.
▪ Large solid planes should be expressed.
▪ Vertical character of wall or openings are observed
Ground floor plan First floor plan
Modular repetition ( plan of IIM,Louis I kahn)
Vertical opening (First unitarian church )
Arches ( Bashirul haque
own residence )
small opening (nidrabilash residence)
▪ References are maintained in wall.
▪ Symmetry in plan and elevation.
▪ Exposed brick makes true structural expression.

11. Wall slab structure
Case Study-1
Project name: Dinajpur Residence
Architect: Ar. Rebait Tan veer Chowdhury and
Ar. Jabari Hasan
Year: 2012
Location: New Town, Diaper

12. Wall slab structure
Dinajpur
Residence
Structural Member
Wall & Slab
Opening
Avoids continues horizontal opening
Load bearing system of Stair
Stair is supported by load bearing wall
Cantilever
Slab outline
Load bearing walls
Ground floor plan (Load is transferred by wall)
Stair supported by wall
Punch
There are no punch
cantilever
5% cantilever is present
Cantilever Small opening with
vertical reference

13. Wall slab structure
Dinajpur
Residence
Span
Small span
Thickness of the wall :
Thicker wall are seen in this plan
▪ Wall must built over a wall.
▪ Continuous opening can not possible
▪ Height limitation
▪ Span of the area is not large enough.
Limitations :
▪ References are maintained in wall
▪ Exposed brick makes true structural expression.
▪ Regular form
Small Span Thick Wall Reference maintain in plan
Structural Expression
Expression:
▪ Plan follows no grid pattern & regular shape.
▪ Plan is dominated by simple geometry.
▪ load bearing walls of upper floors are placed upon
the load bearing walls of lower floor.
▪ No continuous opening on the load bearing wall.
▪ Vertical openings are observed.
Small opening with vertical reference

14. Wall slab structure
Case Study-2
Project name: Nidrabilash Residence
Architect: Roofliners-Studio of Architecture
Year: 2014
Location: New Khayerhat, Kashiani, Gopalganj

15. Wall slab structure
Nidrabilash Residence
Structure Member
Wall & Slab
Opening
Avoided continues horizontal opening
Load bearing system of Stair
Stair is Supported by load bearing wall
Avoid continuous opening
Slab outline
Punch
respect to four walls around it.
Thickness of the wall :
Thicker wall are seen in this plan
Stair
supported by
wall
Load is transmitted by load bearing wal
Stair is supported by wall

16. Wall slab structure
Nidrabilash Residence
Screen wall
▪ References are maintained in wall.
▪ Exposed brick makes true structural expression.
▪ Modular repetation is observed
Structural expression
Expression:
▪ Plan is dominated by regular geometry.
▪ load bearing walls of upper floor are be placed
upon the load bearing walls of lower floor.
▪ No horizontal continuous opening on the load
bearing wall.
▪ Screen walls are provided.
Span
▪ Small span is present
▪ For large span edge beam is provided
Both small and large span
Edge beam is used for large span
Modular repetation
Screen wall does not bear the loads
Screen wall
Reference maintained in walls

17. Wall slab structure
Case Study-3
Project name: First Unitarian Church
Architect: Louis I. Kahn
Year:1962
Location: Rochester Uunited states

18. Wall slab structure
First Unitarian Church
Structure Member
Wall & Slab
Opening
▪ Avoided continues horizontal opening
▪ Verticality is observed in openings
Span
Small span
Thickness of the wall :
Thicker wall are seen in this plan
▪ Continuous opening can not possible
▪ Height limitation
▪ Span of the area is not large enough.
Limitations :
Load bearing system of Stair
Landing Supported by load bearing wall
Load is transferred by thick walls
Vertical opening
Stair supported by wall
Slab outline
Short span

19. Wall slab structure
Expression:
▪ Plan is dominated by regular geometry
▪ load bearing walls of upper floors are placed upon
the load bearing walls of lower floor.
▪ No continuous horizontal opening on the load
bearing wall.
▪ Verticality is observed in openings
▪ References are maintained in wall.
▪ Exposed brick makes true structural expression.
▪ Modular repetition
Structural expression
First Unitarian Church
Modular repetition
Vertical openings Regular geometry

20. Post slab structure
▪ After the world war le Corbusier introduced a
structural system comprising slab , column and
stair.
▪ It is known as domino house .
▪ It was beneficial for free flowing space
▪ From that post slab structure became renowned
allover the world
▪ Economically efficient
History:
Domino house by le Corbusier
column
slab
In this construction system reinforced concrete slabs
are carried directly by columns ,without the use of
beams or girders.
Introduction:
5 points of post slab
structure:
▪ Pilotis
▪ Irregular plan
▪ Free façade
▪ Strip windows
▪ Roof terrace
pilotis Irregular plan Free facade
Ribbon window Roof terrace

21. Post slab structure
Column strips:
Classifications :
Cantilever :
Additional reinforcements are given in the slab aligned
to the column to increase the strength known as
column strips
Span
region Column
strip
Middle
strip
Column head
Column
Column
strip
There are different types of Post-slab structural
system.
Flat slab : with capital
with drop
With capital and drop
Flat plate post
slab
Flat slab with
capital
Flat slab with
drop
Flat slab with capital
and drop
▪ Floor slab in all across must be cantilever.
▪ Maximum cantilever will be 33-50% Of the span.
Structural members:
Load bearing system:
slab column footing groun
d
▪ Slab
▪ column
Middle strip
Ground
level
column
slab
Cantilever
Load is transferred by the columns

22. Span :
Openings in walls :
Punch in roof :
▪ Roof can be cut as freely as possible other than the
column strip
▪ Continuous opening can be possible.
▪ Ribbon window can be provided.
Effective span
Horizontal distance between center points of two vertical
support.
Clear span
Horizontal distance between internal face of two vertical support
Post slab structure
Short span capability 15’-25’ or up to 35’ if posttensioned
Clear span
Effective
span
Ribbon window

23. Load bearing system of stair:
▪ Cantilever
▪ Stair can be supported by column
Advantage :
▪ The total height is reduced due to absence of beam.
▪ Irregular plan can be possible.
▪ Free flowing space is possible.
▪ Continuous opening can provide light and
ventilation.
Expression:
▪ Composition of vertical lines and horizontal plane
▪ Gives a floating effect
▪ Natures can be corporate to the built form as free façade
Is made
▪ Free flowing space can be achieved
▪ Irregular plan is possible
▪ Ribbon window is observed.
▪ Internal space is not interrupted by horizontal elements.
Continuous opening (Oxford residence, Richard
mere )
No horizontal elements (Villa Steindler le
Corbusier)
column
Post slab structure
Ribbon window

24. Case Study-1
Post slab structure
Project name : Merck innovation centre .
Architect : Henn
Location : Darmstadt , Germany

25. Structural members:
Members : Column(post), Slab .
Slab : Horizontal structural members.
Post : Vertical structural member .
Post slab structure
Case Study-1
column
Ground floor plan Second floor plan
First floor plan
Load bearing system:
slab column groun
d
footing
Merck innovation centre
Load is transferred by the columns
slab

26. Post slab structure
Case Study-1
Merck innovation centre
Cantilever :
▪ 33-50 % cantilever is present
30-50 % cantilever
Span :
▪ Upton 35 feet span is present
Load bearing system of stair:
▪ Both cantilever and normal stair is present
Large span
Stair

27. Openings :
▪ Continuous opening can be provided
Post slab structure
Case Study-1
Merck innovation centre
Continuous opening
Expression:
▪ Continuous opening .
▪ Free flowing space.
▪ Irregular plan.
▪ Internal space is not interrupted by horizontal elements
Free flowing plan Free flowing slab No horizontal elements

28. Post slab structure
Case Study-2
Project name : Calando head quarters .
Architect : Henn ,kanzu
Location : Berlin , Germany
Year: 2019

29. Case Study-2
Post slab structure
Calando head quarters
Structural members:
Members : Column(post), Slab .
Slab : Horizontal structural members.
Post : Vertical structural member .
Load bearing system:
slab column groun
d
footing
column
Ground floor plan Load is transmitted to the ground by column

30. Case Study-2
Post slab structure
Calando head quarters
Cantilever :
▪ Small cantilever is provided
Load bearing system of stair:
▪ Both cantilever and column supported stair is present
Openings in walls :
▪ Continuous opening can be provided
Expression:
▪ Continuous opening is present .
▪ Free flowing space is present
▪ Irregular plan is present.
▪ Internal space is not interrupted by horizontal elements
Stair supported by column
Irregular plan
Free flowing space

31. Post slab structure
Case Study-3
Project name : Santa Cruz library.
Architect : Andrade Moretti Arquette's Associates
Location : brazil
Year: 2020

32. Structural members:
Members : Column(post), Slab .
Slab : Horizontal structural members.
Post : Vertical structural member .
slab column groun
d
footing
Load bearing system:
Post slab structure
Case Study-3
Santa Cruz library
column
Ground floor plan Second floor plan
First floor plan
Load is transferred by the columns
slab

33. Cantilever :
▪ 33-50 % cantilever is present
Span :
▪ Upto 35 feet span is present
Load bearing system of Stair :
▪ Both cantilever and column supported stair is
present
Post slab structure
Case Study-3
Santa Cruz library
30 % cantilever Large span
Stair position
Openings in walls :
▪ Continuous opening is provided
Expression:
▪ Continuous opening .
▪ Floating character is observed
▪ Clear open interior uninterrupted by
horizontal elements
Continuous opening
Floating character Interior space

34. Post lintel structure
In architecture, post and lintel is a building
system where strong horizontal elements
are held up by strong vertical elements
with large spaces between them.
History
▪ Came into being with the emergence of
constructing stone monuments by ancient
Egyptian
▪ After that for building massive structure the
stones were not possible
▪ With this the demand of lintel and column
raised
Emergence of post and lintel
Slab
Lintel
Pos
t
Structural members:
Slab, Lintel, Post
Load transferring method:
slab beam column groun
d
CO
LU
M
N
BE
AM
SL
AB
Load Transfering method
Single square grid
Single rectangular
grid
Multiple rectangular
grid
Multiple square grid

35. Post lintel structure
Two Way Slab
If Length/Width > 2. Then one way slab used
One way slab
Square grid (Two way slab) Radial grid
One Way Slab
For square shape plan two way slab are used.
One Way slab (SOS Herman
Miner school, Khulna)
rectangular grid (one way
slab)
Span :
▪ Economical range of beam is 17-22 feet. Beam
width is proportional to span .
▪ For large span more regular grids give strong
reference.
Punch
▪ Punch in slab can be possible easily.
▪ The slab of a full grid can be punched.
▪ The left over of a partial punch stays as cantilever of
the next slab.
Not Possible
Possible
House 2, Peter
eisnman
Punch
Wall
▪ Wall must be placed over a lintel.
▪ opening in wall surface is possible.
Opening pattern Large opening ( Shabazpur Residence

36. Post lintel structure
Load bearing system of stair
▪ Stair must start with respect to a beam.
Cantilever
▪ Economic cantilever can be taken up to 30% of the
immediate span.
▪ Various types of punch can be made in cantilever
to minimize load
Cantilever(Ashraf Kaiser Residence)
Stair Position (SOS School Khulna)
Advantage:
▪ Maximum column to column opening can be
provided easily.
▪ Punches in slab can be provided easily.
Limitations :
▪ Ribbon window cannot be possible.
Expression:
▪ Post and lintel are shown as a framework.
▪ Beam can be shown under or over the roof as
inverted beam.
▪ Column and beam can be identified
▪ Mass over void space is possible.
▪ Columns are placed along the edge line of the
building.
▪ Edges of the buildings are prominent Column to column opening (
Shabazpur Residence )
Framework ( Vacation
house, Gajipur )
Inverted beam ( Fire house )
Cantilever
Stair supported by beam and
column

37. Post lintel structure
Case Study-1
Project name: FIREHOUSE
Architect: PETER EISENMAN
Year: 1983-1985
Location: Brooklyn, New York

38. Post lintel structure
Case Study-1
29’
4”
54’
10”
Ground floor plan(column
grid)
First floor plan Load distribution through
inverted beam
Load transferring method:
slab beam colum
n
ground
Span :
▪ For large span more regular grids give strong
reference.
Wall:
▪ Wall is placed over a lintel
Firehouse
29’
4”
54’
10”
span
Load bearing system of stair :
▪ Stair starts with respect to a beam.
29
’4”
54’
10”
Position of stair
Stair is supported by column and
beam
Inverted beam
Load is transferred through beam and column

39. Post lintel structure
Case Study-1
29’
4”
54’
10”
Ground floor plan(column
grid)
Inverted beams are present
Firehouse
Expression:
▪ Post and lintel are shown as a framework.
▪ Beam is shown over the roof as inverted beam.
▪ Column and beam can be identified
▪ Edges of the buildings are prominent.
Structural expression
framework

40. Post lintel structure
Case Study-2
Project name: Shahbazpur Residence
Architect: Rajon Das
Year: 2014
Location: Moulovibazar, Bangladesh

41. Post lintel structure
Case Study-2
Stair supported by
beam and column
First floor plan
Load transferring method:
slab beam colum
n
ground
Span :
▪ For large span more regular grids give strong
reference.
Wall:
▪ Wall is placed over a lintel
Stair :
Expression:
▪ Stair starts with respect to a beam.
▪ Column and beam can be identified
▪ Columns are placed along the edge line of the
building.
▪ Edges of the building are prominent.
Shahbazpur Residence
Punch :
▪ Punch is present in first floor slab.
cantilever :
▪ Cantilever is present.
Stair Position
Punch in the slab cantilever
Ground floor plan (column
grid)
cantilever
Column to column opening Expression

42. Post lintel structure
Case Study-3
Project name: La Collezione
Architect: Tadao Ando
Year: 1989
Location: Japan

43. Post lintel structure
Case Study-3
Ground floor(column
grid)
1st floor(column
grid)
La
Collezione
Load transferring method:
Span :
▪ For large span more regular grids give strong
reference.
Wall:
▪ Wall is placed over a lintel
Load bearing system of stair :
▪ Stair is supported by column and beam.
slab beam colum
n
ground
Span
Stair supported by beam
and column
Stair position
Load is transferred through beam and column

44. Post lintel structure
Case Study-3
Ground floor(column
grid)
1st floor(column
grid)
La
Collezione
▪ Column and beam can be identified
▪ Columns are placed along the edge line of the
building.
▪ Framework is identified
▪ In plan column and beam shows grids.
Expression :
Structural expression
(framework)
beam and column shows grid patterns
Beams are exposed)

45. Thank
you