In BNBC (Bangladesh National Building Code) Building having height 6 m or 6 storeys may defined as HIGH RISE BUILDING.. Md. Shahjahan Mia.

1. BUILDING

2. BUILDING
BUILDING : (BNBC-93)
Any permanent or semi-permanent structure
which is constructed or erected for human
habitation or storage or for any other purpose
and includes the foundation, plinth, walls,
floors, roofs, chimneys, fixed platform,
verandah, balcony, cornice, projections,
extensions, annexes and any land or space
enclosed by wall adjacent to it. The term
building will also include the sanitary,
plumbing, HVAC, outdoor display structure,
signs and all other building service
installations which are constructed or erected
as an integral part of a building.

3. HIGH RISE BUILDING
TALL BUILDING
SCYSCRAPER

4. What is a tall building?
Council on Tall Buildings & Urban Habitat
A building is deemed “tall” when its design,
use or operation is influenced by some
aspect of “tallness”.

5. Emporis standards-
“A multi-story structure between 35-
100 meters tall, or a building of
unknown height from 12-39 floors is
termed as high rise.
Building code of Hyderabad,India-
A high-rise building is one with four
floors or more, or one 15 meters
or more in height.
The International Conference on
Fire Safety –
"any structure where the height can
have a serious impact on
evacuation“
Massachusetts, United States
General Laws –
A high-rise is being higher than 70
feet (21 m).
High rise is defined differently by different bodies.

6. DEFINITION OF HIGH RISE
BUILDING -BNBC
 As per BNBC-
93 :
Any building
which is more
than 6 storeys
or 20 m high

7. Demand for High Rise Building
•Scarcity of land in urban areas
•Increasing demand for business and residential space
•Economic growth
•Technological advancements
•Innovation in STRUCTURAL System
•Desire for Aesthetics in urban settings
•Concept of city skyline
•Cultural significance and prestige
•Human aspiration to build higher

8. Tall Building Evolution
Modern tall buildings are made possible due to the
three greatest technological advancements:
1. Invention of elevators __________(by Otis in 1852).
2. Invention of new construction materials,
e.g.
steel (by William Kelly in 1847),
reinforced concrete (by Joseph Monier in 1849).
composite materials (in 20th century).
3. Invention of innovative structural forms

10. EARLY SKYSCRAPERS
Place: Chicago, USA Architect: William LeBaron Jenney
Height: 42 meters Finished: 1884
HOME INSURANCE BUILDING

11. EARLY SKYSCRAPERS
Place: New York, USA Architect: Robert Robinson
Height: 119 meters Finished: 1899
15 PARK ROW

12. EARLY SKYSCRAPERS
Place: New York, USA Architect: Pierre LeBrun
Height: 214 meters Finished: 1909
METROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE BUILDING

13. EARLY
SKYSCRAPERS
Place: Chicago, USA Architect: Hood and Howells
Height: 141 meters Finished: 1925
CHICAGO TRIBUNE TOWER

14. EARLY SKYSCRAPERS
Place: New York, USA Architect: Shreve, Lamb and Harmon
Height: 381 meters Finished: 1931
EMPIRE STATE BUILDING

15. Place:: New York, USA Architect: Skidmore, Owings and Merril
Height: 92 meters Finished: 1952
INTERNATIONAL STYLE
LEVER HOUSE

16. Place: New York, USA Architect: Mies van der Rohe and Philip
JohnsonHeight: 157 meters Finished: 1958
INTERNATIONAL STYLE
SEAGRAM BUILDING

17. Place: New York, USA Architect: Roth, Gropius and Belluschi
Height: 246 meters Finished: 1963
INTERNATIONAL STYLE
METLIFE BUILDING

18. Place: Chicago, USA Architect: Schipporeit and Heinrich
Height: 197 meters Finished: 1968
INTERNATIONAL STYLE
LAKE POINT TOWER

19. Place: New York, USA Architect: Minoru Yamasaki
Height: 417-415 meters Finished: 1972
INTERNATIONAL STYLE
WORLD TRADE CENTER

20. Place: New York, USA Architect: Minoru Yamasaki
Height: 417-415 meters Finished: 1972
INTERNATIONAL STYLE
WORLD TRADE CENTER

21. Place: San Francisco , USA Architect: Pereira & Associates
Height: 260 meters Finished: 1972
INTERNATIONAL STYLE
TRANSAMERICA PYRAMID

22. Place: London , England Architect: Seifert & Partners
Height: 183 meters Finished: 1980
INTERNATIONAL STYLE
42 TOWER

23. POSTMODERNISM AND THE EAST BOOM
Place: Houston, USA Architect: Philip Johnson and Burgee
Height: 238 meters Finished: 1983
BANK OF AMERICA CENTER

24. POSTMODERNISM AND THE EAST BOOM
Place: Madrid Architect: Philip Johnson and Burgee
Height: 114 meters Finished: 1996
KIO TOWERS

25. THE NEW MILENIUM
Place: Dubai, United Arab Emirates Architect: SOM
Height: +800 meters Finished: 2009
BURJ DUBAI

26. CHALLENGE

27.  Control of DEFLECTION
 Lateral Load Resisting
 Earthquake
 Wind Load

28. Structural Loads • Gravity loads
– Dead loads
– Live loads
– Snow loads
• Lateral loads
– Wind loads
– Seismic loads
• Special load cases
– Impact loads
– Blast loads
Seismic Loads Wind Loads

29. How to divert the forces safely?
 Dissipation of forces through reliable
load paths:
Primary load paths
Horizontal vertical

30. Horizontal load path
 Tuned liquid dampeners (TLD)
 Self righting buildings
 Tuned mass dampeners (TMD)
 Base isolation

31. Vertical load path:
Sesimic resistance of building can be
enhanced mainly by:
 Providing shear walls .
 Tubular designs(tube in tube/tube in tubes).
 Providing bracing in walls.

32. KEY CONCEPT TO EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANT STRUCTURES
 Ductility
 Diverting the forces of an
earthquake safely

33. HOW TO INCREASE DUCTILTY?
 Ductility of a section can be increased by :
 Decrease the % of the tension steel.
 Increase the % of compression steel.
 Else provide as per steel beam theory.
 Increase in compressive strength of
concrete.
 Increase in transverse shear
reinforcement.
 For ductile detailng –IS 13920- 1993.

35. TYPES OF TALL BUILDINGS

36. Evolution of Structural Systems
A clear classification of high-rise buildings with respect to
their structural system is difficult
A rough classification can be made with respect to
effectiveness in resisting lateral loads
Structural Systems
• Moment resisting frame systems
• Braced frame, shear wall systems
• Core and outrigger systems
• Tubular systems
– Framed tubes
– Trussed tubes
– Bundled tubes
• Hybrid systems

40. DIAGONAL BRACING X- BRACING V- BRACING
K- BRACINGINVERTED V- BRACING
BRACED STRUCTURES

42. BELT TRUSS SYSTEM

46. Tubular System
• Majority of structural elements around the perimeter
• Sides normal to lateral load resist bending
• Sides parallel to lateral load resist shear
• Minimize number of interior columns
• Closely spaced exterior columns Increased

47. Hybrid Systems
• Combine advantages of different structural and material systems
• Composite material system
• Concrete super columns
• Steel encased concrete columns
• Composite floor system
• Steel truss and outrigger systems
• High strength concrete super columns reduce deflections and weight
• Steel encased HS concrete combines
• easy erectability of steel,
• axial load capacity of HS concrete,
• efficient confinement and reinforcement.

49. SHEAR WALL

50. Shear wall system
• A type of rigid frame
construction.
• The shear wall is in steel
or concrete to provide
greater lateral rigidity. It
is a wall where the entire
material of the wall is
employed in the
resistance of both
horizontal and vertical
loads.

51. • For skyscrapers,
as the size of the
structure creases,
so does the size of
the supporting
wall. Shear walls
tend to be used
only in
conjunction with
other support
systems.
• Is composed of braced panels (or shear panels) to
counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure.
Wind & earthquake loads are the most common among
the loads.
Shear wall system

52. What is a Shear Wall ?
Buildings often have vertical plate-like
RC walls called Shear Walls
in addition to slabs, beams and columns.

54. PURPOSE OF A SHEAR WALL
Shear walls provide large strength and
stiffness to buildings in the direction of
their orientation, which significantly
reduces lateral sway of the building and
there by enhances the earthquake
resistance of the structure.

55. How shear forces work?

56. Architectural Aspects of Shear
Walls
 Shear walls should be provided along
preferably both length and width.
 If they are provided along only one
direction, a proper grid of beams and
columns in the vertical plane (called a
moment-resistant frame) must be
provided along the other direction to
resist strong earthquake effects.

57.  Door or window openings can be provided in
shear walls, but their size must be small to
ensure least interruption to force flow
through walls.
 Shear walls in buildings must be
symmetrically located in plan to reduce ill-
effects of twist in buildings.
 Shear walls are more effective when located
along exterior perimeter of the building.

59. GEOMETRY OF SHEAR WALLS
 Shear walls are oblong in cross-section,
i.e., one dimension of the cross-section
is much larger than the other.
 While rectangular cross-section is
common, L- and U-shaped sections are
also used.

61. ADVANTAGES OF SHEAR WALLS
 Shear walls are easy to construct,
because reinforcement detailing of walls
is relatively straight-forward and
therefore easily implemented at site.
 Shear walls are efficient, both in terms
of construction cost and effectiveness in
minimizing earthquake damage in
structural and non-structural elements
(like glass windows and building
contents).

62. TUBED STRUCTURES

63. TUBED
STRUCTURE

64. What are TUBED STRUCTURES?
 A three dimensional space structure
composed of three, four, or possibly more
frames, braced frames, or shear walls,
joined at or near their edges to form a
vertical tube-like structural system capable
of resisting lateral forces in any direction by
cantilevering from the foundation.

65. The tube system concept is based on the idea
that a building can be designed to resist lateral
loads by designing it as a hollow cantilever
perpendicular to the ground.

66. •In the simplest incarnation of the tube, the
perimeter of the exterior consists of closely
spaced columns that are tied together with deep
spandrel beams through moment connections.

67. ADVANTAGES
 Framed tubes allow fewer interior
columns, and so create more usable
floor space.
 It can take a variety of floor plan shapes
from square and rectangular, circular,
and freeform giving scope for
architecture.

68. TYPES OF TUBED STRUCTURES
 Bundled Tube
 Framed Tube
 Braced Tube
 Tube in Tube

70. BUNDLED TUBE

71. BUNDLED TUBE SYSTEM
The concept allows for wider
column spacing in the tubular
walls than would be possible
with only the exterior frame
tube form.
The spacing which make it
possible to place interior
frame lines without seriously
compromising interior space
planning.
The ability to modulate the
cells vertically can create a
powerful vocabulary for a
variety of dynamic shapes
therefore offers great latitude
in architectural planning of at
all building.

72. FRAMED TUBE

73. FRAMED-TUBE STRUCTURES
The lateral resistant of the framed-tube structures is provided by
very stiff moment-resistant frames that form a “tube” around the
perimeter of the building.
The basic inefficiency of the frame system for reinforced
concrete buildings of more than 15 stories resulted in member
proportions of prohibitive size and structural material cost
premium, and thus such system were economically not viable.
The frames consist of 6-12 ft (2-4m) between centers, joined by
deep spandrel girders.
Gravity loading is shared between the tube and interior column
or walls.
When lateral loading acts, the perimeter frame aligned in the
direction of loading acts as the “webs” of the massive tube of the
cantilever, and those normal to the direction of the loading act
as the “flanges”.
The tube form was developed originally for building of
rectangular plan, and probably it’s most efficient use in that
shape.

74. BRACED TUBE

75. THE TRUSSED TUBE Recently the use of perimeter diagonals – thus
the term “DIAGRID” - for structural effectiveness
and lattice-like aesthetics has generated renewed
interest in architectural and structural designers
of tall buildings.
Introducing a minimum
number of diagonals on each
façade and
making the diagonal
intersect at the same point
at the corner column
John Hancock
Center introduced
trussed tube
design.
The trussed tube system represents a classic
solution for a tube uniquely suited to the qualities
and character of structural steel.
Interconnect all exterior columns to form a rigid
box, which can resist lateral shears by axial in its
members rather than through flexure.
Introducing a minimum number of diagonals on
each façade and making the diagonal intersect at
the same point at the corner column.
The system is tubular in that the fascia diagonals
not only form a truss in the plane, but also
interact with the trusses on the perpendicular
faces to affect the tubular behavior. This creates
the x form between corner columns on each
façade.
Relatively broad column spacing can resulted
large clear spaces for windows, a particular
characteristic of steel buildings.
The façade diagonalization serves to equalize the
gravity loads of the exterior columns that give a
significant impact on the exterior architecture.

76. TUBE IN TUBE

77. TUBE-IN-TUBE SYSTEM
Lumbago Tatung Haji
Building, Kuala LumpurThis variation of the framed tube
consists of an outer frame tube,
the “Hull,” together
with an internal elevator and
service core.
The Hull and core act jointly in
resisting both gravity and lateral
loading.
The outer framed tube and the
inner core interact horizontally as
the shear and flexural
components of a wall-frame
structure, with the benefit of
increased lateral stiffness.
The structural tube usually adopts
a highly dominant role because of
its much greater structural depth.

79. CASE STUDY

80. POSTMODERNISM AND THE EAST BOOM
Place: Dubai, United Arab Emirates Architect: W.S.Atkins Design
Height: 321 meters Finished: 1999
BURJ AL ARAB

81. BURJ AL ARAB

82. BURJ AL ARAB

83. BURJ AL ARAB

84. THE NEW MILENIUM
Place: Dubai, United Arab Emirates Architect: SOM
Height: +800 meters Finished: 2009
BURJ DUBAI Coupled Reinforced Concrete
System
•Over 800 m
•Over 160 stories – Office & residential
•Under construction, expected completion
2008
•Architect: Skidmore O
•Engineer: Leslie E. Robertson Assoc.
•Expected to be China’s tallest building and
the world’s third tallest building

85. Place: Chicago, USA Architect: SOM
Height: 442 meters Finished: 1974
SEARS TOWER
Bundled Tubed + Belt
trusses are added to the
top location of each
change in bundle
configuration

86. Sears
Tower
Bundled
tube
concept

87. Belt trusses are added to the top
location of each change in bundle
configuration
Nine Bundled Tubes, each 25
m wide with no columns
between core and perimeter.
Sears
Tower

88. PETRONAS TOWERS
Place: Kuala Lumpur, Malasia Architect: Cesar Pelli & Associates
Height: 452 meters Finished: 1998

89. PETRONAS TOWERS
Tube in Tube Concept
The Petronas Towers' structural
system is a tube in tube design,
invented by Fazlur Rahman Khan
Applying a tube-structure for
extreme tall buildings is a common
phenomenon.

90. A double decker
skybridge connecting the
two towers on the 41st and
42nd floors,
It is not attached to the main
structure,
but is instead designed to slide
in and out of the towers to
prevent it from breaking as the
towers sway several feet in
towards and away from each
other during high winds.
It also provides some structural
support to the towers in these
occasions.
PETRONAS TOWERS

91. Place: hong Kong, China Architect: KPF and Wang & Ouyang
Height: 484 meters Finished: Building
INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCE
CENTRE
Concrete Core + Outrigger
Braced System
• 484m
• 118 Stories – Office & Hotel
• Under construction,
expected completion 2007
• Architect: Kohn, Pedersen
and Fox Assoc. & Wong
and Ouyang (HK) Ltd.
• Engineer: Ove Arup &
Partners
• Expected to be Hong Kong’s
tallest building and the

92. • 4-level steel outriggers
• Reinforced concrete core
• High stiffness reinforced
concrete mega columns
• Change in structural form at the
hotel levels
INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCE CENTRE

93. SHANGHAI WORLD
FINANCIAL CENTER
Place: Shanghai, China Architect: KPF Associates
Height: 492 meters Finished: 2008
Composite Space Truss
•492 m
•101 stories – Office & Hotel
•Under construction,
expected completion
2007
•Architect: Kohn, Pedersen
and Fox Assoc. &
East China Architectural
Design & Research
Institute
•Engineer: Leslie E.
Robertson Assoc.
•Expected to be China’s
tallest building and
the world’s third tallest
building

94. TAIPEI 101
Place: Taipei, Taiwan Architect: C.Y.Lee
Height: 509 meters Finished: 2004
Braced core & Out rigger
Frame
•

95. Place: Seul, North Korea Architect: SOM
Height: 555 meters Finished: Building
LOTTE TOWER
core-and-shell
structural system

96. Place: Dubai, United Arab Emirates Architect: SOM
Height: +800 meters Finished: 2009
BURJ DUBAI
Coupled Reinforced Concrete
System
•Over 800 m
•Over 160 stories – Office &
residential
•Under construction,
expected completion
2008
•Architect: Skidmore O
•Engineer: Leslie E.
Robertson Assoc.
•Expected to be China’s
tallest building and
the world’s third tallest
building

97. THANKYOU