2. It is sudden cessation of mechanical activity of heart
with some or no electrical activity leading to cessation
of blood circulation.
Cardiac arrest may be
out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
or
in-hospital cardiac arrest
What is cardiac arrest?
3. Management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
Basic cardiopulmonary life support
(BCLS)
6. Safe place for resuscitation
Victim’s response check
Call for help, inform emergency medical system and
get emergency equipment
Check pulse and breath simultaneously
Early high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Steps in adult BCLS
9. By tapping on the shoulder
from front and ask loudly hello,
are you alright? in local
language.
Do not shake or tap on the face
as it may cause movement at
neck level and could harm a
victim with cervical injury
Check response
10. If victim is responsive; place the
victim in recovery position and
constantly monitor until victim
is shifted nearest medical
facility
11.
12. Check for carotid
pulse simultaneously
scan the chest and
abdomen for signs
of breathing.
13.
14. Respiratory arrest condition
Provide normal tidal volume breath for every 5
seconds (12 breath per minute) using mouth to mouth
breath.
Each breath over 1 second
End point is visible chest rise
Reassess for pulse every 2 minutes
Abnormal or no breathing with
definite carotid pulse
15. Early high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Once the cardiac arrest is recognized, start providing
chest compression immediately. Cycles of CPR (cycles
of 30 chest compressions: 2 breaths) should be
initiated.
Early chest compression
16. High-quality chest compressions
• Ensure a chest compression speed of 120
compressions/minute to a depth of 5–6 cm.
• Allow complete chest recoil between compression
without lifting hand from the chest (do not lean on
the victim’s chest)
• Avoid unnecessary interruption of chest
compressions.
High-quality cardiopulmonary
resuscitation
17. Optimal ventilation and airway management
• Do not interrupt chest compression to secure the
airway, apply ECG electrodes or defibrillator
pads/paddles
• Do not hyperventilate
• End point for ventilation is visible chest rise; deliver
normal tidal volume breaths.
Cont…
18. Site of chest
compression:
Lower half of
sternum or two
finger breadth
above the
xiphisternum
How to do chest compression
19. Hand position:
Place the heel of
second hand on
top of first hand
and interlock the
fingers
20. Body position and
movement:
• The elbows and
wrists should be
aligned in one
straight line,
shoulder should be
positioned vertically
on top of the chest.
• Waist area s/b above
the level of pt. chest.
21. 2 rescue breath is given after 30 chest compression.
Deliver each breath over 1 sec and pause for 1 sec after
first breath to allow exhalation.
End point is visible chest rise.
How to give rescue breath
22. What will you do after 5 cycle of CPR?
5 cycle of 30 chest compression and 2 breaths s/b
completed in 2 min.
23. should be done at the
earliest possible.
It can be done with AED (
automated external
defibrillator) or manual
defibrillator.
The first shock must be
administered at the
earliest, irrespective of the
stage of the CPR cycle.
Early defibrillation
24.
25. Switch ON the AED
Follow the voice prompts
• Attach AED pads without interrupting the chest
compressions
• Analyze the rhythm by AED for need of electric shock.
Do not touch the victim during rhythm analysis
• Administer electric shock if prompted by AED
• Resume CPR, starting with chest compression
steps of using automated external
defibrillator
26. In case of return of spontaneous circulation and normal
breathing, the victim should be positioned in recovery
position till the medical help arrives and the victim is to be
shifted to medical facility.
The recovery position can be either left or right lateral.
The recovery position allows maintenance of the airway
and drainage of any oral secretions.
Victim should be reassessed every 2 min or earlier if
required.
Recovery position
27. should be shifted to the nearest suitable healthcare
facility for definite management of underling
etiology.
Transfer
28. For management of in-hospital cardiac arrest by
trained medics and paramedics.
CCLS incorporation of airway management, drugs,
and identification of the cause of arrest and its
correction, while chest compression and ventilation
are ongoing.
Comprehensive cardiopulmonary life support
(CCLS) or Advanced Cardiovascular Life
Support
31. Safe place for resuscitation
Patient’s response check
Activate Code blue team or local team
Check pulse and breath simultaneously
Early high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Early defibrillation
Post-resuscitation care
Steps in adult CCLS
32. simultaneously
• Venous access
• Airway management
• Drugs including antiarrhythmics
• Assess and manage the reversible causes
Cont...
33. Non invasive BP
ECG
Pulse oxymeter
Capnography (EtCO2 )
Attach monitors
34. Peripheral venous access most prefered
The second choice remains intraosseous (IO)
cannulation. All drugs and fluids may be administered
through the IO route similar to intravenous access.
Endotracheal route can also be used. Naloxone,
adrenaline, atropine and lidocaine can be given. The
intratracheal dose should be 2–2½ times that of
intravenous dose and diluted to 10 mL.
Venous access
35. The definitive airway may be secured with an
endotracheal tube or supraglottic devices.
However, if the BMV is optimal, then securing
definitive airway can be deferred to prevent
unnecessary interruption of chest compression.
“After definite airway continue high
quality cpr with chest compression at
120/min and 1 breath at every 6 sec.”
Airway management
36. Adrenaline: 1 mg diluted in 10 mL should be
administered as bolus, repeated every 3–5
min.
Antiarrhythmics: Amiodarone 300 mg slow
over few min. If arrhythmias persist even after
initial 2–3 cycles of CPR. A second intravenous
dose of amiodarone 150 mg may be
administered if arrhythmias persist.
Lignocaine may be considered as an alternate
drug in patients with persistent arrhythmia.
Drugs including antiarrhythmics
38. ‘HIT THE TARGET’
• H – Hypoxia,
• I – Increased H Ions [Acidosis],
• T – Tension Pneumothorax,
• T – Toxins/Poisons
• H – Hypovolaemia,
• E – Electrolyte Imbalance [Hypo-/Hyperkalaemia],
• T – Tamponade Cardiac,
• A – Acute Coronary Syndrome,
• R – Raised Intracranial Pressure [Subarachnoid Haemorrhage],
• G – Glucose [Hypo-/hyperglycaemia],
• E – Embolism (Pulmonary Thrombosis),
• T – Temperature [Hypothermia]).
Assess and manage the reversible
causes
39. Hypovolumia Toxin
Hypoxia Tension pneumothorax
Hydrogen ion ( acidosis) Tamponade cardic
Hypo/hyperkalaemia Thrombosis coronary
hypothermia Thrombosis pulmonary
5 H – 5 T
46. Thank you
Ref:
• Garg R, Ahmed SM, Kapoor MC, Mishra BB, Rao SC, Kalandoor MV, et al. Basic cardiopulmonary life support (BCLS) for cardiopulmonary resuscitation by trained
paramedics and medics outside the hospital. Indian J Anaesth 2017;61:874-82.
• Garg R, Ahmed SM, Kapoor MC, Rao SC, Mishra BB, Kalandoor MV, et al. Comprehensive cardiopulmonary life support (CCLS) for cardiopulmonary resuscitation
by trained paramedics and medics inside the hospital. Indian J Anaesth 2017;61:883-94
• Singh B, Garg R, Chakra Rao SS, Ahmed SM, Divatia JV, Ramakrishnan TV, et al. Indian Resuscitation Council (IRC) suggested guidelines for Comprehensive
Cardiopulmonary Life Support (CCLS) for suspected or confirmed coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patient. Indian J Anaesth 2020;64:S91-6.
• www.cprindia.in