FLUID MECHANICS
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The document discusses different types of turbines: 1) Francis turbine - A mixed flow reaction turbine used for medium heads. It has a spiral casing, guide vanes, runner blades, and draft tube to gradually convert water's pressure to kinetic energy. 2) Kaplan turbine - An axial flow reaction turbine suitable for low heads. Water enters and exits the adjustable runner vanes axially. 3) Pelton wheel - Mentioned but not described in detail.
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Details about pelton turbine slideshare
1) The document discusses the Pelton wheel turbine, which is an impulse turbine used for high head applications.
2) It has a runner with buckets that water jets strike along the tangent. The pressure remains atmospheric throughout.
3) Flow is regulated by a needle valve that adjusts the nozzle opening. The nozzle directs water jets that strike the buckets and cause them to deflect the water outward, transferring momentum to the runner.
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The document discusses Kaplan turbines, which are axial flow reaction turbines that operate under low head and high discharge conditions. Some key points:
- Kaplan turbines have a runner with adjustable blades that can be governed to maintain optimal efficiency over a wide range of loads.
- Water enters the runner axially and is given a whirl component by guide vanes before the runner blades remove the whirl, resulting in purely axial discharge.
- The runner has 3 to 8 blades maximum, fewer than the 16-24 blades of a Francis turbine, reducing frictional resistance.
- Kaplan turbines can withstand higher runaway speeds than Francis turbines, up to 2.5-3.5 times the normal
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1) The document discusses the Pelton wheel turbine, which is an impulse turbine used for high head applications.
2) It has a runner with buckets that water jets strike along the tangent. The pressure remains atmospheric throughout.
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The document discusses Kaplan turbines, which are axial flow reaction turbines that operate under low head and high discharge conditions. Some key points:
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Based on the given information:
ω = 6 rev/s = 360 rpm
Q = 10 ft3/s
hT = 20 ft
Wshaft = ρgQhT = 62.4hp
Calculating the specific speed:
N's =
ω(rpm)√Wshaft(bhp)
(hT(ft))5/4
=
360√62.4
205/4
= 580
From the specific speed chart, a turbine with a specific speed of 580
would be a Francis turbine, which is suited for mixed or radial flow.
Therefore, a Francis turbine should be selected for this
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This material is a contains content from the book "Hydraulics and Fluid mechanics by Modi"
You can use it as Audio book
Enjoy!
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Turbines convert hydraulic energy from flowing water into mechanical energy via a shaft. Francis turbines, invented in 1848, are a common type of inward reaction turbine that convert both kinetic and pressure energy. They have main components like a spiral casing, guide vanes, runner, and draft tube. Pelton wheels are impulse turbines that use nozzles to convert water's pressure energy into kinetic energy before it strikes buckets on the runner to rotate it. They are suitable for high head applications.
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Based on the given information:
ω = 6 rev/s = 360 rpm
Q = 10 ft3/s
hT = 20 ft
Wshaft = ρgQhT = 62.4hp
Calculating the specific speed:
N's =
ω(rpm)√Wshaft(bhp)
(hT(ft))5/4
=
360√62.4
205/4
= 580
From the specific speed chart, a turbine with a specific speed of 580
would be a Francis turbine, which is suited for mixed or radial flow.
Therefore, a Francis turbine should be selected for this
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- The document discusses reaction water turbines, specifically the Francis turbine.
- It describes the main parts of the Francis turbine including the penstock, spiral casing, guide vanes, runner blades, and draft tube.
- The Francis turbine operates under medium head and utilizes both the pressure and kinetic energy of the water by partially converting the pressure into kinetic energy as it passes through the stationary and moving parts.
Selection of gas turbines
This document discusses types of hydro turbines used for different water head levels. Pelton turbines are used for high heads above 350m, Francis turbines for medium heads, and propeller turbines for low heads below 60m. It also covers other factors to consider for hydroelectric projects like hydrological data, turbine type, power generated, runner diameter, rotational speed, draft tube design, and whether to use a vertical or horizontal shaft orientation.
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This document provides information on governing hydraulic turbines. It discusses the construction details of a Pelton turbine, including its nozzle, spear, runner with buckets, casing, and breaking jet. It also discusses specifications of Pelton turbines such as being a tangential flow turbine with high head. Two types of governing mechanisms for impulse turbines are described: needle wheel rod mechanism and deflector pin mechanism and wheel rod mechanism. The document also discusses the main parts of a Francis turbine, including its spiral casing, guide vanes, runner blades, and draft tube. It notes Francis turbines are medium head with medium specific speed and discharge.
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This material is a contains content from the book "Hydraulics and Fluid mechanics by Modi"
You can use it as Audio book
Enjoy!
PELTON WHEEL TURBINE
The Pelton wheel turbine was developed in 1880 by Lester Pelton. It is an impulse turbine that works best with high heads and low flows. The turbine consists of a nozzle that converts pressure to velocity, buckets around the rim that redirect the jet of water, and a casing. The high velocity jet from the nozzle strikes the buckets, transferring momentum to spin the turbine and generate power. Pelton wheels are commonly used to generate hydroelectric power from sources with high heads and low flows.
Fluid hydraulic turbines
Hydraulic turbines
Download:
http://skillcruise.com/academics/mechanical-engineering/fluid-mechanics/
Hydraulic Turbines
1. The document discusses various topics related to hydraulic turbines including their classification, selection, design principles of Pelton, Francis and Kaplan turbines, draft tubes, surge tanks, governing, unit quantities, characteristic curves, similitude analysis and cavitation.
2. Hydraulic turbines are classified based on the type of energy at the inlet, direction of flow through the runner, head at the inlet, and specific speed. Pelton wheels are impulse turbines suitable for high heads while Francis and Kaplan turbines are reaction turbines for lower heads.
3. The design of each turbine type involves guidelines related to jet ratio, speed ratio, velocities, discharge, power and efficiency calculations. Characteristic curves show the performance of a
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Hydraulic turbines convert the potential energy of water into mechanical work.
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This presentation discusses reaction turbines. It defines a reaction turbine as a type of turbine that develops torque by reacting to the pressure or weight of a fluid based on Newton's third law of motion. The document outlines the working principle of reaction turbines and describes the main types - radial flow, axial flow, and mixed flow turbines. Examples of specific reaction turbines are provided, including the Francis, Kaplan, and propeller turbines. The advantages and disadvantages of reaction turbines are summarized. Key concepts like pressure compounding, turbine blade stages, and the pressure-velocity diagram for reaction blades are also explained briefly.
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Hydraulic turbines can be classified in several ways:
1) Based on flow path - axial flow, radial flow, or mixed flow turbines depending on whether water flows parallel, perpendicular, or with components of both to the axis of rotation.
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This document discusses hydraulic machines and turbines. It begins by defining hydraulic machines as machines that convert hydraulic energy (water energy) to mechanical energy or vice versa. Turbines are hydraulic machines that convert hydraulic energy to mechanical energy. Common types of turbines discussed include impulse turbines like the Pelton turbine and reaction turbines like the Francis turbine and Kaplan turbine. The document then provides details on the workings, components, applications and efficiencies of these various turbine types.
Hydraulic machines
This document provides an overview of hydraulic machines and turbines. It defines hydraulic machines as machines that convert hydraulic energy (water energy) to mechanical energy or vice versa. Turbines are hydraulic machines that convert hydraulic energy to mechanical energy, while pumps convert mechanical energy to hydraulic energy. The document then discusses various types of turbines in more detail, including impulse turbines like the Pelton turbine and reaction turbines like the Francis turbine and Kaplan turbine. It covers the basic workings, components, applications and efficiencies of these different turbine types. Finally, it introduces the concept of performance characteristic curves for turbines.
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FLUID MECHANICS
- 6. Nozzle
- 11. FRANCIS TURBINE
- 12. • Named after American Engineer J.B.Francis • It is a mixed flow reaction turbine with medium head and medium specific speed • Penstock • Scroll/Spiral casing • Speed ring/Stay ring • Stay vanes • Guide vanes/Wicket vane • Runner blades • Draft tube
- 13. • Water from the penstock enters the scroll casing which completely surrounds the runner. • Involute casing provides an even distribution of water(constant velocity) around the circumference of the runner. • Stay rings directs water from scroll casing to guide vanes. • The guide vanes • -regulate the quantity of water supplied tothe runner(to take care of the load variations) • -direct water to the runner at an appropriate angle. • The runner consists of a series of curved vanes evenly arranged around the circumference.
- 14. • The difference in pressure between the inlet and • outlet of the runner is called reaction pressure. • Water enters the runner from the guide vanes towards the centre radially and discharges out axially- Mixed flow turbine. • After doing work water is discharged to the tail race through a closed tube of gradually enlarging section called draft tube. • As water flows through the runner the change from pressure to kinetic energy takes place gradually. • At the entrance to the runner only a part of energy of water is converted into kinetic energy and substantial part remains in the form of pressure energy.
- 20. KAPLAN TURBINE • Developed by Austrian Engineer • V. Kaplan. • Suitable for relatively low heads and requires large volume of water to develop large power. • Kaplan turbine is a reaction turbine in which water enters and leaves the runner blades axially-Axial flow turbine
- 24. • The shaft of an axial flow reaction turbine is vertical. • The lower end of the shaft is made bigger and is known as hub or boss. • The runner vanes are fixed on the hub or boss. • Kaplan turbine works on the reaction principle as Francis turbine. • Only difference is that water enters and leaves the turbine axially – Axial flow turbine. • Both the guide vane(wicket gate) angle and runner vane angle can be adjusted which gives rise to high efficiency.
- 28. GOVERNING OF PELTON WHEEL