Building Technoplogy : Funtional Requirements of Buildings

1. Building Technology
Chapter :1
Functional Requirement of
Building
Er. Ram Pd. Neupane
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering ,
I.O. E., Thapathali Campus

2. 1.1 BUILDING AND ITS TYPES
➢A building can be defined as a Permanent or
temporary structure enclosed within exterior walls
and roof, and including all attached apparatus,
equipment, and fixtures.
➢Building is used for different purpose such as
➢Living, Education Centre,
➢ Hospitals, Banks, Shops,
➢Offices, Factories, Temples, and
➢Churches etc.

3. A good building should ensure:
➢ Optimum utilization of built-up area
➢ proper ventilation,
➢ Thermal comfort, desirable illumination and
acoustical characteristics,
➢ Satisfy the functional requirements of people who
live and work in the buildings.

4. TYPES OF BUILDING
A) Based on occupancy (purpose of use), buildings
are classified as:
1. Residential building
For e.g. private dwellings, apartment houses (flats),
dormitories, hotel etc.
2. Educational building:
School, collage or day-care purposes for more than 8
hours per week involving assembly for instruction,
education or recreation

5. 3. Institutional Buildings
➢ used for purposes such a medical or other treatment
or care of persons suffering from physical or mental
illness, disease, or infirmity; care of infants, aged
persons.
➢ institutional construction encompasses many of
the buildings that matter most in the community
4. Business Buildings
➢includes any building or part of building which is
used for the transaction of business; for the keeping
of accounts and records and similar purpose.
➢ City halls, town halls, court houses and libraries
should be classified in this group in so far as the
principal function of these is transaction of public
business and the keeping of book and records.

6. 5. Assembly buildings
➢ Any building or part of building, where group of
people congregate (gather) for amusement
(enjoyment, fun), recreation, social religious, civil,
travel and similar purpose
➢Example, theatres, motion picture house, assembly
hall, auditoria, exhibition halls, museums,
gymnasiums, restaurants, place of worship, dance
halls, club rooms, passenger stations and terminals of
air etc.

7. 6. Mercantile buildings
➢These include any building which is used as
shops, stores, markets, for display and sale of
merchandise (commodities) either wholesale or
retail. Offices, storage and service facilities

8. Based on Materials used for its construction
a) Buildings made by Adobe (AD) material
b) Building made up with brick with Mud mortar
(BM)
c) Building made up with brick with cement mortar
(BC)
d) Building made by steel
e) Building made by timber
f) Building made by Reinforced Concrete
- RC 5 (Number of storied 5)
- RC 3 (Number of storied less or equal to 3)

9. Based on method of construction
a) Load Bearing
b) Frame structure(RCC framed)
Load bearing Structure Frame Structure

10. Components of Building
1. Foundation
2. Plinth
3. Walls
4. Columns
5. Floors
6. Doors, Windows and
Ventilators
7. Stair
8. Roof
9. Building Finishes
10. Building services

11. Components of Building

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13. PRINCIPLES OF ARCHITECTURE
PRINCIPLES OF ARCHITECTURE
- A house, as far as possible, must satisfy the day to
day needs of its occupants.
- It should provide a comfortable living and protection
from weather and seasons.
The following principles:
i. Functional planning: -best utilization of space as per its
functions assigned.
ii. Structural durability:-durable and strong
iii. Essential service:- sanitary facilities, water supply, air
conditioners etc
iv. Outward appearance i.e. aesthetic value:-looks beautiful
v. Economy:-economical structure, cost optimization

14. Basic elements of planning
Residential buildings:
✓A residential building has the following places
of activities:
✓Living area
✓ Sleeping area
✓ Service area
✓ Other area (i.e. circulation area, drawing
room)- depending up on the profession of the
inhabitations

15. Living area
✓living or drawing rooms or lounges are the main places
in a residential building
✓Provided to meet, sit, relax and entertain.
✓It’s area varies from 16 to 32 m2
Sleeping area
❖Provided for sleeping and relaxing.
❖These rooms have attached bath and W.C’s.
❖Area of these rooms varies from 10 to 20 m2.
❖These rooms are large enough so as to allow space for beds,
cup- boards, writing table and chair.
❖Sometimes space is provided for dressing and make up.
❖Windows are placed on North-West or south west directions.
❖These rooms are placed on North or south-West directions so
as to receive in direct sun-light.

16. Service Area
➢This area is used for daily services like cooking,
eating, cleaning, bathing etc.
1. Kitchen
❑has South -Eastern ,North-west location.
❑Windows are so placed that Kitchen person can see
the main entrance and also supervise the playing
children.
2. Dinning etc..

17. Principles of planning of residential buildings
Principles of planning of residential buildings
➢Before planning a residential building, the site is visited, local
building by- laws are studied and a line plan is prepared.
➢While preparing the line plan, the following principles of
practical conveniences are followed.
1. orientation- aspects and prospects
2. Privacy
3. Grouping
4. circulation
5. sanitation
6. Flexibility elegance
8. landscaping
9. Economy.

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20. Orientation
• Orientation:-
– proper orientation means setting or placing of
the rooms of the residential building which
allow the inmates of the house to enjoy the
utmost whatever are good and to avoid
whatever is bad in respect of comforts in the
elements of nature such as the sun, wind, and
rain.
– Good relation with sun, wind etc.

21. Privacy: Privacy is of two kinds:
1. Privacy inside the house between different rooms.
➢It can be achieved by proper placing of passages,
doors and windows.
➢Privacy is mainly desired in bed rooms, bath rooms,
W. C's and toilets. Screens or raised windows can
also help in achieving in door privacy.
2. Privacy of the whole house from the highways
and streets.
It is achieved by providing compound walls, trees,
high sill-level windows or raised plinths.

22. • Grouping:
❖placing of the rooms adjacent to each other
with respect to their relative utility is called
Grouping.
❖Bath, W.C’s are close to bed rooms.
❖Dining space may be close to a kitchen.
❖Drawing, lounge or living rooms are preferably
be near to the entrance.

23. Circulation:
➢Horizontal circulation is achieved by
passages, lobbies, corridors, and lounges.
➢Vertical circulation is achieved by stairs
or' stepped terracing or lifts.

24. Sanitation:
Good sanitation means the proper drainage of sewage.
To achieve this;
✓ house is built on elevated grounds.
✓ A house should be free from stagnated waters.
✓ Windows, doors and ventilators are so placed that natural
light and fresh air are available in all the rooms through out
the day.
✓ Windows are placed on opposite walls to create cross
ventilation. Small sized windows are normally used in areas
where hot and dry weather remains most of the time.

25. Flexibility:
✓It is a provision which allows the same space to be
used for some other purposes.
✓Dining space attached to the drawing room and an
additional verandah with large windows can allow
these areas to be converted into a hall.
✓ Even a good terrace on a compact combination on
of different rooms can allow such congregations.

26. Elegance:
➢The out ward appealing look which allows the
building to diffuse into the adjoining environment is
termed élégance.
➢Balconies, Verandahs, Sunshades, porches etc. can
enhance elegance if properly placed and planned.
➢Circular or arched openings spanning the verandah,
doors and window openings have again come in to use
they add to the elegance and break the monotony of
present day stereo- typed buildings.

27. Landscaping:
➢The space around the building may be suitably
covered with greenery and plants.
➢Green foliage and shrubs provide a hygienic and
healthy atmosphere in addition to keeping the place
cool and refreshing.

28. Economy:
✓The cost of the building should be with in the
economical reach of the builder.
✓All spaces of activities are grouped together by means
of passage, lobby, staircase etc.
✓These areas should be minimum but purposely and
well ventilated. Planning is only an art not a science
and
✓ it needs proper utilization of many facilities of
building. The basic criteria of Form Follows Function
be adhered too.

29. The specifications of the building components which are
commonly followed in small residential and office building
construction are given below:

31. 1.2 Heat Phenomena in Building (thermal performance of
building component, thermal comfort, and thermal design)
➢The solar is a greatest source of thermal phenomena.
➢Materials used in the buildings absorb, store and
distribute such heat coming from solar radiation to the
building.
➢Three fundamental modes of heat transfer:
1. By direct interaction with neighboring particles
(collisions): - Conduction
2. By mixing different parts of a fluid with different
temperature: - Convection
3. By absorption or emission of electromagnetic
radiation : - Radiation
Note:-In reality these three modes are interrelated.

32. The steady state
➢Taken as reliable if the fluctuations in the
conditions do not exceed ±3 degree centigrade
➢Thermal equilibrium condition

33. Thermal insulation
Definition
- Materials or features of construction provided to
minimize the flow of heat between the space
separated.
- Insulation as such reduces heat flow.

34. Function of insulation
i. Conserve energy used for heating and cooling
ii. Reduce temperature fluctuations and increase comfort
within the enclosed space.
iii. Protect buildings and other structures from thermal
damage, freezing damage, frost and damage from
condensation of water vapor.
iv. Controls surface temperature of buildings
components for economy operation, comfort of
occupants or safety
v. Prevent water vapor condensation on cold surfaces.
vi. Reduce water vapor transmission.
vii. A significant contribution of most types of insulation
is also in reducing airborne sound transmitted through
walls, partitions, floors and ceilings.

35. Thermal comfort
➢Heat balance in such a way that the internal body
temperature is maintained constant at 37.0 degree C
(98.6 degree F) Thermal comfort

36. Thermal factors
a) Personal variables
➢ Human activities and
➢ Clothing
b) Environmental variables
➢ Air temperature
➢Wind
➢ Humidity
➢ Solar radiation

37. Heat balance:
Heat gains:
✓ M= Metabolism (Basal
and muscular)
✓ Cv = convection (if the air
is warmer than the skin)
✓ Cd = Conduction (contact
with warm bodies)
✓ R= radiation (from the sun,
the sky and hot bodies)
Heat Losses:
✓ E= evaporation (of
moisture and sweat)
✓ Cv = convection (if the
air is cooler than the
skin)
✓ Cd = Conduction
(contact with cold
bodies)
✓ R= radiation (to night
sky and cold surfaces)
M- E ± Cv ± Cd ± R = 0

38. :
✓Ventilation is the process by which fresh air moved
around the building.
✓Good ventilation is essential for the comfort and
safety of building occupants, and in many cases
subject to a legal minimum requirement.

39. :
Ventilation is necessary for the following reasons:
✓ Creation of air movement
✓ Prevention of undue accumulation of carbon dioxide
✓ Prevention of flammable concentration of gas vapor
✓ Prevention of accumulation of dust and bacteria-carrying particles
✓ Prevention of odor caused by decomposition of building materials
✓ Removal of smoke, odor and foul smell generated/liberated by the
occupants
✓ Removal of body heat generated/liberated by the occupants
✓ Prevention of condensation or deposition of moisture on wall
surfaces.
✓ Prevention of suffocation (Killing by depriving of oxygen)
condition in conference rooms,
✓ committee halls, cinema halls and big rooms etc.

40. Functional requirement of Ventilation system
a)Air changes or air movement
b) Humidity
c) Quality of air
d) Temperature
System of ventilation
1. Natural ventilation –
• use of doors,windows, ventilators and sky lights.
b) Mechanical ventilation (or artificial ventilation)
• increase the rate of air flow. The system is more useful
in large
• buildings, assembly halls, factories, theaters etc.

41. Categories of ventilation
➢ Mechanical ventilation : refers to any system that uses
mechanical means, such as a fan, to introduce outside air to a
space.
➢ Natural ventilation : refers to intentionally designed passive
methods of introducing outside to a space without the use of
mechanical systems.
➢ Mixed mode ventilation : (or hybrid ventilation) systems
use both natural and mechanical processes.
➢ Infiltration : is the uncontrolled flow of air from outdoors to
indoors through leaks (unplanned openings) in a building
envelope.
➢ When a building design relies on environmentally driven
circumstantial infiltration to maintain indoor air quality, this
flow has been referred to as adventitious ventilation.

42. Types of ventilators:
a) Side hung
b) Bottom hung
c) Horizontally pivoted
d) Vertically pivoted
e) Top hung
f) Vertically sliding
- Bhaupa (Cat holes in Newari house) acts as ventilator
in kitchen.

44. Air Conditioning:
- Air conditioning may be defined as the process of
treating air so as to control simultaneously its
temperature, humidity, purity, and distribution to
meet the requirement of the conditioned space.

45. Classification of Air conditioning
• Functional Classification:
1. Comfort air conditioning:
giving maximum human comfort
to the occupants/users of the
conditioned space.
2. Industrial air conditioning:
creates, controls and maintains
such an environment inside the
conditioned space, that would
suit best to the needs of the
industry.
• Seasonal/Temperature
classification:
The cycle of operation consist
of:
- air cleaning,
- air cooling,
- dehumidification,
- Air distribution/circulation.

46. 1.4 Lighting (Illumination requirement, daylight, artificial
lighting)
1. Natural light (Day light)
2. Artificial lighting
- Glare
- Shadow

47. Illumination requirement
Room Type Light Level (Foot
Candles)
Light Level (Lux)
Lounge / Breakroom 10-30 FC 100-300 lux
Mechanical /
Electrical Room
20-50 FC 200-500 lux
Office - Open 30-50 FC 300-500 lux
Office - Private /
Closed
30-50 FC 300-500 lux

48. Thank you