- The document discusses reaction water turbines, specifically the Francis turbine. - It describes the main parts of the Francis turbine including the penstock, spiral casing, guide vanes, runner blades, and draft tube. - The Francis turbine operates under medium head and utilizes both the pressure and kinetic energy of the water by partially converting the pressure into kinetic energy as it passes through the stationary and moving parts.

1. Sanjivani Rural Education Society’s
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon-423 603
(An Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune)
NAAC ‘A’ Grade Accredited, ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Subject:- Turbo Machines
T.E.Mechanical
UNIT 3 :- Reaction Water Turbine
Purushottam W. Ingle
Assistant Professor

2. 1
• IN A REACTION TURBINE , THE RUNNER UTLISES
BOTH POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGIES.
AS THE WATER FLOWS THROUGH THE STATIONARY
PARTS OF A TURBINE, WHOLE OF ITS PRESSURE
ENERGY IS NOT TRANSFORMED TO KINETIC
ENERGY AND WHEN WATER FLOWS THROUGH THE
MOVING PARTS, THERE IS CHANGE IN BOTH
PRESSURE AND VELOCITY OF FLOW OF WATER
P.W. Ingle Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon
5/18/2021

3. Francis Turbine
THE MAIN PARTS:
PENSTOCK---- IT IS A LARGE SIZE CONDUIT WHICH CONVEYS WATER
FROM UPSTREAM OF THE DAM/ RESERVOIR TO THE TURBINE RUNNER.
SPIRAL/ SCROLL CASING----- IT CONSTITUITES A CLOSED PASSASE
WHOSE CROSS SECTIONAL AREA GRADUALLY DECREASES ALONG
THE FLOW DIRECTION, AREA IS MAXIMUM AT INLET AND NEARLY
ZERO AT EXIT CASING IS SPIRAL SHAPE, SO THAT THE WATER MAY
ENTER THE RUNNER AT CONSTANT VELOCITY THROUGH OUT THE
CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE RUNNER. CASING IS MADE OF CONCRETE,
CAST STEEL,OR PLATE STEEL
5/18/2021 P.W. Ingle Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon

4. Guide Vanes or Guide Vanes & Stay Vanes
• The basic Purpose of the guide or vanes stay vanes is to convert a part
of pressure energy of the fluid at its entrance to the kinetic energy and
then to direct the fluid on to the runner blades at the angle appropriate
to the design.
• Moreover, the guide vanes are pivoted and can be turned by a
suitable governing mechanism to regulate the flow while the load
changes.
• The guide vanes are also known as wicket gates.
• The guide vanes impart a tangential velocity and hence an angular
momentum to the water before its entry to the runner.
5/18/2021 P.W. Ingle Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon

5. RUNNER AND RUNNER BALDES
• THE DRIVING FORCE ON THE RUNNER IS BOTH DUE
TO IMPULSE AND REACTION EFFECTS IT IS A
CIRCULAR WHEEL ON WHICH A SERIES OF RADIAL
CURVRD VANES ARE FIXED.
• THE NUMBER OF BLADES USUALLY VARIES
BETWEEN 16 T0 24.
DRAFT TUBE: THE PRESSURE AT EXIT IS LESS THAN ATM.
PRESSURE THUS IT IS A GRADUALLY EXPANDING TUBE
WHICH DICHARGES WATER, PASSING THROUGH THE
RUNNER, TO THE TAIL RACE.
5/18/2021 P.W. Ingle Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon

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7.  THE MODERN FRANCIS TURBINE IS AN MIXED FLOW
REACTION TURBINE i.e. WATER UNDER PRESSURE, ENTERS THE
RUNNER FROM THE GUIDE VANES TOWARDS THE CENTRE.
 IN RADIAL DIRECTION AND DICHRGES OUT OF THE
RINNER AXIALLY.
 THE HEAD ACTING ON THE TURBINE IS PARTLY
TRANSFORMED INTO K.E. AND REST REMAINS AS
PRESSURE HAED. THERE IS DIFFERENCE OF PRESSURE
BETWEEN THE GUIDE VANES AND THE RUNNER WHICH IS
CALLED THE REACTION PRESSURE AND IS RESPONSIBLE
FOR THE MOTION OF THE RUNNER, THUS FRANCIS
TURBINE IS A REACTION TURBINE
5/18/2021 P.W. Ingle Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon

8. • THE FRANCIS TURBINE OPERATES UNDER MEDIUM
HEAD AND ALSO REQUIRE MEDIUM QUANTITY OF
WATER.
• WATER IS BROUGHT DOWN TO THE TURBINE
THROUGH A PENSTOCK AND DIRECTED TO A
NUMBER OF STATIONARY ORIFICES FIXED ALL
ROUND THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE RUNNER.
THESE STATIONARY ORIFICES ARE COMMENELY
CALLED AS GUIDE VANES OR WICKET GATES.
5/18/2021 P.W. Ingle Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon

9. • IMPORTANT FRANCIS TURBINE INSTALLATION IN
INDIA.
• BHAKHARA DAM PROJECT AT BHAKHRA(PUNJAB)
ON SUTLAJ RIVER.
• CAUVERY HYDROELECTRIC SCHEME AT SIVA
SAMUDRAM( KARNATAKA) ON CAUVERY RIVER.
• HIRAKUD DAM PROJECT AT HIRAKUD( ORISSA) ON
HIRAKUD RIVER.
• RIHAND DAM PROJECT AT RIHAND( UTTAR
PRADESH) ON REHAND RIVER.
5/18/2021 P.W. Ingle Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon

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13. Francis Turbine
5/18/2021 P.W. Ingle Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon

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15. Axial Flow Reaction Turbine
• If water flows parallel to the axis of rotation of shaft, the turbine is
known as axial flow turbine.
• If the head at inlet of turbine is the sum of pressure energy and kinetic
energy and during the flow of water through the runner a part of
pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy, the turbine is known
as reaction turbine.
• For the axial flow reaction turbine, the shaft of turbine is vertical. The
lower end of shaft is made larger which is known as hub or boss.
• The vanes are fixed on the hub and hence hub acts as a runner for the
axial flow reaction turbine.
5/18/2021 P.W. Ingle Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon

16. • Following are the important type of axial reaction turbine: Propeller
and Kaplan turbine.
• When vanes are fixed to the hub and they are not adjustable, the
turbine is known as propeller turbine.
• But if the vanes on the hub are adjustable, the turbine is known as a
Kaplan turbine.
• The main parts of Kaplan turbine are scroll casing, guide vanes
mechanism, hub with vanes or runner of the turbine, and draft
tube.
• The water from penstock enters the scroll casing and then moves to the
guide vanes. From the guide vanes, the water turns through 90⁰ and
flows axially through the runner as shown in figure.
5/18/2021 P.W. Ingle Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon

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