The document discusses biocomputing and provides information about cells and their components. It defines biocomputing as the application of computational tools to analyze biological data. It then describes the basic components of cells, including the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Major cellular components like DNA, RNA, genes, and genomes are explained. Finally, applications of biocomputing like genome annotation and assembly are discussed.

1. Basic Biocomputing
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2. Biocomputing is the
application of tools of
computation and
analysis to the capture
and interpretation of
biological data.
What is Biocomputing?

3. CELL
 The cell is the basic structural, functional,
and biological unit of all known living
organisms.
 A cell is the smallest unit of life that can
replicate independently, and cells are
often called the "building blocks of life".
 Most plant and animal cells are visible
only under a microscope, with dimensions
between 1 and 100 micrometers.
 Discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665

4. o The first form of life on Earth.
o Ex- Bacteria and Archaea.
Prokaryotic cell

5. Eukaryotic Cell

6. Difference

7.  Mitochondria – Power House of Cell
 Lysosomes – Holds enzymes created by a cell
 Golgi Apparatus (body) – Processes protein and lipids
 Endoplasmic Reticulum – Involved in protein and lipid synthesis
 Nucleus – Brain of the cell
 Cytoplasm – liquid inside cell where organelles float
Major Contents of Cell

8. Nucleus

9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome
Chromosome

10. DNA
 DNA is made up of molecules called nucleotides.
 Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar group and a nitrogen
base.
 3 major parts – Nitrogenous Base, 5-Carbon Deoxyribose Sugar and
Phosphate Group
 Four nitrogenous bases – Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G),
Thymine (T)
 A-T is Double Hydrogen Bond and G-C is Triple Hydrogen Bond.
 DNA is more stable than RNA due to its Deoxyribose Sugar Structure.

11. RNA
 Single Helix Structure
 3 major parts – Nitrogenous Base, 5-Carbon Ribose Sugar and
Phosphate Group
 Four nitrogenous base- Adenine (A), Cytosine (C),Guanine (G), Uracil
(U)
 A-U is Double Hydrogen Bond and G-C is Triple Hydrogen Bond
 Less stable than DNA due to its Ribose Sugar’s structure
 mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, Non-Coding RNA, Catalytic RNA, Double Stranded RNA

12.  Few hundred to 2 million base
pairs.
 A small number of gene
contribute to make difference
each person’s unique physical
features.
GENE

13. GENOME
A genome is an organism's
complete set of DNA,
including all of its genes. Each
genome contains all of the
information needed to build
and maintain that organism. In
humans, a copy of the entire
genome—more than 3 billion
DNA base pairs—is contained
in all cells that have a nucleus.

14. Plasmid
A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded
DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell's
chromosomal DNA. Plasmids naturally exist in
bacterial cells, and they also occur in some
eukaryotes. Often, the genes carried in
plasmids provide bacteria with genetic
advantages, such as antibiotic resistance.

15. Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC)
• Used like a plasmid
• BACs carry DNA from humans or mice or any other
living being, and is inserted into a host bacterium for
replication
• BAC is artificially constructed, unlike Plasmid

16. Cloning Vector
A cloning vector is a small piece of DNA,
taken from a virus, a plasmid, or the cell
of a higher organism, that can be stably
maintained in an organism, and into
which a foreign DNA fragment can be
inserted for cloning purposes.

17. PRESENT & FUTURE SCOPES
Genome Annotation
The process of identifying the locations of genes and all of
the coding regions in a genome and determining what those
genes do.
Genome Assembly
 Aligning and merging fragments from a longer DNA
sequence in order to reconstruct the original sequence.
 Can rather reads small pieces of between 20 and 30000
bases.

18. Sequence Alignment
A way of arranging the sequences of DNA,
RNA, or protein to identify regions of similarity
that may be a consequence of functional,
structural, or evolutionary relationships
between the sequences
Population Genetics
Population genome analysis software tools and
databases. Genetic diversity is the amount of variation
observed between DNA sequences from distinct
individuals of a given species. This pivotal concept of
population genetics has implications for species health,
domestication, management and conservation.

19. Others Application
Statistical Phylogenetics
Gene Expression Analysis
Evolution Phylogenetics Read Mapping
Structure Prediction (RNA, Protein)
Mapping
Computer Aided Drug (CAD) Design
Systems Biology

20. Any
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21. Thank
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