ESTIMATION AND COSTING
1. Introduction
2. Measurement of materials and works
3. Types of estimates
4. Detailed and abstract estimate of buildings
5. Specification and analysis of rates
6. Earthwork calculations
7. Detailed estimates
This document discusses various acoustical defects that can occur in buildings, including reverberation, echoes, sound foci, dead spots, insufficient loudness, and exterior noises. It provides explanations of each defect and potential remedies. Reverberation time should be between 0.5 to 5 seconds depending on the quality of sound desired. The shape of the room and use of sound absorbing materials can help control reverberation time. Echoes can be reduced by using splayed walls and absorptive ceiling materials. Sound foci and dead spots arise from the geometric shape focusing or reducing sound in areas and can be addressed through diffusers, reflectors, and absorbent materials. External noise insulation and location away from noise sources also
This document discusses various methods of construction cost estimation, including preliminary estimates, plinth area method, cubical contents method, unit base method, abstract estimates, detailed estimates, bottom up method, and square foot estimates. It also discusses factors that influence specification, rate analysis, and final estimates. Preliminary estimates provide early project costs but have low accuracy of 20-30%. Detailed estimates use quantities, rates, and specifications to determine costs more accurately. The bottom up method aggregates task estimates to determine total project costs.
This document discusses steel grillage foundations. It begins by defining a steel grillage foundation as a type of shallow foundation used for heavily loaded steel columns where soil bearing capacity is poor. It is constructed using steel beams arranged in two or more tiers at right angles. The document then describes the construction process which involves laying beams on a concrete bed, pouring concrete between them, and attaching columns using base plates. Precautions like minimum depths and gaps are also outlined. Diagrams of the plan, elevation, and elements are included.
This document provides an overview of false ceilings, including their introduction, purposes, types, materials, and installation. It discusses how false ceilings can improve aesthetics, hide ducting and wires, provide insulation and acoustic improvements. The types of false ceilings covered include suspended/exposed grid, concealed grid, metal, gypsum board, fiberboard, POP, and plywood. Installation photos of concealed and exposed grid ceilings are also presented. Rates and common material suppliers are listed.
The document discusses factors that affect acoustics in buildings and acoustic design considerations for different types of buildings. It covers topics like reverberation time, loudness, focusing, echoes, resonance, and noise criteria. For different building types like lecture halls, classrooms, open offices, and concert halls, it provides recommendations for acoustic design including optimal reverberation times, sound absorption placement, limiting echoes and dead spots, and ensuring speech intelligibility. The document provides guidance on achieving good acoustics for various functions through room shape, materials used, and mechanical system design.
This document provides an overview of estimation and details the estimation process for wall panelling. It defines estimation as forecasting the probable cost of a project. There are two main types of estimates - approximate and detailed. The purpose of estimation is to determine the probable cost, make budget provisions, estimate time for completion, and help control expenditures. Wall panelling enhances appearance and function by covering walls. Materials used include wood, slate, metal, glass and fiberglass panels. A detailed estimate for wall panelling includes costs for materials like plywood, veneer, and adhesive, as well as labor costs.
Prefabrication & Pre-CASTING, Advanced Structural Concretes Materials for Pre...Deepak Verma
This document discusses modular and prefabricated construction components used in precast concrete buildings. It describes the key components that can be prefabricated off-site such as walls, floors, beams, columns, stairs, and their connections. These include different types of precast walls, slabs, beams shaped as I-beams, L-beams or rectangular, and dimensions for efficient construction. Connection details are provided for beam-column, wall-foundation, and other joints.
This document discusses partition walls, which divide interior spaces without carrying structural loads. It defines partition walls and lists their advantages such as dividing spaces, providing privacy, and being lightweight. It describes requirements for good partition walls and various types including brick, hollow block, concrete, glass, wood, strawboard, plaster, metal, and asbestos cement. Movable and portable partition walls are also discussed. Common applications include offices, schools, hotels, and event spaces.
This document discusses various acoustical defects that can occur in buildings, including reverberation, echoes, sound foci, dead spots, insufficient loudness, and exterior noises. It provides explanations of each defect and potential remedies. Reverberation time should be between 0.5 to 5 seconds depending on the quality of sound desired. The shape of the room and use of sound absorbing materials can help control reverberation time. Echoes can be reduced by using splayed walls and absorptive ceiling materials. Sound foci and dead spots arise from the geometric shape focusing or reducing sound in areas and can be addressed through diffusers, reflectors, and absorbent materials. External noise insulation and location away from noise sources also
This document discusses various methods of construction cost estimation, including preliminary estimates, plinth area method, cubical contents method, unit base method, abstract estimates, detailed estimates, bottom up method, and square foot estimates. It also discusses factors that influence specification, rate analysis, and final estimates. Preliminary estimates provide early project costs but have low accuracy of 20-30%. Detailed estimates use quantities, rates, and specifications to determine costs more accurately. The bottom up method aggregates task estimates to determine total project costs.
This document discusses steel grillage foundations. It begins by defining a steel grillage foundation as a type of shallow foundation used for heavily loaded steel columns where soil bearing capacity is poor. It is constructed using steel beams arranged in two or more tiers at right angles. The document then describes the construction process which involves laying beams on a concrete bed, pouring concrete between them, and attaching columns using base plates. Precautions like minimum depths and gaps are also outlined. Diagrams of the plan, elevation, and elements are included.
This document provides an overview of false ceilings, including their introduction, purposes, types, materials, and installation. It discusses how false ceilings can improve aesthetics, hide ducting and wires, provide insulation and acoustic improvements. The types of false ceilings covered include suspended/exposed grid, concealed grid, metal, gypsum board, fiberboard, POP, and plywood. Installation photos of concealed and exposed grid ceilings are also presented. Rates and common material suppliers are listed.
The document discusses factors that affect acoustics in buildings and acoustic design considerations for different types of buildings. It covers topics like reverberation time, loudness, focusing, echoes, resonance, and noise criteria. For different building types like lecture halls, classrooms, open offices, and concert halls, it provides recommendations for acoustic design including optimal reverberation times, sound absorption placement, limiting echoes and dead spots, and ensuring speech intelligibility. The document provides guidance on achieving good acoustics for various functions through room shape, materials used, and mechanical system design.
This document provides an overview of estimation and details the estimation process for wall panelling. It defines estimation as forecasting the probable cost of a project. There are two main types of estimates - approximate and detailed. The purpose of estimation is to determine the probable cost, make budget provisions, estimate time for completion, and help control expenditures. Wall panelling enhances appearance and function by covering walls. Materials used include wood, slate, metal, glass and fiberglass panels. A detailed estimate for wall panelling includes costs for materials like plywood, veneer, and adhesive, as well as labor costs.
Prefabrication & Pre-CASTING, Advanced Structural Concretes Materials for Pre...Deepak Verma
This document discusses modular and prefabricated construction components used in precast concrete buildings. It describes the key components that can be prefabricated off-site such as walls, floors, beams, columns, stairs, and their connections. These include different types of precast walls, slabs, beams shaped as I-beams, L-beams or rectangular, and dimensions for efficient construction. Connection details are provided for beam-column, wall-foundation, and other joints.
This document discusses partition walls, which divide interior spaces without carrying structural loads. It defines partition walls and lists their advantages such as dividing spaces, providing privacy, and being lightweight. It describes requirements for good partition walls and various types including brick, hollow block, concrete, glass, wood, strawboard, plaster, metal, and asbestos cement. Movable and portable partition walls are also discussed. Common applications include offices, schools, hotels, and event spaces.
This document provides a literature study submission on group housing. It discusses how group housing accommodates groups rather than individuals. It then describes different types of group housing like cluster planning and row housing. It provides details on specifications for structures, finishes, amenities and prices for various unit types in a proposed group housing development called Araville in Gurgaon.
Taipei 101 is a 508-meter tall skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan. It was the tallest building in the world from 2004 to 2010. The tower has 101 floors above ground and 5 floors underground. It was designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes common in the area. The building uses a tube-in-tube structural system with a reinforced concrete core and steel perimeter columns. Outrigger trusses connect the core columns to the perimeter columns every eight floors to provide increased stability and resistance to strong winds.
This document discusses various types of acoustic materials used to control sound, including sound absorbers, diffusers, barriers, and reflectors. It provides details on common materials like acoustic foam panels, fabric wrapped panels, and ceiling tiles. Sound absorbers are porous materials that eliminate sound reflections, while diffusers scatter sound waves. Barrier materials reduce airborne sound transmission. Prices for different acoustic materials range from Rs. 100-2500 per square foot depending on the type, thickness, and material.
The document discusses common defects found in buildings such as cracks and dampness. It categorizes defects into pre-construction, during construction, and post-construction. Cracks can be structural or non-structural, and are caused by factors like drying shrinkage, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, and foundation issues. Dampness is usually due to penetrating damp from gaps or rising damp without a proper damp proof course. Preventive measures include proper design, materials, construction practices, and addressing the root causes of defects.
This document discusses different types of doors and windows. It describes revolving doors, sliding doors, swing doors, and collapsible steel doors. For sliding doors, it explains bypass, surface, and pocket styles. It also covers bifold doors. For revolving doors, it outlines the central mullion and radiating shutters. It notes that revolving doors are used in public buildings. The document also briefly discusses sliding and pivoted windows.
This document discusses architectural acoustics and provides information on sound classification, characteristics of musical sound, intensity, absorption coefficient, sound absorbing materials, reverberation, and factors affecting building acoustics such as reverberation time, loudness, focusing, echo, echelon effect, and resonance. It also covers noise control and discusses remedies for improving acoustics issues in buildings.
The document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete components are cast off-site in a controlled environment and transported to the construction site for assembly. This allows for standardized, mass produced elements.
- Large precast concrete panels form the walls and floors, connecting vertically and horizontally. When joined, they form a rigid box structure that transfers lateral loads.
- Connections between precast elements can be either dry joints using bolts/welds, or monolithic placement with concrete poured to join components.
Introduction;
Reinforced brick masonry (RBM) consists of brick masonry which incorporates steel reinforcement embedded in mortar.
This masonry has greatly increased resistance to forces that produce tensile and shear stresses.
The reinforcement provides additional tensile strength, allowing better use of brick masonry's inherent compressive strength.
The two materials complement each other, resulting in an excellent structural material.
HISTORY;
Brick masonry is one of the oldest forms of building construction, and reinforcement has been used to strengthen masonry since 1813.
...
This document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete elements are cast and cured off-site then transported for assembly, allowing more efficient production and quality control.
- Elements include slabs, beams, columns, and wall panels that are joined on-site through embedded bolts, plates, and grouted connections.
- The precasting process involves casting concrete around prestressing strands to add strength, then cutting sections and transporting them for erection.
The document discusses different types of reinforcement used in concrete construction including hot rolled deformed bars, mild steel plain bars, cold worked steel reinforcement, and prestressing steel. It also discusses ready mixed concrete (RMX), the working process of RMX, advantages and disadvantages compared to site mixed concrete. The document provides information on major RMX companies. It also discusses insulating concrete formwork (ICF), crosswall construction formwork, and photos of ICF site installation.
PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION CASE STUDY: THE HEMISPHEREShivangi Saini
The document summarizes details about The Hemisphere housing project in Greater Noida, India. It describes the project as luxury villas equipped with modern amenities located on a 9-hole golf course. The apartments feature 3 units per floor with golf course views from all units. The structures use a precast construction method with prefabricated wall panels, columns, beams, and staircases that are assembled on site. Connection details are provided for walls, beams, slabs, and columns.
This document outlines regulations for apartment design in Chennai, India as prescribed by the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA). It discusses classifications of residential buildings, parking requirements, general terms, and regulations for different types of developments. Residential buildings are divided into four categories - ordinary, group, special, and multi-story. Parking requirements vary based on dwelling unit size and location. Key terms like setbacks, frontage, plot coverage, open space reservation, and floor space index are explained. Regulations address topics like access roads, site coverage, and electrical rooms for group developments.
This document discusses different types of timber flooring, including:
1. Single joist timber floors which use a single beam and strutting for spans below 3 meters.
2. Double joist timber floors which use binders and bridging joists for spans between 1.8-2.4 meters.
3. Framed or triple joist timber floors which use girders, binders, and bridging joists for spans over 7.5 meters.
Precautions for timber flooring include using a cement course below the floor, installing DPC on exterior walls and sleeper walls, and using well-seasoned timber. Floor boards are typically 100-200mm wide
Cavity walls, Building construction, passive coolingDhvaniR2
there is informations about cavity walls
passive cooling elemensts
thre is types of it
construction techniques
dinations
drawings and sketches
Normal 275 mm (11 inches) cavity wall is suitable for buildings nor exceeding two stories in height, consists of two half brick (4-1/2 inch walls with 2 inches cavity.
Cavity prevents the dampness from the outer leaf percolating into the inner leaf.
They provide excellent insulation from heat and sound.
When used in tropical countries: sufficient precautions must be taken to see that they do not become breeding places for lizards and insects.
Inner leaf is found to take a greater portion of the imposed load transmitted by floor and roof.
Two leaves of the wall are bounded together with ties usually placed 900 mm apart vertically and 450 mm horizontally in every 6th course staggered.
This gives more than 2 ties/ sq.m.
Cavity walls are those which are constructed in that way that an empty space or cavity is left between the single wall.
Also known as hollow wall
A little space is lifted between these two walls for insulation purposes.
These two walls having little space between them for insulation purpose are known as leaves of the cavity walls.
Out wall is called external leaf,
Internal wall is called internal leaf,
The empty space or cavity size should be in between 4 to 10 cm.
External and internal leaves should have 10 cm thickness.
These two leaves of cavity wall are interconnected by links or metal ties for strong bond.
The document discusses roof coverings and insulation for pitched and flat roofs. It describes common materials used for pitched roof coverings like slates, tiles, and underlay. It also discusses installing insulation, ventilation, and waterproof membranes. For flat roofs, it covers sheet membranes, insulation methods to prevent condensation, and common flat roof covering materials.
The document discusses residential zoning regulations and guidelines for residential plots. It provides details on:
1) Minimum plot sizes for individual residential plots, which should be at least 125 square yards for a two-storey, two-family dwelling. Smaller plots of 80 square yards are allowed for low-income housing.
2) Guidelines for plot coverage, floor area ratios (FAR), density, setbacks, frontage and more for ensuring adequate light, ventilation and open space.
3) Higher densities and FARs are allowed for group housing developments compared to individual plots, provided they meet overall density guidelines and include sufficient community facilities and open space.
This document provides an overview of auditorium design considerations including definitions, history, types of auditoriums, terms used, seating arrangements, size and shape factors, stage and wall properties, fire protection, ventilation, and sound insulation. It discusses design principles for site selection, volume, visibility, accessibility, acoustics and various technical systems required in an auditorium.
Lec.3 General rules in quantitative survey. Quantity measuring. Rate analysisMuthanna Abbu
Analysis of rates for various types of construction works provides very useful information for effective planning, control, organization and management.
This problem involves calculating the quantities of various items of work for a single room building based on the given dimensions. The quantities were calculated using the long wall-short wall method and are:
1) Earthwork excavation: 15.264 cum
2) CC bed: 24.192 cum
3) R.R. Masonry in footings and basement: 10.94 cum
4) Brickwork in superstructure: 17.28 cum
This document provides a literature study submission on group housing. It discusses how group housing accommodates groups rather than individuals. It then describes different types of group housing like cluster planning and row housing. It provides details on specifications for structures, finishes, amenities and prices for various unit types in a proposed group housing development called Araville in Gurgaon.
Taipei 101 is a 508-meter tall skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan. It was the tallest building in the world from 2004 to 2010. The tower has 101 floors above ground and 5 floors underground. It was designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes common in the area. The building uses a tube-in-tube structural system with a reinforced concrete core and steel perimeter columns. Outrigger trusses connect the core columns to the perimeter columns every eight floors to provide increased stability and resistance to strong winds.
This document discusses various types of acoustic materials used to control sound, including sound absorbers, diffusers, barriers, and reflectors. It provides details on common materials like acoustic foam panels, fabric wrapped panels, and ceiling tiles. Sound absorbers are porous materials that eliminate sound reflections, while diffusers scatter sound waves. Barrier materials reduce airborne sound transmission. Prices for different acoustic materials range from Rs. 100-2500 per square foot depending on the type, thickness, and material.
The document discusses common defects found in buildings such as cracks and dampness. It categorizes defects into pre-construction, during construction, and post-construction. Cracks can be structural or non-structural, and are caused by factors like drying shrinkage, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, and foundation issues. Dampness is usually due to penetrating damp from gaps or rising damp without a proper damp proof course. Preventive measures include proper design, materials, construction practices, and addressing the root causes of defects.
This document discusses different types of doors and windows. It describes revolving doors, sliding doors, swing doors, and collapsible steel doors. For sliding doors, it explains bypass, surface, and pocket styles. It also covers bifold doors. For revolving doors, it outlines the central mullion and radiating shutters. It notes that revolving doors are used in public buildings. The document also briefly discusses sliding and pivoted windows.
This document discusses architectural acoustics and provides information on sound classification, characteristics of musical sound, intensity, absorption coefficient, sound absorbing materials, reverberation, and factors affecting building acoustics such as reverberation time, loudness, focusing, echo, echelon effect, and resonance. It also covers noise control and discusses remedies for improving acoustics issues in buildings.
The document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete components are cast off-site in a controlled environment and transported to the construction site for assembly. This allows for standardized, mass produced elements.
- Large precast concrete panels form the walls and floors, connecting vertically and horizontally. When joined, they form a rigid box structure that transfers lateral loads.
- Connections between precast elements can be either dry joints using bolts/welds, or monolithic placement with concrete poured to join components.
Introduction;
Reinforced brick masonry (RBM) consists of brick masonry which incorporates steel reinforcement embedded in mortar.
This masonry has greatly increased resistance to forces that produce tensile and shear stresses.
The reinforcement provides additional tensile strength, allowing better use of brick masonry's inherent compressive strength.
The two materials complement each other, resulting in an excellent structural material.
HISTORY;
Brick masonry is one of the oldest forms of building construction, and reinforcement has been used to strengthen masonry since 1813.
...
This document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete elements are cast and cured off-site then transported for assembly, allowing more efficient production and quality control.
- Elements include slabs, beams, columns, and wall panels that are joined on-site through embedded bolts, plates, and grouted connections.
- The precasting process involves casting concrete around prestressing strands to add strength, then cutting sections and transporting them for erection.
The document discusses different types of reinforcement used in concrete construction including hot rolled deformed bars, mild steel plain bars, cold worked steel reinforcement, and prestressing steel. It also discusses ready mixed concrete (RMX), the working process of RMX, advantages and disadvantages compared to site mixed concrete. The document provides information on major RMX companies. It also discusses insulating concrete formwork (ICF), crosswall construction formwork, and photos of ICF site installation.
PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION CASE STUDY: THE HEMISPHEREShivangi Saini
The document summarizes details about The Hemisphere housing project in Greater Noida, India. It describes the project as luxury villas equipped with modern amenities located on a 9-hole golf course. The apartments feature 3 units per floor with golf course views from all units. The structures use a precast construction method with prefabricated wall panels, columns, beams, and staircases that are assembled on site. Connection details are provided for walls, beams, slabs, and columns.
This document outlines regulations for apartment design in Chennai, India as prescribed by the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA). It discusses classifications of residential buildings, parking requirements, general terms, and regulations for different types of developments. Residential buildings are divided into four categories - ordinary, group, special, and multi-story. Parking requirements vary based on dwelling unit size and location. Key terms like setbacks, frontage, plot coverage, open space reservation, and floor space index are explained. Regulations address topics like access roads, site coverage, and electrical rooms for group developments.
This document discusses different types of timber flooring, including:
1. Single joist timber floors which use a single beam and strutting for spans below 3 meters.
2. Double joist timber floors which use binders and bridging joists for spans between 1.8-2.4 meters.
3. Framed or triple joist timber floors which use girders, binders, and bridging joists for spans over 7.5 meters.
Precautions for timber flooring include using a cement course below the floor, installing DPC on exterior walls and sleeper walls, and using well-seasoned timber. Floor boards are typically 100-200mm wide
Cavity walls, Building construction, passive coolingDhvaniR2
there is informations about cavity walls
passive cooling elemensts
thre is types of it
construction techniques
dinations
drawings and sketches
Normal 275 mm (11 inches) cavity wall is suitable for buildings nor exceeding two stories in height, consists of two half brick (4-1/2 inch walls with 2 inches cavity.
Cavity prevents the dampness from the outer leaf percolating into the inner leaf.
They provide excellent insulation from heat and sound.
When used in tropical countries: sufficient precautions must be taken to see that they do not become breeding places for lizards and insects.
Inner leaf is found to take a greater portion of the imposed load transmitted by floor and roof.
Two leaves of the wall are bounded together with ties usually placed 900 mm apart vertically and 450 mm horizontally in every 6th course staggered.
This gives more than 2 ties/ sq.m.
Cavity walls are those which are constructed in that way that an empty space or cavity is left between the single wall.
Also known as hollow wall
A little space is lifted between these two walls for insulation purposes.
These two walls having little space between them for insulation purpose are known as leaves of the cavity walls.
Out wall is called external leaf,
Internal wall is called internal leaf,
The empty space or cavity size should be in between 4 to 10 cm.
External and internal leaves should have 10 cm thickness.
These two leaves of cavity wall are interconnected by links or metal ties for strong bond.
The document discusses roof coverings and insulation for pitched and flat roofs. It describes common materials used for pitched roof coverings like slates, tiles, and underlay. It also discusses installing insulation, ventilation, and waterproof membranes. For flat roofs, it covers sheet membranes, insulation methods to prevent condensation, and common flat roof covering materials.
The document discusses residential zoning regulations and guidelines for residential plots. It provides details on:
1) Minimum plot sizes for individual residential plots, which should be at least 125 square yards for a two-storey, two-family dwelling. Smaller plots of 80 square yards are allowed for low-income housing.
2) Guidelines for plot coverage, floor area ratios (FAR), density, setbacks, frontage and more for ensuring adequate light, ventilation and open space.
3) Higher densities and FARs are allowed for group housing developments compared to individual plots, provided they meet overall density guidelines and include sufficient community facilities and open space.
This document provides an overview of auditorium design considerations including definitions, history, types of auditoriums, terms used, seating arrangements, size and shape factors, stage and wall properties, fire protection, ventilation, and sound insulation. It discusses design principles for site selection, volume, visibility, accessibility, acoustics and various technical systems required in an auditorium.
Lec.3 General rules in quantitative survey. Quantity measuring. Rate analysisMuthanna Abbu
Analysis of rates for various types of construction works provides very useful information for effective planning, control, organization and management.
This problem involves calculating the quantities of various items of work for a single room building based on the given dimensions. The quantities were calculated using the long wall-short wall method and are:
1) Earthwork excavation: 15.264 cum
2) CC bed: 24.192 cum
3) R.R. Masonry in footings and basement: 10.94 cum
4) Brickwork in superstructure: 17.28 cum
This document provides an internship presentation on quantity estimation for a building. It includes sections on estimation, essential qualities of a good estimator, types of estimates, methods for detailed estimates, descriptions of measurements for common items, and estimation of a sample building plan including foundations, walls, roof, and more. Calculations are shown for estimating quantities of various building components like brickwork, plastering, concrete work and more. The overall goal is to explain the process of estimating building costs through preparing preliminary and final estimates for a residential structure.
1. The document provides lecture notes on estimating and costing for civil engineering students. It covers topics such as introduction to estimating, measurement of materials and works, types of estimates, and detailed estimates for buildings.
2. Measurement units and methods for taking out quantities of various construction items like earthwork, concrete, masonry, woodwork and steelwork are explained. Long wall short wall method and center line method for quantity calculation are described.
3. Rules for measurement as per Indian Standard codes and data required for preparing estimates including drawings, specifications and rates are outlined. Components of a complete estimate including direct, indirect and lumpsum costs are listed.
The document discusses key concepts related to estimating and costing for construction projects. It defines estimation as calculating quantities and expected costs for a work or project. Estimation requires drawings, specifications, and rate schedules. Estimates are needed to determine feasibility, schedule, invite tenders, and control costs. The document outlines procedures for detailed and approximate estimating, including measuring quantities and abstracting costs. It also covers contingencies, work charged establishment charges, and modes of measurement for construction items.
This document provides an overview of estimation, costing, and valuation for civil engineering works. It covers various topics including:
1. Estimating quantities for items like brickwork, concrete, plastering etc. for buildings, using methods like long wall short wall, center line, and detailed estimates.
2. Estimating quantities for other structures like roads, retaining walls, culverts, irrigation works etc.
3. Specifications and tenders, including data sources, detailed and general specifications, and contract types.
4. Valuation methods for buildings including capitalized value, depreciation, rental valuation.
5. Preparation of reports for estimates of buildings, roads, water supply works
This document discusses the process of quantity surveying in construction projects. It describes key tasks like taking measurements, preparing cost estimates at different stages, examining tenders, and determining payment amounts. It also explains how to measure quantities for different types of construction works like excavation, concrete, masonry, roofing, finishes, plumbing and electrical installations. Measurement techniques like girths and the use of dimension sheets for taking off quantities from drawings are outlined.
1. Quantity surveying involves measuring quantities of materials and labor needed for construction projects, preparing cost estimates, and ensuring payments are accurate.
2. The key tasks include taking off quantities from drawings, preparing bills of quantities with item descriptions and measurements, and estimating costs at different project stages.
3. Taking off quantities involves measuring dimensions, squaring areas and volumes, then transferring quantities to abstract sheets where totals are calculated for each item.
The document provides an overview of the course "Quantity Surveying and Valuation". It lists textbooks and reference books for the course. It outlines the topics that will be covered in Unit 1 on Estimation, including definition of estimates, types of estimates, methods of measurement, and terminology used in estimates. It also describes the method of calculating quantities for different building estimate methods and standards from the Indian Standard code for measurement of quantities in civil works.
This document provides information about estimating costs for construction projects. It discusses the importance of estimating, requirements for preparing estimates like drawings and specifications, types of estimates, and methods for taking quantities and measurements. Estimating involves calculating quantities of materials, labor, and expenses for individual work items. The document also covers estimating earthwork quantities, reinforcement in concrete, schedule of bars, and analyzing rates to determine costs.
This document provides an overview of the topics covered in estimation and costing. It includes 10 chapters that cover concepts like types of estimates, measurement of materials and works, preparation of detailed estimates, analysis of rates, earthwork calculations, and preparation of detailed estimates for buildings. Measurement is a key concept in estimation and involves calculating quantities of various construction items using appropriate units like cubic meters, square meters, numbers etc. Estimation requires data like drawings, specifications and rates to accurately determine quantities and costs.
specification estimation and valuation of a buildingswethasekhar5
The document discusses different types of estimates used in construction projects. It defines estimation as calculating quantities and costs of items required to complete a project. The main types discussed are:
1. Detailed estimates include quantities, rates, and costs of all items with measurements from drawings.
2. Preliminary estimates provide approximate costs using methods like plinth area, cubic content, or unit rates.
3. Quantity estimates list quantities of each item from drawings to determine total costs.
The document contrasts revised estimates, which adjust original estimates due to rate or quantity changes, from supplementary estimates for additional works requiring structural design changes. Complete estimates include all related costs like land in addition to the construction contract.
This document provides an introduction and overview of preliminary or approximate estimates and related estimation methods. It discusses several methods for preparing preliminary estimates, including the plinth area method, cubic content method, service unit method, bay method, and approximate quantity method. It also covers detailed estimates, revised estimates, supplementary estimates, and annual maintenance estimates. Key factors for estimation like drawings, specifications, rates, measurements, and circulars are also outlined. Common items of work, units of measurement, and rules for deductions are defined. The document concludes with definitions of valuation, factors affecting property value, types of value, valuation methods, and depreciation methods.
This document contains questions and answers related to the subject of Estimation and Quantity Surveying. It includes definitions of key terms like tender, contract, estimate, detailed estimate, abstract estimate, and quantity surveyor. It also provides examples of calculating quantities of materials for constructions like walls, roads, and culverts. Methods for measurement of quantities and types of estimates are described.
A Course Material On Estimation And Quantity SurveyingClaire Webber
This document provides a course material on estimation and quantity surveying. It includes an introduction which outlines the objectives and units covered in the course. The document then discusses estimating of buildings, which includes calculating quantities for various building components and structures like arches. It also discusses estimating for other structures like septic tanks, roads, retaining walls, culverts and irrigation works. Specification and tender procedures are covered along with valuation methods. The document concludes with discussing principles of report preparation for estimates of different project types like buildings, roads and water supply schemes.
This document provides information about estimating brickwork quantities for construction projects. It discusses detail estimates, which include determining quantities and costs of all project requirements. The purpose of detail estimates is outlined, including use for contracts, guiding execution, and planning. Brickwork is introduced, and deduction rules for openings are explained. The long wall short wall and center line methods for calculating brickwork quantities are described through examples. The center line method accounts for junctions between walls, while the long wall short wall method does not.
This document contains 52 questions and answers related to the subject of Estimation and Quantity Surveying. It covers topics such as methods of calculating volumes, types of estimates, duties of quantity surveyors, components of contracts, specifications, types of contracts, and factors influencing property valuation. The document serves as a study guide for the VII semester Department of Civil Engineering course on Estimation and Quantity Surveying.
This document provides details for estimating the cost of constructing a two room office building, including specifications, dimensions, and calculations. It begins by outlining the footing, floor, and roof details. It then provides a three step process for cost estimation: [1] excavation, [2] PCC (plain cement concrete) for foundations, and [3] calculating quantities of cement, sand, and aggregate required for the PCC based on the volume. Calculations are shown using the center line method to determine excavation and concrete quantities based on wall lengths and dimensions.
The document provides details about an internship at Srushti Engineers & Valuers company. It includes information about the company profile such as its founder, location, and years in operation. It also describes several completed construction projects the company has worked on. The main focus of the internship is a residential building project including plans, cost estimates, and construction methodology for activities like excavation, plinth beams, brick masonry, RCC slabs, plastering and flooring. The intern aims to gain practical experience and apply their theoretical knowledge through this project.
Estimating is the technique of calculating/computing the various quantities and the expected expenditure to be incurred on a particular work/ project. For all engineering works it is required to know beforehand the probable cost of construction known as the estimated cost. Necessary for preparing an estimate are drawings like plan, elevation and sections of important point’s, detailed specifications about workmanship & properties of materials, Standard schedule of rates of the current year. Estimate is required to invite the tenders and Quotations and to arrange contract, also required to control the expenditure during the execution of work. Construction projects require huge amounts of capital and have many risk factors due to the unique industry characteristics. For a project to be successful, accurate cost estimation during the design phase is very important. Estimate decides whether the proposed plan matches the funds available or not. In this project we estimate the quantities required for the construction of the Tailor shop and later calculate the cost by preparing the abstract of cost.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
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This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
1. Structure
1.0Introduction
1.1Definition
1.2 Need for estimation and costing
Learning Objecyives
After studingthis unit, student willbe able to
• Have anidea ofthe introductionto estimating and costing.
1.0 Introduction
In the civilengineering field, the construction activity contains the
following three steps.
1. Plans : Preparation ofdrawings plan, section, elevation, with full
dimensionand detailed, specificationsmeeting therequirementsoftheproposed
structure.
2. Estimation : Preparation ofan estimate is for arriving the cost of
the structure to verify the available funds or to procure the required funds for
completion of the proposed structure.
3. Execution(construction) :It is a grounding theproposedstructure,
for constructionas per the provision contained in drawings and estimation..
Introduction
1UNIT
2. Construction Technology152
The plans contains size of roomand dimensions ofthe work and the estimate
contains the quantity and quality aspects ofthe structure.
1.1 Definition
Estimation and costing there are two basic points involved in
constructionofstructures are :
1. Quantity: Thequantity aspectsiswith referencetothemeasurement
in thedrawings (plan, elevation, section)
2. Quality: Thequalityaspectsis with reference to the specifications,
i.e properties ofmaterials, workmanship etc.
Note : The estimation and costing ofanystructure is defined as the
process of determination of quantities of items of work, and its cost for
completion.
2. Estimate ofa project is therefore, a forecast ofits probable cost.
1.2 Need for Estimation and Costing
The object ofpreparing the estimatefor anycivilengineering structure is
1. To know the quantities ofvarious items of work, a materialand
labour and theirsource ofidentification.
2. To decide whether the proposalcanmatch the available funds to
complete the structure.
3. To obtainthe administrative and technicalsanction ofestimate
from the competent authoritiesto release thefundsforconstruction.
4. To invite tenders or quotations based on the estimate quantities for
entrust of works to the execution.
Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is meant byEstimating and Costing ?
2. Stateneed for Estimationand Costing.
3. Structure
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Units ofmeasurements
2.2 Rules For Measurement
2.3 Different methods oftasking out quantities
Learning Objectives
After the studyingthis unit student willbe able to
• To measure various quantities as per rules.
2.0 Introduction
The units ofdifferents works depends on their nature, size and shape.
.In general, the units of different items of works are based on the following
principle.
1. Massive or volumetric items ofwork such asearth work, concerete
for foundations, R.R Masonry , Brick Masonry etc. The measurements of
length, breadth, height ordepthshallbe takentocomputethe volume or cubical
contents.
2. Shallow, thin and surface work shallbe taken in square unit or in
area. The measurements of length and breadth or height shall be taken to
compute the area, Ex. Plastering, white washing etc.
Measurement of Materials
and Works
2UNIT
4. Construction Technology154
3. Long and Thin work shall be taken inlinear or running units and
linear measurement shall, be taken. Ex : Fencing, Rainwater pipes,
ornamental borders etc.
4. Single units ofwork are expressedinnumbers.Ex. Doors,Windows,
Rafters, Trusses etc.
2.1 Units of measurement for various items of Civil
Engineering Works
Sl.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Unit of
payment
10.00cum
1.00cum
1.00rmt
10.00cum
10.00cum
1.00cum
1.00cum
1.00cum
1.00cum
Particulars of items
(a)Earthworkexcavationinall
types of soils except rock re-
quiringblastering.
(b) Earth work excavation in
the soils hard rock requirng
blastering.
(c) Excavation of pipe line
throughofspecified widthand
depth inalltypes ofsoils
(d) Earthwork for road for-
mation ,bund formation etc.
cutting , embankment.
(e) Refilling of foundations ,
basements, pipelines, trenches
withexcavated soils.
Plain cement concrete for
foundation.
R.R.masonry or brick ma-
sonry for foundation base-
ment, superstrucrture, parapet
walletc.
Filling the basement with
sand.
(a) RCC 1:2: 4 with normal
reinforcement forplinthbeam,
columns, lintels, verandah
beam- T beam etc.
Units of measure-
ments
10.00cum
1.00cum
1.00 rmt
10.00cum
10.00cum
1.00cum
1.00cum
1.00cum
1.00cum
5. Paper - II Estimating and Costing 155
10.00sqm
10.00sqm
10.00sq m.
1.00Rmt
1.00No
1.00No
1.00Rmt
1.00Rmt
kg/unit
1.00cum
1.00cum
1.00sqm
1.00cum
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
(b) R.C.C 1: 2: 4 for slabs of
specified thickness .
Plastering pointing, flooring,
weather proof coarse, white
washing,colourwashing,paint-
ing.
Roofing withA.C sheets, tiled
roofing, Kurnooltrerrace, Ma-
dras terrace etc.
D.P.C specified width and thick-
ness
Wooden and steel trusses
Doors, windows, ventilators.
Ornamentelborder of speci-
fied widthand thickness.
R.C.C pipes, A.C pipes GI or
C.I pipes, stone ware pipes
etc.
Steelreinforcement inR.C.C.
Rough stone pitching revet-
ment and soiling of specified
thickness.
(a) Roads works : Metal col-
lections , gravel collections,
solving stones, pitching any
stones, revetment stones etc.
(b) Road works : Spreading
metalgraveland consolidation
with roller ofspecified thick-
ness.
(c) Cement concrete pay-
ments ofspecified thickness.
10.00sqm
1.0.00sqm1.00sqm
10.00sq m.
1.00Rmt
1.00No
1.00 No
1.00Rmt
1.00Rmt
Kg/unit
1.00cum
1.00cum
10.00sqm
10.00cum
6. Construction Technology156
2.2 Rules For Measurement
Measurement ofworks occupiesaveryimportant placeintheplanning
and execution ofanywork or project, fromthe time ofthe first estimate are
madeuntilthe completion and settlement ofpayments. The methods followed
for the measurement are not uiform and the practices or prevalent differ
considerablyinbetweenthe states. Eveninthe samestatedifferent departments
followdifferent methods. Forconvernienceauniformmethodshould befollowed
throughout the country. The uniform methods ofmeasurement to be followed
which is applicable to the preparation of the estimates and billofquantities
and to theside measurement ofcompleted works have beendescribed below.
General Rules
1. Measuremet shallbe itemwise forthe finished items ofwork and the
descriptionofeachitemsshall be held toinculde materials, transport,
labour, fabrication, hoisting, tools and plants, over hands and other
incidentalcharges forfinishing the work to therequired shape, size,
designand specifications.
2. In booking dimensions the order shallbe in the sequence oflength,
breadth and height or depth or thickness.
3.Allworksshallbemeasured not subject to following tolerances unless
otherwise stated.
(a) Dimensions shallbe measured to the nearest 0.01 meter i.e 1cm(1/
211
).
(b)Areas shall eb measured to the nearest 0.01 sq.m(0.1 sqft).
(c) Cubiccontents shallbe workedup to the nearest 0.01 cum(0.1cuft)
4. Same type of work under different condition and nature shallbe
measured separatelyunder separate items.
5. The billofquantities shallfullydescribe thematerials proportions
andwork-manships andaccuratelyrepresent theworktobe executed.
Work which byits nature cannot be accuratelytaken offor which
requires site measuremets shallbe described as provisional.
6. In case of structurealconcrete, brick work or stone masonry, the
work under the following categories shall be measured separately
and the heights shallbe described.
(a) Fromfirst floor level
7. Paper - II Estimating and Costing 157
(b) Fromplinth levelto first floor level.
(c) Fromfirst levelto second floor level and so on.
The parapet shall be measured with the corresponding items of the
storynext below.
Principle ofunits:Theunitsofdifferent worksdependontheir nature,
size and shape. In generalthe units ofdifferent itemofwork are based onthe
following principle.
(i) Mass, voluminious and thick works shallbe taken in cabic unit or
volumne. The measurement of length, breadth, and height or depth shall be
taken to compute the volume cubic contents(cum).
(ii) Shallow, thin and surface work shallbe taken in separate units or
in area. The measurement of length and breadth or height shall be taken to
compute the area (sq.m).
(iii) Long and thin work shall be taken in linear or running unit and
linear measurement shallbe taken(running meter).
(iv) Piece work, job work etc taken in number
2.3 Different methods of taking out quantities
Theitems ofworklikeearthworkinexcavation infoundation,foundation
concrete stonemasonryinfoundationand basement, stone or brick masonryin
super stucrture maybyestimated bu either ofthe following methods.
1. Long wall and short wallmethod (or) Generalmethod
2. Centreline method
2.3.1 Long wall and short wall method
Inthis methodmeasure orfind out the external lengthsofwalls running
in the directiongenerallythe long walls out-to-out and the internal length of
walls runningin the transverse direction in-to-in i.e. ofcross or short wallin-
to-inand calculatequantities multiplying the lengthbythe breadthand height of
wall. The same rule applicable to the excavation in foundation, to concrete in
foundaiuonandto masonry.
The simple mehtod is to take the long walls of short or erros walls
separately and to find out the centre to centre lengths of long wall anf short
walls from the plan. For symmetrical footing on either sides, the centre line
remians same for suepr structure and for foundation and plinth.
8. Construction Technology158
For long walls add to the center length one breadth of wall, which
givesthelengthofthe wallout-to-out ,multiplying thislengthbythebreadthand
height and get the quantities,. Thusfor findingthe quantities ofearthwork in
excavation, for the length of trench out-to-out add to the centre length one
breadthoffoundaiton.Adopt the sameprocess for foudationconceret and for
eacth footing. It should be notedthat eachfooting isto be taken separately and
the breadthofthe particular footing is to be added to the centre length.
Long walllengthout-to-out = centreto centre length+ halfbreadth on
oneside+halfbreadthon the other side =centre to centrelength+ onebreadth.
For short or cross walls subtract ( instead ofadding) from the centre
lengthonebreadthofwall, which givesthe lengthin-to-in, and repeat the same
process as for the long walls, subtracting one breadthinstead ofadding.
Short walllengthin-to-in= Centre to centre length- one breadth.
That is, in case of long wall add one breadth and in case ofshort wall
substract one breadth fromthe centre lengthto get the corresponding lengths.
It willbe noticed that bytaking dimensions in this ways, the long walls
are graduallydecreasingin length fromfoundationto superstructure, while the
short walls areincreasing inlength.
Thismethodissimpleandaccurateandthereisno chanceofanymistake.
This method may be named as long wall and short wall method, or general
method.
2.3.2 Centre line method
In this method known as centre line method. This method is easy and
quick incalculations. Inthis method sumtotallengthofcentre lines ofallwalls,
long and short has to be found out. This method is well suitable for walls of
similar cross sections. Inthis method the totalcentre line multiplied bybreadth
and depthofconcerned itemgivesthetotalquantityofeachitem.Inthismethod,
thelengthwillremainsameforexcavationinfoundationforconcreteinfoundation,
for allfootings and for super structure (with slight difference where there are
crosswallsornumberofjunctions).It requiresspecialattentionandconsideration
at the junctions, meeting points ofpartition or cross walls, etc.
For rectangular, circular polygonal(hexagonal, octagonaletc) building
havingno interor cross walls, thismethod isquite simple. Foreachjunctionhalf
breadth of the respective items or footings is to be deducted from the total
centre length. Thus inthe caseofa building withone partitionwallorcross wall
havingtwo junctions,forearthworkinfoundationtrenchandfoundationconcrete
deduct onebreadthoftrenchorconcretefromthetotalcentrelength(halfbreadth
9. Paper - II Estimating and Costing 159
for onejunctionand thebreadth( 2 x1/2= one) for twojunctions. Forfootings,
similarlydeduct one breadth offootingfor two junctions fromthe totalcentre
length andso on. Iftwo walls come fromoppositedirections and meet awallat
the samepoint, than there willbe two junctions.
Inthecaseofabuildinghavingdifferent type ofwalls,suppose the other
(main) walls are ofAtype and inter cross walls are ofB type, then allA type
walls shall be taken jointly first , and then all B type walls should be taken
together separately. Insuch cases no deductions ofanykind need be made for
A type walls, but when B type walls are taken, for eachjunction deducting of
half breadth ofAtype wall (main wall) shall have to be made from the total
centre lengthofwalls.
It may be noted that at corners of the building where two walls are
meeting no substractionor addition is required.
Note:Student shouldpracticemethodIfirstandwhentheyhavebecome
sufficientlyacquaintedwithmethod I, thenonlytheyshould takeupthe method
II.
Short Answer Type Questions
1.Writetheunit ofmeasurements. Earthwork,P.C.C, R.C.C, Masonary,
Plastering, Flooring, Fencing, Ornamentalborder, Door, Windows,
Trusses etc.
2. Write generalrules for measurement.
3. Write different methods oftaking out quantities and describe.
10. Construction Technology160
Structure
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Detailed estimate
3.2 Preliminaryor approximate estimate
3.3 Problems in preliminaryestimate
Learning Objectives
After studying this unit student willbe able to
• Understand the definition ofdetailed estimate, stages ofpreparation
ofestimate, Data required for an estimate and types ofestimate.
3.0 Introduction
An estimate is a probable cost ofa work. It is usuallyprepared before
the construction is taken up. The primary object of an estimate is to know
beforehand the cost ofthe work. The actualcost ofthe work is knownafter the
completionofthe work. Iftheestimate is prepared carefullyand correctlythere
willnot be muchdifference intheestimated cost and actualcost. The estimator
should be fully acquainted with the methods of construction, skilled and
experienced foraccurate estimating.
3UNIT
Types of Estimates
11. 161Paper - II Estimating and Costing
3.1 Detailed estimate
The estimate maybe approximate or preliminaryestimate or accurate
estimate. Inapproximate estimate theapproximatecost ofthe workisestimated.
In the accurate estimate the detailsofvarious items are taken and calculated.
3.1.1 Definition
The estimate preparedbydividing the work into different items, taking
detailed measurements ofeach itemofwork and calculating their quantities is
known as detailed estimate.
3.1.2. Stages of preparation
To prepare thecompleteestimationofthe project, besidesthe estimated
cost ofdifferentmainitemsofwork,Thecost ofpreliminaryworksandsurveying,
cost ofland and its acquisition, cost ofleveling and preparationofground and
thecostofexternalservices areto be provided. Provisionofsupervisioncharges
and contractors profit are to be provided in the estimate.
Data required for preparing an estimate : To prepare an estimate
for a work the following data are necessary.
Drawings: Thedetaileddrawings ofplan, elevationandsection, drawn
to a scaleare necessaryto take the details ofmeasurements ofvarious items of
work.
Specifications : The specifications gives the nature, qualityand class
ofmaterials, their proportion, method ofexecution and workmanship and the
class oflabourrequired. The cost ofthework varies withits specifications. The
cement mortarwith1:3 is morecostlier thancement mortar with 1:6.
Rates:Theratesforvariousitemsofwork, theratesofvariousmaterials
to be usedinconstruction, the wagesofdifferent categories oflabour should be
available for preparinganestimate. The locationofthe work andits distance of
source ofmaterials and cost oftransport should be known. Theserates maybe
obtained from the Standard Schedule of Rates prepared by the engineering
departments.
3.1.3 Detailsof measurements and calculation ofquantities and abstract
of estimated cost
To prepare an accurate estimate, a detailed estimate ofquantities of
various items ofwork and an abstract estimate ofthe quantities and their unit
rates are required.
12. Construction Technology162
Detailed Estimate
Abstract estimate
3.2. Preliminary or approximate estimate
Preliminaryor approximate estimate is requiredfor preliminarystudies
ofvarious items ofwork or project , to decide the financialposition and policy
foradministrative sanctionbythecompetent authority.Thepreliminaryestimate
is prepared by different methods for different types of works. The various
methods ofpreparing the preliminaryestimate are plintharea estimate, cubical
rate estimate and estimate per unit base.
3.2.1 Plinth area estimate
The plintharearateis calculated byfinding the plinthareaofthe building
and multiplying by the plinth area rate. The plinth area rate is obtained by
comparing thecost ofthecost ofsimilar building havingsimilar specifications in
the locality.
3.2.2. Cubic area estimate
The cubic rate estimate is prepared on the basis ofthe cubicalcontents
ofthebuilding. Thecubic rateis obtained fromthecost ofthe similarbuilding in
the localityhaving similar specifications. Thecost ofthe buildingis estimated by
multiplyingthevolumeofthebuildingwiththecubicarearate.Cubicrateestimate
is more accurate as compared to the plinth area estimate.
3.2.3 Estimate per unit base
Thepreliminaryestimate maybe prepared for different structures and
works byvarious ways. For schools and hostels, per class rooms for schools,
per bed forhospitals, per seat fortheater halls, etc. For roadsand highways and
for irrigationworks, the preliminaryestimateismade per kilometer.For bridges
and culvertsper running meter. For sewerage and water supplyprojects on the
basis ofper head of population served.
S.no Description of work No Length Breadth Height/Depth Quantity Remarks
S.No. Description of work Quantity Rate Per Amount
13. 163Paper - II Estimating and Costing
3.3. Problems in preliminary estimate
1. Ifthecost ofschoolbuildingper student is Rs. 25000. Calculate the
cost ofschoolbuilding for 100 students.
Cost of the school building for 100 students = Rs.
25000x100=Rs.2500000.
2. Ifthe cost ofconstruction of1 km. length ofa highwayis Rs.
10000000. Find the cost ofconstructionfor 20 km.
Cost ofconstruction for 20 km= Rs. 10000000x20=Rs.200000000.
3. Ifthe plinth area rate ofa residentialbuilding is Rs.10000/sq m.
Calculate the cost ofconstruction ofa residentialbuilding of100 sq. m.
Cost of construction of 100 sq. m.= plinth area rate x area =
10000x100=Rs.1000000
Summary
Detailedestimateconsistsoftakingthedetailedmeasurements oflength,
breadth, height andcalculating thequantities.
Data required for estimate : Drawings, specifications and rates.
Types of preliminary estimates : Plinth area estimate, cubic rate
estimate and estimate per unit base.
Short Answer Type Questions
1. Define detailed estimate.
2. What are stages for preparation ofan estimate?
3. List out the data required for preparation ofan estimate.
4. Write the tabular formfor the detailed estimate.
5. Write the tabular formfor preparation ofanabstract estimate.
Long Answer Type Questions
1. Describe the various typesofpreliminaryestimates.
14. Construction Technology164
Structure
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Single roomed building (loadbearing structure)
4.2 Two roomed building( load bearing type structure)
4.3 Singlestoriedresidentialbuildingwithnumberofrooms(loadbearing
type structure)
4.4 Singlestoried residentialbuilding withnumber ofrooms (framed
structure type)
4.5 Primaryschoolbuilding withsloped roof
4.6 RCC Dog legged – open wellstairs
4.7 Two storied residentialbuilding (framed structure type)
4.8 Detailed estimate ofcompound walland steps
Learning Objectives
After studying this unit student willbe able to
Prepare detailedestimates ofsingle roomed, Building roomed, Double
roomed buildings, forload bearing walls and Framedstructures. Detailed Esti-
mateofPrimarySchoolBuilding, Compound walls andsteps. Detailed estimate
Dog legged and OpenWellSTair case. Preparationalestimate for ground and
first floor.
4UNIT
Detailed and Abstract
Estimate of Buildings
15. 165Paper - II Estimating and Costing
4.0 Introduction
To estimate the cost of any building or a structure, drawings,
specifications and rates are required. Regarding the detailed estimate bylong
wallandshort wallmethod and centre line method, the drawings consisting of
planelevationandsectionare sufficient. Theestimator should be ableto take all
the dimensions from the drawings. The length and breadth are taken fromthe
plan, while theheight or deptharetakenfromthe sectionandelevations. Inlong
wallandshortwallmethod thewallsaretakenseparately, while inthe centre line
method, the centre line lengths ofallthe walls are combined. The accuracyof
estimate depends upon the skillofthe estimator in studying the drawings. The
long walland short wallmethod is usefulfor load bearing type structure, but it
cannot be applied for framed structure.
4.1 Single roomed building (load bearing structure)
There are two steps inestimating the cost ofa building or a structure.
1.Takingoutquantities andcalculationofquantitiesindetailedestimate.
2. Determiningthe cost fromthe abstract estimate.
Long wall and short wall method : This method is also called as
separate orindividualwallmethod. Thisis simple and it gives accurate values.
The following procedure is adopted.
1.Thedimensionsoflongwallandshort wallshouldbetakenseparately.
2. Irrespective ofitslengths, thewallwhichistakenfirst islong walland
the wallwhichis taken next is the short wall.
3. Thecentrelineofthewallofthebuildingisconsideredfordetermining
the centre to centre line length oflong walls and short walls.
4. The centre to centreto centre lengthoflong walls or short walls is
obtained byadding halfthe width ofthe wallto theinternallength of
either long wallor short wall.
5. Centreto centre lengthoflong wall=internallengthoflongwall+ ½
width ofthe wall.
6. Centre to centre lengthofshort wall=internallengthofshort wall+
½ widthof the wall.
7. To determinethe lengths ofdifferent quantities such as earthwork,
c.c. bedinfoundation, R.R. masonryetc, lengthoflongwall= centre
16. Construction Technology166
to centre lengthoflong wall+ width, the widthis the respective
width ofthe itemin consideration.
8. Similarlylengthoftheshort wall=centreto centrelengthofthe short
wall – width, where the widthis the respective widthofthe item
such as earthwork, c.c. bed etc.
Centre line method : In the centre line method, the sum of all the
centre linelengths oflong wallsand short walls areadded to get thetotalcentre
line length. At the junctions of two walls, the length is present in both of the
walls. Hence halfofthe lengthofthat width is to be subtracted fromthe total
centrelinelength.
Length =Totalcentre line length– ½ widthxnumber ofjunctions.
Fig 4.1 Plan Single Room
Centre to centre length oflong wall= 6.0 + 2x0.3/2 = 6.3 m.
Centre to centre length ofshort wall= 4.0 + 2x0.3/2 = 4.3 m.
Length ofLongWall= Centre to centre Length ofLongWall+Width
Length ofShort Wall= Centre to centre Length ofShort Wall– width
For earthwork inexcavation LengthofLongWall= 6.3 + 1.2 =7.5 m.
E L E V A T I O N S E C T I O N
1.2
0.9
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.6
0.3
3.0
17. 167Paper - II Estimating and Costing
For earthwork inexcavationLengthofShort Wall=4.3 – 1.2 =3.1 m.
In cement concrete in foundation the length and widthofthe long wall
and shortwallare thesame, but theheight isdifferent fromthat ofthe foundation
For R.R. masonryFirst footing Lengthoflong wall=6.3 + 0.9 =7.2 m.
Length of Short Wall= 4.3 -0.9 = 3.4 m.
Similarlyfor secondfooting &Thirdfooting,LengthofLongWalls are
7.0 and 6.8 and for short walls are 3.6 m and 3.8 m respectively.
Detailed estimate ofa single roomed building bycentre line method
Centre to centre length oflong wall= 6.0 + 2x0.3/2 = 6.3 m.
Centre to centre length ofshort wall= 4.0 + 2x0.3/2 = 4.3 m.
Totalcentre line length = 2(6.3 + 4.3) = 21.2 m.
Detailed Estimate
Quantity
30.528
7.63
11.45
4.45
12.72
28.62
19.08
RemarksSl. No.
1
2
3
4
Description
of work
Earth work in
excavation
C.C. bed in
foundation
R.R. masonry
infoundation
and plinth
First footing
Secondfooting
Basement
Brick work in
superstructure
No.
1
1
1
1
1
1
L
21.2
21.2
21.2
21.2
21.2
21.2
B
1.2
1.2
0.9
0.7
0.5
0.3
H
1.2
0.3
0.6
0.3
1.2
3
m m m m3
18. Construction Technology168
Sl.
No.
1
2
3
Description of work
Earthwork in
excavationin
foundation
Long Walls
Short Walls
Plaincement concrete
infoundation(1:5:10)
Long Walls
Short Walls
R.R. Masonryin
foundation
& basement c.m(1:8)
First footing
Long Walls
Short WaLLS
Secondfooting
Long Walls
Short WaLLS
Basement
Long Walls
Short Walls
No.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
L
m
7.5
3.1
7.5
3.1
7.2
3.4
7
3.6
6.8
3.8
B
m
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
0.9
0.9
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.5
H
m
1.2
1.2
Total
0.3
0.3
Total
0.6
0.6
0.3
0.3
1.2
1.2
Quantity
m3
21.6
8.93
30.53
5.4
2.68
8.08
7.78
3.67
11.45
2.94
1.51
4.45
8.16
4.56
Remarks
L=6.3+1.2=7.5
L = 4 . 3 -
1.2=3.1
L=6.3+1.2=7.5
L = 4 . 3 -
1.2=3.1
L=6.3+0.9=7.2
L = 4 . 3 -
0.9=3.4
L=6.3+0.7=7.0
L = 4 . 3 -
0.7=3.6
L=6.3+0.5=6.8
L = 4 . 3 -
0.5=3.8
19. 169Paper - II Estimating and Costing
4.2 Two roomed building( load bearing type structure)
Detailed Estimate OfADouble Roomed Building ByLong WallAnd
Short WallMethod
Centre to centre length oflong wall= 5.0 + 0.3 + 5.0 + 2x0.3/2 = 10.6
m.
Centre to centre length ofshort wall= 5.0 + 2x0.3/2 = 5.3 m.
Number oflong walls = 2. Number of short walls = 3.
Lengthoflongwall= centre to centre lengthoflong walls + width
Length ofshort wall= centre to centre lengthofshort wall- width
4 Brick work insuper
structure c.m. ( 1:8)
Long Walls
Short Walls
2
2
Total
of
6.6
4
R.R.
0.3
0.3
masonry
3
3
12.72
28.62
11.88
7.2
19.08
L=6.3+0.3=6.6
L = 4 . 3 -
0.3=4.0
Sl. No.
1
2
Description of
work
Earthworkin
excavation
Long Walls
Short Walls
C.C. bed in
foundation
Long Walls
No.
2
3
2
L
m
11.8
4.1
11.8
B
m
1.2
1.2
1.2
H
m
1.2
1.2
Total
0.3
Quantity
m3
33.98
17.71
51.69
8.5
Remarks
L= 10.6 +
1.2 = 11.8
L = 5.3 -
1.2 = 4.1
Totalcentre to centre line lenght = 10.6 x 2 + 5.3x3 = 37.1 m
20. Construction Technology170
3
4
Short Walls
R.R. masonryin
foundation&
plinth
First footing
Long Walls
Short walls
Secondfooting
Long Walls
Short Walls
Thirdfooting&
plinth
Long Walls
Short walls
Brick work in
super structure
Long Walls
Short Walls
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
4.1
11.5
4.4
11.3
4.6
11.1
4.8
10.9
5
1.2
0.9
0.9
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.3
0.3
1.2
1.2
3
3
4.43
12.93
312.42
7.13
19.55
4.75
2.9
7.65
13.32
8.64
21.96
49.16
19.62
13.5
33.12
L = 10.6 +
0.9 = 11.5
L = 5.3 - 0.9
= 4.4
L = 10.6 +
0.7 = 11.3
L = 5.3 -0.7
= 4.6
L = 10.6 +
0.5 = 11.1
L = 5.3 - 0.5
= 4.8
L= 10.6+ 0.3=
10.9
L = 5.3 - 0.3 =
5.0
R.R. masonryTotal
21. 171Paper - II Estimating and Costing
Centre line method
Fig 4.2 Double Room
No.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
L
35.9
35.9
36.2
36.4
36.6
36.8
B
1.2
1.2
0.9
0.7
0.5
0.3
H
1.2
0.3
0.6
0.3
1.2
Total
3
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
Description of
work
Earthworkin
excavation
C.C. bed in
foundation
R.R. masonryin
foundation
First footing
Secondfooting
Basement
Brickwork in
superstructure
Remarks
L= 37.1 -
2x1/2x1.2
L = 37.1 -
2x1/2x0.9
L = 37.1 -
2x1/2x0.7
L = 37.1 -
2x1/2x0.5
L = 37.1 -
2x1/2x0.3
Quantity
51.69 m3
12.93 m3
19.55 me
7.65 m3
21.96 m3
49.165 m3
33.12 m3
E L E V A T I O N S E C T I O N
5m x 5 m 5 m x 5 m
1.2
0.9
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.6
0.3
3.0
22. Construction Technology172
4.3 Single storied residential building with number of rooms
(load bearingtype structure)
Length oflong walls = 6.0+0.3+5.0+2x0.3/2=11.6 m.
Number oflong walls = 3
Length ofshort wallof5.0 m. length= 5.0+2x0.3/2=5.3 m.
Number of5.0 mshortwalls =3
Length of4.0 m. length short walls = 4.0+2x0.3/2=4.3m.
Number of4.0 m. length short walls = 3
Totalcentre line length= 11.6x3+5.3x3+4.3x3=63.6m.
Fig 4.3 Plan Section
6.0 x 5.0 m 5.0 x 5.0 m
5.0 x 4.0 m5.0 x 4.0 m
D D
DD
D D
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.9
0.9
1.2m
3.0m
23. 173Paper - II Estimating and Costing
56.43
m m m
m3
5m
4m
5m
4m
5m
4m
5m
4m
Basement
Basement
24. Construction Technology174
4.4 Single storied residential building with number of rooms
(framed structure type)
Number ofcolumns in a framed structure = 9
Size ofthe columns = 230mmx230 mm
Length of R.R. masonry, Brickwork, lintels, plinth beam and beams
under slab = (6+6)x3+(5+4)x3=63 m.
Length ofsunshades and externalplastering = (12.9+9.9)x2= 45.6 m.
Length ofslab with 1 m. extension on both sides = 1.0+1.0=2.0 m.
ExternalPlastering :Area ofexternalplastering =LengthxHeight
Length ofPlastering = 2x(12.9+9.9)=45.6 m.
Height ofexternal plastering = 3.0+0.12, where 3.0mis the height of
the room and 0.12 m. is the thickness ofthe slab.
Internalplastering: Area ofinternalplastering = Lengthx Height
Length of plastering = 2(L+B) , Where L and B are the length and
breadthofthe roomrespectively.
For 6mx5mroom, length = 2(6+5)=22m. Similarlyfor 5mx4mroom,
length=2(5+4)=18 m.
Fig 4.4 Residential Building Framed Structure
6.0x5.0m 5.0x5.0m
5.0x4.0m6.0x4.0m
P L A N S E C T I O N
0.23x0.23
R.C.CColumn
3.0m
1.2m
0.9m
0.3m
0.3m
R.C.C.
Footing
R.C.C.
G.L G.L
100 mm
thick
RCC slab
1.2m
25. 175Paper - II Estimating and Costing
B
m
1.2
0.9
0.6
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.7
0.45
0.23
0.23
0.23
1.2
0.23
S.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Description of work
Earthworkinexcavation
Columns
Inbetweencolumns
Deduct for columns
C.C. bed in foundation
Columns
Inbetweencolumns
Deduct for columns
R.R. masonryin
foundation
First footing
Secondfooting
Brickwork in
superstructure
Deductions Doors
Windows
R.C.C. column footing
Trapezoidalsection
Stem
No.
9
1
9
9
1
9
1
1
1
6
8
9
9
9
L
m
1.2
63
0.6
1.2
63
0.6
63
63
63
1
1.2
1.2
0.23
H
m
1.8
0.9
0.9
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.6
1.2
3
2
1.2
0.3
0.3
5.1
Quantity
m3
23.33
51.03
-2.92
71.44
3.89
17.01
-0.972
19.93
26.46
34.02
60.48
43.47
-2.76
-2.65
38.06
3.89
2.44
2.43
8.76
Remarks
L=12x3+
9x3=63
H=0.9+1.2+
3.0=5.1
Net Brickwork in super structure
(1.44+4x0.985+0.053)/6
27. 177Paper - II Estimating and Costing
4.5 Primary school building with sloped roof
Wallthickness = 0.3 m. inbrick masonry.
Width offoundation = 1.2 m. Depth offoundation= 1.8 m.
Widthoffirst footing = 0.9 m. Depthoffirst footing = 0.9 m.
Second footing width= 0.7 m. Depth = 0.6 m.
Width ofthird footing and plinth = 0.5 m. Height = 0.9 m.
Centre to centre length oflong walls = 3.0+0.3+3.0+2x0.3/2=6.6 m.
Centre to centre length ofshort walls = 3.0+2x0.3/2=3.3 m.
Totalcentre line length= 6.6x2+3.3x3=23.1 m.
Number ofjunctions = 2.
Height ofthesloping roof=1.0 m.
12
13
14
Rooms5mx4m
C.C. bed in rooms
Rooms6mx5m
Rooms5mx4m
Flooringinrooms
Rooms6mx5m
Rooms5mx4m
Fabrication &
placement of
steel
2
2
2
2
2
5
6
5
6
5
4
5
4
5
4
1.2
0.1
0.1
48
120
6
4
10
60
40
100
(8.76+4.35+3.68+26.25)x1.25x87.5/100x1000 78.5x100/100x1000
tonnes 4.22 t
28. Construction Technology178
Length ofthe sloping roof = square root of (1.5mx1.5m+ 1.0m.x1.0
m.) = 1.8 m.
Number of gable rafters at a spacing of 30 cms. Centre to centre =(
6.0/0.3)+1=21
Length ofthe gable rafters = 1.8+1.8+0.5+0.5=4.6 m.
Number ofreapers along a length of6.05 mts.At a spacing of10 cms
each = (4.6/0.1)+1=47
29. 179Paper - II Estimating and Costing
ELEVATION
W W
DD
Room
3.0 x 3.0 m
Room
3.0 x 3.0 m
References
D - Door 1.00 m x 2.00 m
W - Window 1.2 m x 1.2 m
Width of1st footing : 0.9 m
Second footing : 0.7 m
Basement : 0.5 m
P L A N
S E C T I O N
Tiles
Tiles
1.2 m
0.9 m
0.6 m
0.3 m
0.9 m
0.9 m
0.6 m
0.3 m
0.9 m
2.0 m
1.5 m
0.9 m
PRIMARYSCHOOLBUILDINGWITHSLOPINGROOF
30. Construction Technology180
4.6 RCC Dog legged – open well stairs
Fig 4.5 Dog Legged Stair case
1650
250
150
Floor
1650
2500 1000
E L E V A T I O N S E C T I O N - A A
P L A N
31. 181Paper - II Estimating and Costing
Sloping side 22 0.28 2.4640.4
11.264Total
32. Construction Technology182
Lengthoftheinclined flight = Squareroot of(1.65x1.65+2.5x2.5)=3.0
m.
Size ofbase offlight = 1.0x0.5x0.25 m3
Landing at the middle and topfloor =2.0mx1.0mx0.15m.
Length ofthe hand rail = (2x3.0+0.40)=6.8 m.
Number ofrisers = 11
Height ofthe first flight = 11x0.15=1.65 m.
Number oftreads = 10
Length oftreads in each flight = 10x0.25=2.5 m.
Triangular portionofthe brick has abase of0.25 m. and height 0.15 m.
Area ofthe brickwork = 1/2x(0.25x0.15) m2.
4.6.1 Open Well Staircase
Fig 4.6 Open well Stair case
FlightNo.No.ofRisersNo.ofTreadsEachRiserEachTread
A88152300
B43152300
C87152300
SECTION AT ‘AA’
Note :
1.All dimensionsare in Milli meters
2. Follow the written dimensions only
OPENWELLTYPESTAIRCASE
Scale 1:50
DRG. No. 18
33. 183Paper - II Estimating and Costing
Flight No.A
Horizontaldistance oftreads = 0.3x8=2.4 m.
Height of risers = 0.15x9=1.35 m.
Sloping lengthofflight = Square root of(2.4x2.4+1.35x1.35)=2.75 m.
Flight No. B
Horizontallengthoftreads = 0.3x3=0.9 m.
Height ofrisers = 0.15x4=0.6 m.
Sloping lengthofflight= Square root of(0.9x0.9+0.6x0.6)=1.08 m.
Flight No. C
Horizontallengthoftreads = 0.3x7=2.1 m.
Height ofrisers = 0.15x8=1.2 m.
Sloping length offlight = Square root of(2.1x2.1+1.2x1.2)=2.42 m.
34. Construction Technology184
4.7 Two storied residential building (framed structure type)
Fig 4.7 Twostoried residential building
E L E V A T I O N
Parpet wall
Weathering
course
Lintel &
sunshade
Brick
masonry
Roof slab
C.C. flooring
R.C.CMix
1:4:1
Sandfilling
C.C. floring
1:4:8
Elevation
0.902
3.05m
3.05m
35. 185Paper - II Estimating and Costing
Fig 4.8 Ground Floor & First Floor
Ground floor
Number ofcolumns = 15
Height of columns in ground floor & first floor =
0.90+0.9+3.05+0.1+3.05+0.1+0.8=8.9 m.
Height ofcolumn in ground floor = 0.9+9+3.05+0.1=4.95 m.
Height ofcolumn in first floor = 3.05+0.1+0.8=3.95 m.
Length of brickwork, lintels and beams =
4.21x4+4.20x4+3.05x2+3.00x2+2.00x2+4.00x2+3.34x2 = 64.42 m.
Openings – Main door – 1.00mx2.1m -1 No., Door – D 0.9x2.1 – 3
Nos., Door D1 – 0.76x2.1 – 2 Nos.
Windows - W – 1.8mx1.2m – 5 Nos., W1 – 1.2mx1.2m – 2 Nos.
Length of wall100 mm. thick = 4.21+3.79+1.5= 9.5 m.
Length ofsunshade = 2.1x5+1.5x2+1.1x1+1.3x1 = 15.9 m.
36. Construction Technology186
Length ofslab = 12.68 m., Width of slab = 9.10 m.
Length ofexternalplastering = 2(12.68+9.10)=43.56 m.
Trapezoidal section of the column foundation : Area of base A1 =
1.0x1.0=1.0 m2.
Area ofthe column stem= 0.23x0.23=0.0529 m2=A2
40. Construction Technology190
4.8 Detailed estimate of compound wall and steps
Length of the compound wall between the brick columns 230 mm x
230 mm = 6.0 + 4.0 = 10.0 m.
Height ofthe compound wall= 1.5 m.
Depthofexcavation below ground level= 0.9 m.
Width ofthe foundation = 0.9 m.
Thickness ofthe C.C. bed = 0.3 m.
Size ofthe first footing = 0.6 m. x 0.6 m.
Size ofthe plinth = 0.45 x 1.0m2.
Size ofthe brickwork in columns = 0.23 x 0.23 x 1.5 m.
Number ofbrick columns = 3
Lengthoftheearthwork inexcavation=
6.0+0.23+0.23+4.0+0.23=10.69
Quantityofearthwork in excavation = 10.69x0.9x0.9=8.66 m3.
QuantityofC.C. bed in foundation = 10.69x0.9x0.3=2.89 m3.
R.R. masonryfirst footing = 10.69x0.6x0.6= 3.85 m3.
R.R. masonryin plinth = 10.69x0.45x1.0= 4.81 m3.
R.R. masonry total = 3.85+4.81= 8.66 m.
Brick masonryincolumns = 3x0.23x0.23x1.5=0.24 m3.
Brickwork inbetween columns = 10.0x0.10x1.5= 1.5 m3.
Totalbrick masonry= 0.24+1.5=1.74 m.
Deduction for gate 2.0mx1.5m= 2.0x0.1x1.5=0.3 m3.
Net brickwork in superstructure = 1.74-0.3 = 1.44 m.
Plastering in columns= 4x0.23x1.5x3=4.14 m2.
Plastering in betweencolumns = 10x1.5x2=30 m2.
41. 191Paper - II Estimating and Costing
Total area ofplastering = 4.14+30=34.14 m2.
Estimate of steps
Quantityoffirst step = 1.0x0.9x0.3=0.27 m3.
Quantityof second step = 1.0x0.6x0.3=0.18 m3.
Quantityofthird step = 1.0x0.3x0.3=0.09 m3.
Total quantityofbrickwork in steps = 0.27+0.18+0.09=0.54 m3.
1.5 m
1.0 m0.45
0.6
0.9m
0.3 m
0.6 m
0.23m
0.23
4.0 m
0.23
6.0m0.23
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.0 m
Topview
FrontView
Side View
Fig. 4.9 Plan and Section of a compoundWall
42. Construction Technology192
Summary
To estimate the cost ofa buildingor a structure the steps involved are
1. Taking out the measurement ofvarious items and calculate the
quantities as per the detailed estimate.
2. Determining the cost ofthe calculated quantities as perAbstract
estimate.
ThemethodsofcalculatingquantitiesareLongwallandshortwallmethod
and Centreline method.
Length ofLongwall= Centre to centre length ofthe longwall+ width
Lengthofshort wall= Centre to centre lengthofthe short wall– width
Incentre linemethod, the length=Totalcentre line length– (number of
junctions)xwidth/2
For a double roombuilding, the totalcentre line length =sumofthe
centre linelengths oftwo longwalls and three short walls. The number
ofjunctions = 2.
For a building with number ofrooms, the totalcentre linelength= sum
ofthecentre to centre lengthsofthree long walls, three short walls oflength5.3
m. and three short walls oflength4.3 m. Number ofjunctions = 6.
The long wall short wall method and the centre line method are not
applicable. The lengthsofthe R.R. masonry, Brickworkinsuperstructure, Plinth
beam, lintelsandbeamsunderslabareobtainedbyaddingtheinternaldimensions
ofthe rooms.
The roofforthe primaryschoolbuildingis a gable roof, having its slope
intwo directions. The roofunder considerationisthe roofhaving itswidth=3.0
m. and its length = 6.0 m.
Length ofthe gable rafter = square root of[(width/2)2 + (Rise)2]
Number ofgable rafters = Lengthofthe roof/ spacingofthe rafters.
Area ofthetiledsurface = 2x(Lengthofthe roof)xWidthofthesloping
side.)
Number ofrisers = Height ofthe flight/ rise.
Number oftreads = Number ofrisers – 1.
Treads length= Number oftreads xTread.
43. 193Paper - II Estimating and Costing
Horizontallengthofthe stairs =Treads length +Widthofthe landing
Lengthofthe sloping side =Squareroot of[(Treadslength)2 + (Height
offlight)2].
Area ofbrickwork in each step = (Rise x Tread) x ½.
Short Answer Type Questions
1. What are the steps involved in finding the cost ofthe building?
2. What are the methodsinvolved intaking measurementsina detailed
estimate.
3. Write the tabular formula ofa detailed estimate.
4. Calculatethe numberofrisers ina flightofheight 1.50 m. andthe rise
of 15 cms.
5. Ifthe number of risers = 10, find the number oftreads.
6. Find the length ofthe gable rafter for a roomofwidth 6.0 m. and
length 12.0 m and the rise is 1.5 m.
Long Answer Type Questions
1. Find the earthwork in excavation, C.C. bed in foundation, R.R.
masonryin foundation, Brick work in superstructure and plastering for single
roombuilding and double roombuilding by long wall short wallmethod and
centre line method.
2. Detailed estimate ofa dog legged stair case.
3. Detailed estimate ofcompound walland steps.
O.J.T. Type Questions
1. Detailed estimate ofa number ofrooms.
2. Detailed estimate ofa framed structure.
3. Detailed estimate ofa Primaryschoolbuilding.
4. Detailed estimate ofan openwellstair case.
5. Detailedestimate ofa doublestoried building.
44. Construction Technology194
Structure
5.0 Introduction
5.1 Prepare specifications for different items ofwork.
5.2 Find the cost ofmaterials at source and at site.
5.3 Studyofthe cost oflabor types oflabor using standard schedule
of rates
5.4 Concept oflead and lift- leads statement
5.5 Preparationofunit rates for finished items ofworks
Learning Objectives
After studying this unit student willbe able to
• Prepare the unit ratio ofvarious items ofworks. Find the cost of
materials, specifications ofvarious ofvarious itemsofworks.
5.0 Introduction
To estimate the cost ofthe building, the quantities ofvarious items of
work are calculatedfromthe drawings. Theunit rates ofvariousitems ofwork
arecalculatedfromthespecifications ofthe varioustypesofmaterials. The rates
are calculatedas per the ratesinthe standard scheduleofrates. The unit rates of
various items of work increase considerably with the specifications. The
5UNIT
Specifications andAnalysis
of Rates
45. 195Paper - II Estimating and Costing
specifications indicate the qualityofthe work while the drawings are used for
the qualityofthe work.
5.1 Prepare specifications for different items of work
Specifications specifies or describes the nature and the class of work,
materials to be used in the work, workmanship etc. From the study of the
specifications one can easily understand the nature ofthe work and what the
work shallbe.
Detailed specifications : Detailed specificationsare writtento express
the requirements clearlyin a concise form avoiding repetition and ambiguity.
The detailed specificationsfor various items ofwork are as follows.
Earthwork excavationoffoundation
The following specifications shall be followed in the earthwork in
excavations infoundations.
1. Foundationtrench shallbe dug to the exact widthand depth of
foundation.
2. Excavated earth shallnot be placed within 1 m. ofthe edge ofthe
foundation.
3. The bottomofthe trenches shallbe perfectlyleveled both
longitudinallyand transversely.
4. Ifwater accumulates in the trench, it should be pumped out. Care
should be taken to prevent water fromentering the trench.
5. Ifrocks and boulders are found during excavation, theyshould be
removed and the bed ofthe trench should be leveled and
consolidated.
6. Foundation concrete should be laid onlyafter the inspection and
approval by the Engineer in charge.
Cement concrete in foundation (1:5:10)
The following specifications should be followed incement concrete in
foundation.
1. Course aggregate should be ofhard broken stone, free fromdust,
dirt and foreign matter.
2. Fineaggregate shallbe ofcoarse sand, consisting ofhard, sharp and
angular grains and shallpassthrough screen of5 mm. square mesh.
46. Construction Technology196
3. Sand should be free fromdust, dirt and organic matters.
4. Water shallbe cleanand free from alkaline and acid matter.
5. Mixing should be done onmasonryplatformor sheet irontrayin
hand mixing.
6. Coarse aggregate and sand should be mixed byvolume and cement
by weight.
Random rubble masonry
The following specifications should be followed in random rubble
masonry
1. The stones should besound, hard and durable. Stones withrounded
surface shallnot be used.
2. No stone shall be less than 15 cm. in size.
3. Bond stones should be provided at every1 m. length.
4. Cement mortar 1:3 to 1:6 shallbe provided.
5. The joints in the stone masonryshallnot be thicker than 2 cm.
6. The masonryshall be watered for at least 10 days.
Brick masonry
The following specifications should be followed inbrick masonryfirst
class
1. Bricks ofstandard size, copper red color, regular in shape, having
sharp square edges should be used.
2. Thebricksshouldnotabsorbmorethan20%ofwaterwhenimmersed
in water for 24 hours.
3. The mortar used inbrick masonryshallbe 1:3 to 1:6.
4. The bricks shallbe wellbonded and laid in English bond unless
otherwise specified.
5. Mortarjoints shallnot exceed6 mm. inthickness andthe joints shall
be fullyflushed with mortar.
6. The bricks should be soaked in water before use in masonry.
7. The brick masonry shallbe watered for at least 10 days.
47. 197Paper - II Estimating and Costing
Plastering
The followingspecifications should be followedinplastering
1. The materials ofmortar, cement and sand used in plastering should
be as per specifications.
2. The joints ofthebrickwork shallbe raked for a depth of18 mm. on
the surface.
3. Ceiling plastering should be completed before the start ofwall
plastering.
4. The thickness ofthe plastering should not be less than12 mm. for
internalplastering and 20 mm. for externalplastering.
5. The plastering work shallbe checked forhorizontalitywitha straight
edge and for verticality with a plumb bob.
6. Anydefectiveplasteringshallbecut inrectangularshapeandreplaced.
7. The plastering should be watered for at least 10 days.
5.2 Find the cost of materials at source and at site.
The amount required to purchase the material at the source of its
production is the cost ofmaterials at the source.
Cost of materials at site : The cost of materials at site includes the
cost ofmaterials at source along withthe cost ofseignories, taxes, royalties,
transport, stacking, loadingand unloading etc.
Seignories are collected for materials like sand, stones etc., which are
under the controlofrespective localagencies under government control.
5.3 Study of the cost of labor types of labor using standard
schedule of rates
Labour rates
Si
No.
Category of worker
S. Rate
For
2012-13
48. Construction Technology198
1 2 3
Skilled catregory
• 1 Bar bender 330
• 2 Black smith / Tin smith/ Rivetor 315
• 3 Blaster ( Licensed ) 355
• 4 Carpenter Cl- I 315
• 5 Electrician ( Licensed ) 355
• 6 Fitter Cl- I 315
• 7 Floor Polisher /Tile Layer 315
• 8 Foreman 355
• 9 Gauge reader 300
• 10
• Maistry/ Work Inspector with Non-technicalQualification
• SSLC/SSC/HSC
• 300
• 11 Mason Cl- I / Brick layer Cl- I 315
• 12 Mechanic Cl- I 315
• 13 OperatorAir compressor / DG set 315
• 14 Operator Batching plant 355
• 15 Operator Bus/Ambulance/ Lorry/Tanker 315
• 16 Operator Concrete /Asphalt mixer 315
• 17 Operator Concrete /Asphalt paver 315
• 18 Operator Concrete pump / Placer/ ice plant 315
Common SoR 2012 : 13
280
Sl
No.
52. Construction Technology202
• 34 Lineman Electric / Telephone 285
• 35 Mason Cl- ll / Brick layer Cl-II 285
• 36 Mechanic Cl- II 285
• 37 Painter Cl- II 300
• 38 Patkari / Neeraganti/ Sowdy 285
• 39 Stone Chiseller Cl- II 285
• 40 Stone breaker / Hammer man 285
• 41 Valve man / Canalsluice operator 285
III. Un-skilled category
• 1 Cement /Asphalt handling mazdoor 250
• 2 Civic worker 250
• 3 Heavy mazdoor 250
• 4 Light mazdoor 250
• 5 Watchman 250
IV. Other category
• 1 Care-taker / conductor / LiftAttender 300
• 2 Cook / Mess man 300
• 3 Dhobi 300
• 4 Diploma Engineer / Surveyor 450
• 5 Diver with headgear 365
• 6 Graduate / LaboratoryAssistant 350
• 7 Graduate Engineer/ Geologist 600
• 8 HorticultureAssistant /Photographer 300
• 9 ITI certificate holder / Tracer / Printer 350
• 10 Literate mazdoor 285
• 11 Stenographer / Computer Operator 400
• Common SoR 2012:13
53. 203Paper - II Estimating and Costing
283
Sl
No.
Category of worker
S. Rate
for
2012-13
1 2 3
• 12 Telephone / Wireless Operator 350
• 13 Typist / Job Typist 350
• 14
• CADoperator withDiploma inEngineering/Generaldegree with
• CAD certificate
• 500
• 15 Jeep Driver 355
• 16 Data Processing Operator 500
• Note : 1. The wage should not be less than the minimumwages of
schedule ofemployment,
• Subject to out turn. 2. 25% extra over the corresponding labour
rates in respect of the work to be
• Done during night time subject to issue ofcertificate accordinglyby
the concerned estimate.
• Sanctioning authorityfor providing in the data andbyconcerned
Executive Engineerincharge oftheworkfor payment. Thenight time
allowance is applicable only to the works done under Greater
• HyderabadMunicipalCorporation, GreaterVisakhapatnamMunicipal
Corporationand Vijayawada MunicipalCorporationlimits only.of
various government agencies.
• Transport cost includes cost oftransporting the materialfromsource
to the site. In S.S.R., the cost oftransporting on a mettaled road is
54. Construction Technology204
given. Iftransport is required on a cart track or a sand track, to reach
the site, that distance is converted to equivalent metalled road.
Distance on cart track = Distance on metalled road x 1.1
Distance on sand track = Distance on metalled road x 1.4
Stacking includes placing the material in a specified heap for a given
volumeinthecaseofmaterialslikesandandcoarseaggregate.Bricksarestacked
for agivennumber. Sometimes arestacking charges are includedinloading and
unloading. Loadingandunloadingcharges arefixedforagivenvolumeorweight
fordifferent materials.
The cost oflabor wages for eachcategoryoflabor are given above as
per Standard schedule ofrates 2012-13.
Standard schedule of rates : In standard schedule ofrates (S.S.R.) ,
the rates ofvarious materials, machineryand hiring charges andwages oflabor
are prepared. It is prepared bythe board ofchiefengineers and approve it for
that year.
5.4 Concept of lead and lift- leads statement
The distance between the source ofmaterialto the worksite is known
as the lead. This lead distance changes from one project to another project
depending uponthelocation. The verticalheight throughwhichthematerialisto
be disposed is known as the lift.
Lead charges : The conveyance charges ofthe materials fromsource
to thesite ofwork iscalled lead charge. InS.S.R. the lead chargesare given for
Metalledroads.Theequivalent distanceofmetalledroadforcarttrack=1.1xlead,
while for sandytrack = 1.4xlead.
Lead statement : Lead statement gives the cost ofvarious materials at
site. It includesbasic rate, plusconveyance, blastingcharges, seignorage charges
etc.
Lead Statement
S.
No
Mat-
erial
Source Unit Cost at
source
Lead
inKm.
Equi
valent
metal
led
road
Blas
ting
char
ges
Seign
orage
char
ges
Cess
charges
Cru
shing
char
ges
Deduc
tions
if any
Net
rate
at
site
Re
mar
ks
55. 205Paper - II Estimating and Costing
5.5 Preparation of unit rates for finished items of works
Cost of sand as per S.S.R. : For concrete = Rs. 375., For filling =
Rs. 288., For plastering = Rs.490.
Cost ofcement = Rs. 5100/ton., = Rs. 255 per bag.
Mixing charges for mixing 1 m3 ofmortar = Rs. 85.
Cost of preparation of 1 m3 mortarfor different proportions
5.5.1. Cement concrete in foundation (1:5:10)1
Quantity of cement =(1.52/16)x1=0.095 m3=0.095x1440/50=2.74
bags.
Quantityofsand = (1.52/16)x5=0.475 m3
Quantityofaggregate= (1.52/16)x10=0.95 m3.
Cost ofcement = Rs.255 per bag., Cost ofsand=Rs. 375/m3., Cost of
Coarse aggregate=Rs.588/m3.
Cost of
sand
Rs. 323.
40
Rs. 367.
50
Rs. 392.
00
Rs. 406.
70
Rs.419.95
Rs. 436.10
Rs. 445.9
Mix
-ing
charges
Rs.85
Rs.85
Rs.85
Rs.85
Rs.85
Rs.85
Rs.85
Mix
propor
-tion
1:2
1:3
1:4
1:5
1:6
1:8
1:10
Quantity of
cement in
bags
9.5 bags
7.2
5.76
4.79
4.11
3.19
2.62
Quantity
of sand
inm3
0.66
0.75
0.8
0.83
0.857
0.89
0.91
Cost of
cement
Rs.2422.
50
Rs. 1836.
00
Rs. 1469.
00
Rs. 1221.
50
Rs.1048.
05
Rs.813.
45
Rs.668.
10
Total cost
2831.50
2288.50
1946.00
1713.20
1553.00
1334.55
1199.00
56. Construction Technology206
R.C.C. (1:2:4) works in Beams, slab, columns etc
Quantityofcement = 1.52x1/7=0.217 m3=0.217x1440/50=6.25 bags.
Quantity of sand = 1.52x2/7=0.434 m3.
Quantityofcoarse aggregate = 1.52x4/7=0.869 m3.
Quantityofsteel=1.1x78.5/100=0.86quintals=86.35 kgs.
Centering and scaffolding charges with casurina ballies, bamboos,
wooden reapers, poles etc.
Lintel=Rs. 1215/m3; Sunshades = Rs. 214/m2., Columns = Rs. 929/
m2., Beams = Rs. 1637/m2.
Slabs up to 150 mm. = Rs. 184/m2.
Particulars
Materials Cement
Sand
Coarse aggregate
Labor: Head mason
Mason
Menmazdoor
Womenmazdoor
Waterman
Add 20% for labor
Quantity
2.74 bags
0.475 m3
0.95 m3
0.05 No.
0.15 No.
1.2 NO.
1.8 No.
0.4 No.
Rate
Rs. 255/bag
Rs. 375/m3.
Rs. 588/bag
Rs. 350/No.
Rs. 315/No.
Rs. 250/No.
Rs. 250/No.
Rs. 250/No.
Total
Cost
Rs. 698.70
Rs. 178.15
Rs. 558.60
Rs. 17.50
Rs. 47.25
Rs. 300
Rs. 450
Rs. 100
Rs.182.95
Rs.2533.15
Particulars
R.C.C(1:2:4) including cost of
materials, labour charges,
centering chargesbut excluding
cost ofsteeland its fabrication.
Materials
Cement
Quantity
6.25 bags
Rate
Rs. 255/bag
Amount
Rs. 1593.75
57. 207Paper - II Estimating and Costing
Sand
Coarse aggregate
Labour
Head mason
Mason
Menmazdoor
Womenmazdoor
Waterman
Totalcost ofmaterials & labour
= Rs.2760.30+1274.40=
Rs.4034.70
R.C.C. works in lintel, slab,
beams and columns
Centering chargeswith
Casuarinas baileys, bamboos,
poles, wallplates etc.
Item
Lintel
Slab
Beam
Column
0.434 m3
0.868 m3
0.05
0.3
1.2 No.
2.0 NO.
0.6 No.
Centering
charges
including
materials and
labour
Rs.1215
Rs. 1533.33
Rs. 1637
Rs.929
Rs. 375/m3
Rs. 1161.80/
m3
Total
Rs. 350/No.
Rs. 315/No.
Rs. 250/No.
Rs. 250/No.
Rs. 250/No.
20% local
allowance
Cost of
materials and
labour
Rs. 4034.70
Rs. 4034.70
Rs. 4034.70
Rs. 4034.70
Rs. 162.75
Rs. 1003.80
Rs. 2760.30
Rs. 17.50
Rs. 94.50
Rs. 300.00
Rs. 500.00
Rs. 150.00
Rs. 1062.00
Rs. 212.40
Rs. 1274.40
TotalCost
Rs. 5249.70
Rs. 5568.00
Rs. 5671.70
Rs. 4963.70
58. Construction Technology208
1 m3ofR.C.C. work requiresapproximately90 kgs. ofsteel. The cost
offabricationofsteelincluding bending and placement in positionis Rs. 6.00/
Kg.
5.5.3 Brick masonry in cement mortar
The size ofthe bricks considered are 19 cmx9 cmx9 cm. The volume
ofmortar is 0.32 m3. Cost ofbrick masonryfor 1.0 m3 is considered.
Number of bricks required = 500
Mortar witha proportionof1:6 is considered.
Quantityofcement = 0.32/7=0.0457 m3=0.0457x1440/50=1.32 bags
QuantityofSand = 0.32x6/7=0.274 m3
Cost of1000 no. ofbricks 19cmx9cmx9cm as per S.S.R. =Rs. 4687,
Loading and unloading charges=Rs.37.30, Conveyance charges
=118.65+17.80x10=Rs. 297.( for 15 K.M.)
Totalcost ofbricks = Rs.4687+Rs.37.30+297=Rs.5021.30
Quantity
500 Nos.
1.32 bags
0.274 m3.
Materials cost
0.05 No.
1.0 No.
0.7 NO.
1.0 No.
0.2 No.
Particulars
Brick masonryin
superstructure includingcost
ofmaterials and labour
Materials
Bricks
Cement
Sand
Labour
Head mason
Mason
Menmazdoor
Womenmazdoor
Waterman
Rate
Rs. 5021.30per
1000 Nos.
Rs. 255 per bag
Rs. 490/m3.
Total
Rs. 350/No.
Rs. 315/No.
Rs. 250/No.
Rs. 250/No.
Rs. 250/No.
Amount
Rs.2510.65
Rs. 336.60
Rs. 134.30
Rs. 2981.55
Rs. 17.50
Rs. 315.00
Rs. 175.00
Rs. 250.00
Rs. 50.00
59. 209Paper - II Estimating and Costing
5.5.4 Course rubble stone masonry(CRS) in cement mortar
Quantity of stone required = 1.25 m3. Volume of mortar required
=40%=0.4.
Quantityofcement requiredfor C.M. 1:6= 0.4/7=0.06m3=0.06x1440/
50=1.8 bags.
Total
Add 20%
Rs. 807.50
Rs.161.50
Rs. 969.00
Rs. 3950.55Materials and Labour
TotalCost
Particulars
Materials
Stone including bond
stone and wastage
Cement
Sand
Labour
Head mason
Mason
Menmazdoor
Womenmazdoor
Waterman
Totalcostofmaterialsand
labour
Quantity or No.
1.25 m3.
1.8 bags
0.36 m3.
0.05 No.
1.6 No.
1.6 No.
0.8 No.
0.15 No.
Rate
Rs.535.60/m3
Rs. 255/ bag
Rs. 490/m3.
Rs. 350/No.
Rs. 315/No.
Rs. 250/No.
Rs. 250/No.
Rs. 250/No.
Add 20%
allowance
Amount
Rs. 669.5
Rs. 459
Rs. 176.40
Rs. 1304.90
Rs. 17.50
Rs. 504.00
Rs. 400.00
Rs. 200.00
Rs. 37.50
Rs.1159.00
Rs. 231.80
Rs. 1390.80
Rs. 2695.70
60. Construction Technology210
Quantity of sand= 0.36 m3. Cost of rubble stone =
Rs.293+Rs.74.60+11.20x15 = Rs. 535.60 for a conveyance of 20 K.M.
5.5.5 Plastering
Externalplastering 20 mm. thickand Internalplastering 12mm. thick.
Materials for 20 mm. thick plastering in a wallof100 sq. m.
Volume ofplastering = 100x20/1000=2.0 m3.
Add 20% for wet volume and increasing 25% dry
volume=2.0+0.4+0.6=3.0 m3.
Cost of1:6 cement mortar = Rs. 1553.00/m3. Cost of3.0 m3 cement
mortar=1553.00x3=Rs.4659.00
Labourcharges : Head mason=1/3 no. Cost=(1/3)x350=Rs. 116.70
Mason=12 Nos. Cost=10x315=Rs. 3150.00 Men mazdoor=15 Nos.
= 15x250= Rs. 3750.00
Waterman= ¾ No. Cost = (3/4)x250=Rs. 187.50.
Cost oflabour = Rs.116.70+Rs. 3150+Rs.3750.00+Rs. 187.50= Rs.
7204.20 Add 20% allowance =Rs. 1440.80. Total
cost of labour = Rs. 7204.20+1440.80=Rs. 8645.00
Total cost of external plastering=Rs.4659.00+ Rs. 8645.00=Rs.
13304.00
Cost of20 mm. thick plastering/m2 = 13304.00/100= Rs.133.04
Materials for internalplastering 12 mm. thick for 100 m2.
Volume of plastering= 100x12/1000=1.2 m3. Add 30% for uneven
surfaces and 25% for dryvolume.
Total volume ofplastering = 1.2+0.36+0.29=1.95 m3. say2.0 m3.
Cost of 1:6 cement mortar for 1 m3= Rs. 1553.00 Cost of 2.0 m3
mortar = 2x1553.00= Rs.3106.00
Labour charges = Rs. 8645.00.
Totalcost ofplastering 12 mm. thick = Rs. 3106.00+ Rs.8645.00=Rs.
11751.00
Cost ofplastering 12 mm thick per m2= 11751/100=Rs. 117.51
61. 211Paper - II Estimating and Costing
5.5.6 Pointing in cement mortar
For pointing in brickwork the totaldryvolume ofmaterialsis taken as
0.60 m3 for 100 m2.
Pointing withcement mortar ofproportion1:2 : Dryvolume ofmortar
= 0.60 m3
Cost of mortar 1:2 for 1 m3=Rs. 2831.50. Cost of 0.6 m3 mortar =
0.6x2831.50=Rs. 1699.00
Labour: Head mason (1/3)x350=Rs. 116.70
Mason = 10x315=Rs.3150.00; Men mazdoor=10x250=Rs.2500.00;
Waterman=0.5x250=Rs. 125.00
l Cost oflabour = 116.70+3150+2500+125.00=Rs. 5891.70
Add 20% allowance=Rs.1178.30; Total cost = 5891.70+1178.30=
Rs.7070.00
Totalcost ofmaterials and labour = 1699.00+7070.00=Rs.8769.00
Cost ofpointing per m2= 8769.00/100=Rs. 87.70
5.5.7. Cement concrete flooring
Considering 2.5 cm. thick concrete for an area of floor = 100 m2.
Volume of concrete floor = 100x2.5/100=2.5 m3. Add 10% for
unevenness ofconcrete
Quantityof concrete = 2.5+0.25=2.75 m3. Add 50% for dry volume
ofconcrete=1.375 m3.
Totalquantityofconcrete= 2.75+1.375=4.125 m3.
Quantity of cement required = 4.125/7=0.60 m3.=0.6x1440/50=18
bags.
Quantityofsand= 0.6x2=1.2 m3. Quantityofstone aggregate= 0.6x4
= 2.4 m3.
Cement forsurface finishing = 100x2/1000=0.2 m3. = 0.2x1440/50=6
bags.
Cost of cement= Rs. 255/ bag; Cost of sand= Rs. 490/m3.; Cost of
aggregate = Rs.1161.80/m3.
62. Construction Technology212
Cost of cement concrete flooring per sq. meter = 17491.00/
100=Rs.174.91/sq m.
5.5.8. Doors and windows – paneled and glazed
Consider preparation of door frame with Sal wood . The size of the
door is 1.00 m. x 2.00 m.
Particulars
Materials
Stone aggregate
Sand (coarse)
Cement
Cement for surface
finishing
Labour etc.
Head mason
Mason
Menmazdoor
Womenmazdoor
Waterman
Totalcost ofmaterials
Totalcost oflabour
Side formsforfinishing
Quantity orNo.
2.40 m3.
1.20 m3.
18 bags
6 bags
¾ no.
10 Nos.
5 Nos.
5 Nos.
2 Nos.
Add 20% extra
Side forms
Rate per
Rs. 1161.80/m3.
Rs. 490/m3.
Rs. 255/ bag
Rs. 255/ bag
Rs. 350/day
Rs. 315/day
Rs. 250/day
Rs. 250/day
Rs. 250/day
Lumpsum
Lumpsum
Totalcost
Amount
Rs. 2788.40
Rs. 588.00
Rs. 4590.00
Rs.1530.00
Rs. 9496.40
Rs. 262.50
Rs. 3150.00
Rs. 1250.00
Rs.1250.00
Rs.500.00
Rs. 6412.50
Rs.1282.50
Rs. 7695.00
Rs. 300.00
Rs. 9496.40
Rs. 7695.00
Rs. 300.00
Rs.17491.00
63. 213Paper - II Estimating and Costing
Materials : Teakwood of cross section 8 cmx12 cm.
Length of the frame = 2x( 2.14+1.2)=6.68 m. Quantity of
timber=6.68x0.08x0.12=0.064 m3.
Add 5% for wastage = 0.0032 m3. Total quantity of timber
=0.064+0.0032=0.0672 m3.
Rate of salwood = Rs. 40012.00/m3.
Cost of timber = 0.0672x40012.00= Rs. 2688.80
Labour : Head carpenter =1/16 No. Cost =350x1/16= Rs.21.90
Carpenter =1/4 No. Cost =315x1/4= Rs.78.75
Men mazdoor = ½ No. Cost =250x1/2= Rs.125.00
Cost oflabour Rs.225.65
Add 20% allowance Rs.45.20
Totalcost oflabour Rs.270.85
Total cost of materials and labour = Rs. 2688.80+Rs.
270.85=Rs.2959.65 say Rs. 2960.00
Width ofthe plank=1.0-0.10-0.10-0.10=0.6 m. (Widthofthe stiles)
Length ofthe plank = 2.0-0.10-0.10-0.10-0.15-0.10=1.55 m. (width
oftop, frieze, lock and bottomrails
Unit rate of 40 mm. thick paneled door shutter ofsize 1.0x2.0 sq m.
double door in teak wood.
AmountParticulars
Materials:-
timber
Stiles
Toprail
Frieze rail
Lock rail
Bottom
rail
No.
4
1
1
1
1
L
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
B
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.15
0.10
Thick
ness
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
Quantity/
Nos.
0.032
0.004
0.004
0.006
0.004
Rate
64. Construction Technology214
Planks for
panels
Brass
accessories
Towerbolt
30 cm.
Towerbolt
15 cm.
Handle 10
cm.
Hinges
Aldrop 30
cm.
Door
stopper
Labour
Head
carpenter
Carpenter
Helpers
1
1No.
1No.
2.no
6.no
1 No.
1 No.
1/15
No.
4 Nos.
1.55
Add
5%
0.6
for
Cost
0.025
wastage
Of
0.023
0.073
0.00365
0.0767 m3
1 No.
1 No.
2 Nos.
6 Nos.
1 No.
1 No.
accessories
1/15 No.
4 Nos.
2 Nos.
Rs.1054
86.00/m3
Rs.248
.00/No.
Rs.121.00/
No.
Rs.337.00/
No..
Rs.112.00/
No.
Rs.
729.00/
No.
Rs.
146.00/
No.
Rs. 350/
day
Rs. 315/
day
Rs. 250/
day
Rs.8090.80
Rs. 248.00
Rs.121.00
Rs.674.00
Rs. 672.00
Rs. 729.00
Rs.146.00
Rs.2590.00
Rs. 23.35
Rs.
1260.00
Rs.500.00
Rs.
1783.35
65. 215Paper - II Estimating and Costing
Cost of materials = Rs. 8090.80
Cost ofbrass accessories=Rs.2590.00
Cost oflabour = Rs. 2140.00
Totalcost = Rs.12820.80
Summary
Specification definesthe nature and classofwork, materials to be used
in the work, workmanship etc.
Cost of materials at the source : The amount required to purchase
the materialsat the source ofits productionis thecost ofmaterialsat the source.
Cost ofmaterialsat thesite=Cost ofmaterialsat thesource+Seignories
+ Taxes +Royalties + Transport + Loading+ unloading etc.
Cost oftransport on metalled road is givenin the S.S.R.
Distance oncart track = 1.1 x Distance on metalled road
Distance onsand track = 1.4 x Distance on metalled road
Standard Schedule of Rates (S.S.R.) : Standard schedule of rates
consists ofthe ratesofmaterials, machinery, hiringchargesandwages oflabour.
It is prepared by the board ofchiefengineers and approved for that year.
Lead and Lift : The horizontal distance between the source of the
materialto thework siteis knownas the lead. The verticalheight throughwhich
the materialis lifted is knownas the lift.
Lead Statement :Thestatement indetailofthe cost ofmaterialsat the
site is knownas the lead statement.
Quantityofmaterials in Plaincement concrete (1:5:10) :
Quantity ofcement = 1.52 x 1/16 = 0.095 cu m. = 0.095 x 1440/50 =
2.74 bags
Quantity ofsand = 1.52 x 5/16 = 0.475 cu m.
Add 20%
extra
Total
Rs. 356.65
Rs. 2140.00
66. Construction Technology216
Quantity ofcoarse aggregate = 1.52 x 10/16 = 0.95 cu m.
Brick masonryin cement mortar for 1.0 cu m.
Number of bricks of size 19 cm. x 9 cm. x 9 cm. = 500
Volume ofmortar = 0.32 cu m.
Course rubble masonry:
Quantityofstone = 1.25 cu m.
Volume ofmortar = 0.40 cu m.
Plastering20 mm. thick: Thevolumeofcement sandmortarrequired
for an area of 100 sq m. and a thickness of 20 mm. is 3.0 cu m.
Plastering 12mm. thick: Thevolume ofcement sandmortarrequired
for an area of 100 sq m. and a thickness of 12 mm. is 2.0 cu m.
Pointing : The volume ofcement sand mortar requiredfor pointing of
an area of100 sq m. with a mix proportion 1:2 is 0.60 cu m.
Short Answer Type Questions
1. Define specification.
2. What is cost ofmaterials at the source.?
3. What is the cost ofmaterials at the site?
4. Write a tabular formfor an abstract estimate.
5. List out the various types oflabour.
6. Define standard schedule ofrates.
7. What is lead and lift?
8. What is a lead statement.
Long Answer Type Questions
1. Prepare specifications for the following
(a) Earthwork inexcavation, (b) Cement concrete in foundation, (c)
R.R. masonry, (d) Brick work in cement mortar.
2. Find the unit rate for Plaincement concrete (1:6:12)
3. Find the unit rate for course rubble masonryofcement mortar (1:6).
67. 217Paper - II Estimating and Costing
4. Findtheunit rateforbrickworkincement mortar(1:6)usingstandard
size of bricks.
5. Find the unit rate of plastering 12 mm. and 20 mm. thick with a
proportion of(1:5) cement mortar.
O.J.T. Questions
1. Prepare a unit rate of brickwork in cement mortar for 1.0 cu m.
using modular bricks.
2. Prepare a unit rate of R.C.C. (1:2:4) for 1.0 cu m. in slabs, beams
and columns.
3. Find the cost of a door (1.00m. x 2.00 m.) in country wood
4. Find the cost ofa window (1.2 m x 1.2 m) in Sal wood.
68. Construction Technology218
Structure
6.0 Introduction
6.1 Trapezoidal, Prismoidal, Mid ordinate
6.2 Taking out quantitiesfromL.S. andC.S. incuttingandembankment
Learning Objectives
After studying this unit student willbe able to
• Calcualate the quantities ofearthwork inbanking and cutting by
Trapezoidaland PrismoidalRule
6.0 Introduction
Alltypes ofroads, railways and irrigation works are constructed over
earthwork.Tounderstandthecalculationofearthworkinvolvedinthesestructures,
these methods ofcalculationhave to be studied in detail.
Crosssectionofearthwork isintheformofa trapezium. The quantityof
earthwork maybe calculated bythefollowing methods.
6UNIT
EarthworkCalculations
69. 219Paper - II Estimating and Costing
6.1. Trapezoidal, Prismoidal, Mid ordinate
Sectionalandmeansectionalarea methods for calculating earthwork.
Mid sectional area method : In the mid sectional area method, the
average height ofthe two ends is takenas the meandepth. L is thelengthofthe
section. B isthe formationwidth, andS:1 is the sideslope and d1 andd2 are the
height ofthe embankment at the two ends
Mean height dm= (d1+d2)/2
Areaofmidsection=Areaofrectangularportion+areaoftwo triangular
portions=Bdm+1/2sdm2+1/2sdm2=Bdm+2dm2.
Quantityofearthwork = (Bdm+sdm2)xL
The quantitiesofearthworkmay becalculated in a tabularform as below
Mean SectionalArea Method : In this method, the area at the ends
ofdepthd1 and d2 are calculated and the meanarea of the section is found.
Sectionalare at one endA1 = Bd1+S(d1)2
Sectional area at the other end = Bd2+S(d2)2=A2
The meansectionalareaA=(A1+A2)/2
QuantityQ=((A1+A2)/2)xL
Thequantitiesofearthworkmay becalculated ina tabularformasfollows
Stations Depth
or
Height
Mean
depth or
Height
Central
area Bd
Area of
sides Sd2
Total
sec
tional
area
Bd+Sd2
Length
between
stations L
Quantity
(Bd+Sd2)xL
Embank
ment cutt
ing
Station Height
or depth
Area of
central
portion
Bd
Area of
s i d e s
Sd2
T o t a l
sectional
a r e a
Bd+Sd2
M e a n
sectional
area
Length
between
stations
L
Quantity
=(Bd+Sd2)
xLBanking
Cutting
70. Construction Technology220
Fig 6.1
Trapezoidal-Prismoidal Formula:Intheprismoidalformulatheareas
at the ends and the mid sectionalarea are also taken into consideration. If the
area at the ends areA1 andA2 respectively andAm is the mid sectional area,
Quantityorvolume = (A1+A2+4Am)xL/6
• Cross sectional area at one endA1 = Bd1+S(d1)2
• Cross sectionalarea at the other end =A2 = Bd2+ S(d2)2
• Depth at the mid section = dm = (d1+d2)/2
• Area at the mid section = Bdm+S(dm)2 =Am
• Quantity= (A1+A2+4Am)xL/6
Trapezoidal formula and prismoidal formula fora series of cross
sections : When the series ofcross sectionsA0,A1,A2,A3, …………An are
at equaldistances D, thenthevolume bythe trapezoidalformula is givenbyV =
((A0+An)/2+A1+A2+A3+ ………..+An-1 +An)
Volume by Prismoidal formula : V=((A0+An)+2(Sum of the odd
areas)+4(Sumofevenareas))xD/3
Example 1 : Calculatethe quantityofearthwork for200 metre length
for a portionofa road inanuniformground. Theheights ofthe banksat the two
ends are 1.00 and 1.60 m. The formation widthis 10 metre and side slopes are
2:1.Assume that there is no transverse slope.
B
Sd1
Sd1
1:S
1:S
d1
B
Sd2
Sd2
1:S
1:S
d2
d1
B
L
71. 221Paper - II Estimating and Costing
Mid sectional area method : Height d1 = 1.00m. Height d2 = 1.60
m. Formationwidth = B = 10 m.
• Height at the mid section dm= (d1+d2)/2 = (1.00+1.60)/2=1.3 m.
Side slopes S = 2.
• Area at the mid section = Bdm+ S(dm)2 =10x1.3 + 2(1.3)2 = 16.38
sq. m. Length = L = 200 m.
• Quantity=Area x length = ((Bdm+S(dm)2)xL=16.38x200 = 3276
cu m.
• Mean sectional area method : Quantity= Mean sectional area x
length
• A1 = Sectional area at one end = Bd1 + S(d1)2 =10x1+2(1.0)2 =
12 sq m.
• A2 = Sectionalareaat another end= Bd2+S(d2)2 =10x1.6+2(1.6)2=
21.12 sq m.
• Mean sectionalarea =Am = (A1+A2)/2 =(12+21.12)/2 = 16.56 sq
m.
• Quantity= Mean sectionalarea x length = 16.56x200=3312 cu m.
• Prismoidal formula : Quantity= (A1+A2+4Am)xL/6
• A1 = sectionalarea at one end = Bd1+S(d1)2 = 10x1.0+2(1)2 = 12
sq m.
• A2 = Sectional area at another end = Bd2+S(d2)2 =
10x1.6+2(1.6)2= 21.2 sq m.
• Am = Mid sectional area = Bdm+S(dm)2 dm = (d1+d2)/2=
(1.0+1.6)/2 = 1.3 m.
• Am = Bdm+S(dm)2 = 10x1.3+2(1.3)2 = 16.38 sq m.
• Quantity = (12+21.12+4x16.38)x200/6 = 98.64x200/6= 3288 cu
m.
• Areaofside sloping surface :Area ofside slopes= Lxdx(square root
of (S2+1))
Example 2 : Calculate the area oftheside slopes ofa portionofa bank
for a lengthof200 m. The heights ofthe banks at the two ends are 2.50 mand
3.50 m. andthe ratio ofsideslope 2:1. Iftheside slopes are to be provided with
15 cm. thick stone pitching, calculate the cost ofpitching at the rate ofRs. 200
per cu m.
72. Construction Technology222
• Mean height = (2.5+3.5)/2 = 3.0 m.
• Sloping breadthat themid section=d(squareroot ofs2+1)=3[Square
root of( 2x2)+1] = 6.71 m.
• Area of the two side slopes = 2x200x6.71 = 2684 sq m.
• Quantityof pitching =Area x thickness =2684x0.15 = 402.6 cu m.
• Cost of stone pitching = 402.6 x 400=Rs. 161040.
6.2. Taking out quantities from L.S. and C.S. in cutting and
embankment
Example : Reduced level (R.L.) of ground along the centre line of a
proposed roadfromchainage10 to chainage 20 aregivenbelow. The formation
levelat the 10th
chainageis 107 m. andthe road isin downward gradient of1 in
150 upto the chainage 14and thenthe gradient changes to 1 in100 downward.
Formation width of the road is 10 metre and side slopes of banking are 2:1.
Length ofthe chainis 30 metre. Calculate the quantityofearthwork.
Chainage : 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20
R.L. of ground : 105.00, 105.60, 105.44, 105.90, 105.42, 104.30
105.00 , 104.10, 104.62, 104.00, 103.30
R.L. formation : 107.00, 106.80, 106.60, 106.40, 106.20,105.90.
105.60 105.30 105.00 104.70 104.40
Height of bank : 2.00, 1.20, 1.16, 0.50, 0.78, 1.60, 0.60, 1.20,
0.38, 0.70, 1.10
Chainage
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Height
or Depth
2.00
1.20
1.16
0.50
0.78
1.60
0.60
Mean
height
or depth
-
1.60
1.18
0.83
0.64
1.19
1.10
Central
area
Bd
16.00
11.80
8.30
6.40
11.90
11.00
Side
area
Sd2
5.12
2.78
1.38
0.82
2.83
2.42
Total
area
Bd+Sd2
21.12
14.58
9.68
7.22
14.73
13.42
Length in
between
chainage
30
30
30
30
30
30
Quantity=
[(Bd+S(d)2]xL
Banking
Cutting
633.6 -
437.4 -
290.4 -
216.6 -
441.9 -
402.6 -
73. 223Paper - II Estimating and Costing
Arailwayembankment is 10 m. wide withside slopes11/2 to1.Assume
the ground to be level in direction transverse to the centre line, calculate the
volume contained ina lengthof120metres, the centre heights at 20 m. intervals
being 2.2, 3.7, 3.8, 4.0, 3.8, 2.8, 2.5 m.
For a levelsection, the area is given byA=(b+nh)h
• Slope is 11/2:1. Hence n=1.5
The areas at different sections will be as under
• A1 = (10+1.5x2.2)2.2=29.26 m2.
• A2 = (10+1.5x3.7)3.7=57.54 m2.
• A3 = (10+1.5x3.8)3.8=59.66 m2.
• A4 = (10+1.5x4.0)4.0=64.00 m2.
• A5 = (10+1.5x3.8)3.8=59.66 m2.
• A6 = (10+1.5x2.8)2.8=39.76 m2.
• A7 = (10+1.5x2.5)2.5=34.37 m2.
• Volume by trapezoidalrule : V = d[(A1+An)/2 +A2+A3+A4+. . .
. +An-1 ]
• V = 20[( 29.26+34.37)/2 +57.54+59.66+64.00+59.66+39.76] =
6258.9 m3.
• Volume by prismoidal rule : V=d/3[(A1+An)+2(Sumof odd
areas)+4(sum ofeven areas)]
•V=20/
3[(29.26+34.37)+2(59.66+59.66)+4(57.54+64.00+39.76)]=6316.5 m3.
Problems involvingbanking and cutting :At the30th
chainagethe height
is banking ofheight 0.3 m. and at 31st
chainage, it is cuttingat a depthof0.40 m.
17
18
19
20
1.20
0.38
0.70
1.10
0.90
0.79
0.54
0.90
9.00
7.90
5.40
9.00
1.62
1.25
0.58
1.62
10.62
9.15
5.98
10.62
30
30
30
30
Total
318.6 -
274.5 -
179.4 -
318.6 -
3513.6cum.
74. Construction Technology224
Find the volume ofbanking and cutting ifthe formationwidth is 10 m. and the
side slopes are 2:1 in banking and 11/2 : 1 in cutting.
Chainage distance = 40 m. Let the height ofembankment be zero at a
distance ofx mts.
• Length ofcutting =( 40-x) . (x/0.3) =[(40-x)/0.4] 0.4x=12-
0.3x 0.7x= 12 x=17.14 say 17.0 m.
• Volume of banking : Mean height = (0.3+0.0)/2=0.15 m. Central
area = 10x0.15 = 1.5 sq m.
• Side area = 2x(0.15x0.15)=0.05 sq m. Totalarea = 1.5+0.05=1.55
sq m.
• Volume of banking =Area x length = 1.55x17=26.35 m3.
• Volume of cutting : Mean depth = (0.0+0.4)/2 = 0.2 m. Central
area = 10x0.2 =2.0 sq m.
• Side areas = 1.5(0.2x0.2) = 0.06 sq m. Total area = 2.0+0.06 =
2.06 sq m.
• Volume of cutting =Area x length = 2.06 x 23 = 47.38 m3.
Fig 6.2
Summary
• Earthworkcalculations are required for variousengineering works as
roads, railways, irrigation and water supplyand sanitaryworks.
• The various methods ofcalculation ofearthworks are Mid sectional
area method, mean sectionalarea method, trapezoidalrule and
prismoidalrule.
• Prismoidalformula is not applicable for even number ofareas.
• Banking : Ifthe earthwork is above the ground levelit is banking.
0.3
0.4
40
(40-x)x
75. 225Paper - II Estimating and Costing
• Cutting : Ifthe earthwork is below the ground level, it is cutting.
Short Answer Type Questions
1. List out the varioustypes ofengineering worksinvolving earthwork.
2. What are the various methods ofcalculating earthwork?
3. Definebanking and cutting
4. Mentionthe relationship between the Reduced levelofformation
and the ground line
5. What is the formula for calculating the side slope area.?
Long Answer Type Questions
1. Theareas within the contour line at the site ofreservoir and the
proposed face of the dam are as follows
Contour Area
101 1,000 m2
102 12,800m2
103 95,200 m2
104 147,600 m2
105 872,500 m2
106 1350,000 m2
107 1985,000 m2
108 2286,000 m2
109 2512,000 m2
Taking 101 asthe bottomlevelofthe reservoir and 109 asthe top level,
calculate the capacityofthe reservoir.
O.J.T. Questions
1. Prepare a detailed estimate for earthwork for a portionofroad from
thefollowing data.
77. Structure
7.0 Introduction
7.1 Estimate ofgravelroads
7.2 Cement concrete road
7.3 Septic tank with soak pit
Learning Objectives
After studying this unit student willbe able to
• Calculate the quantities ofmaterialrequired for graveland cement
concrete roads. Calculate the quantities ofSeptic Tank.
7.0 Introduction
A road consists ofsub base, base course and wearing course. The sub
base consists ofearthwork prepared as per the height offormation. Over this
sub base a base course of stone ballast or brick ballast of 12 cm. Thickness
compacted to 8 cm. is laid. Finallya wearing coat is laid over this base course.
The wearingcourse maybe ofcement concrete, bitumenorgravel. Depending
upon the wearing course provided the roads are classified as cement concrete
roads, bituminousroads and gravelroads. Depending upon thecost involved
the appropriate road required is decided. Inorder to estimate the cost of the
7UNIT
Detailed Estimates
78. Construction Technology228
road, we shouldbe able to preparethe detailed estimate ofthe various types of
roads and calculate the materials required. In the sixth unit we studied about
calculationofearthworkinvolved inthe formationofroads. Inthisunit we shall
find the quantities ofthe base course and wearing course.
7.1. Estimate of gravel roads
Ina gravelroads, the gravelis generallylaid over stone ballast. It is laid
over the entire width of the road. The quantity of stone boulders and gravel
consists ofthicknessoftheir respective layers multipliedbyits thickness.
Calculate the quantityofmetalrequired fora 3.70 m. wideroad for one
kilometer length for one layer of8cm. compacted thickness.
Metalof 12 cm. is required for compact thickness of8 cm. as volume
ofloose metalgets reduced onhalfcompaction.
Quantity ofmetal = 1000 x 3.70 x 0.12 = 444 cu m.
Prepare a detailedestimate for the constructionofone kilometer length
W.B.M. road. The formation width of the road is 10.0 m. and the average
height of the bank is 1.0 m. and the side slopes are 2:1. The metalled width is
3.7 m. m. and three coats of metal are to be provided as per cross section.
Soiling coat of15 cm. thick boulders at the base. Over this soiling coat, inter
coat and top coat of12 cm. compacted to 8 cm.Agravelcoat of5 cm. thick is
laid over thesemetalled surface.
Quantityofearthwork =[Bd+S(d)2] xL = [10 x1.0 +2(1)2] x 1000
=12000 cum.
Length ofthe soling coat = 3.7 +0.15 + 0.15 = 4.0 m.
Detailed estimate ofwbm road with gravel
Fig 7.1 Cross section road
Top coat
Inter coat
Saeing coat
Gravel
1.0m
3.15m
1.0m
3.70m 3.15m
10.0m
79. 229Paper - II Estimating and Costing
7.2 Cement concrete road
Prepareanestimate for onekilometer lengthofacement concrete track
way with60 cmwide tracks 1.50 meter centre to centre over 15 cm rammed
kankar.
For consolidating kankar an allowance of1/3 is to be provided while
taking loose thickness ofkankar.
Eg. For 0.10 m. thickness loose kankar taken = 0.1 + 0.1 x 1/3 = 0.
133 m.
Similarly for 0.15 m thickness loose kankar = 0.15 x 1.33 = 0.20 m.
S.No.
1
(a)
(b)
(c)
2
Particulars of
work
Metal ling
Preparation ofsub
grade Soling coat
Inter coat
Top coat
Layer ofgravel
No.
1
1
1
1
L
1000
1000
1000
1000
B
4
3.7
3.7
3.7
Hor D
0.15
0.12
0.12
0.05
Quantity
600
444
444
185
S.no
1
2
Particular
Cement concrete
1:2:4in tracks includ-
inglaying.
Kankar metal loose
under c.c.tracksinbe-
tween c.c.tracks.
No
2
2
1
Length
1000
1000
1000
Breadth
0.6
0.9
0.9
Thickness
0.1
0.2
0.133
Quantity
120
360
120
480
m m m2
m m m2 m3
m3
80. Construction Technology230
Fig 7.2 C.C. Track
7.3. Septic tank with soak pit
Septic tank shall be offirst class brickwork in 1:4 cement mortar, the
foundation and floor shalbe of1:3:6 cement concrete. Inside septic tank shall
be finished with12 mm cement plaster and floor shall be finished with 20 mm
cement plaster with 1:3 cement mortar. Upper and lower portions ofsoak pit
shall be ofsecond class brick work in 1:6 cement mortar and middle portion
shallbe ofdrybrickwork. Roofcoveringslabs and baffle wallshallbe ofprecast
R.C.C.
Details of Measurement & Calculation Of Quantities
Rammedkankar
Thick cc .Track Rammedkankar10cm
60cm 60cm
10 cm cc
15cm kankar
90cm 90cm
S.No
1
2
Particulars of
items
Earthworkin
excavation
septic tank
Soak pit upto
3.0 m
Soakpit
Lowerportion
Cementconcrete
1:3:6
Floor&
Foundation
Sloping floor
No.
1
1
1
1
1
Length
2.8
(22/28)x(2.0)2
(22/28)x(1.4)2
2.8
2
Breadth
1.7
1.7
0.9
Height
or
Depth
1.95
3
0.2
0.2
0.05
Quantity
9.28
9.42
0.3
19
0.95
0.09
m3
m m
m
81. 231Paper - II Estimating and Costing
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
1.3
0.04
0.94
0.32
1.1
0.42
2.78
0.38
0.15
0.53
1.88
0.234
0.115
0.018
0.367
3
4
5
6
7
First class
brickwork in
1:4 c.m. in
septic tank
First step
Longwalls
Short wall
2ndstepLong
wall
Short wall
2nd class
brickwork in
1:6 cement
mortarin
soak pit
Upperportion
Lowerportion
2nd class dry
brickwork
in soak pit
Precast
R.C.C. work
Coverslab
septictank
Coverslab
Soak pit
Bafflewall
septictank
12 mm
cementplaster
1:3 in septic
tank
2.6
0.9
2.4
0.9
(22/7) x 1.20
(22/7) x 1.20
(22/7) x 1.20
2.4
(22/
28)x(1.40)2
1
0.6
0.6
1.15
1.15
0.5
0.2
2.5
0.075
0.075
0.45
82. Construction Technology232
Fig. 7.3 Septic Tank
Summary
Structure of aroad : The structure ofa road frombase to the topis as
follows. Earthwork formation , sub base, base course and wearing course.
Types of roads : Gravelroad, cement concrete road, bituminous road.
Structure of a gravel road : Soling coat of boulders about 15 cm
thick, intercoat and top coat 8 cmto 10cmthick and wearingcourse ofgravel
5 cmthick.
8
Longwalls
Short walls
20 mm
c e m e n t
plaster
1:3 infloor of
septic tank
2
2
1
2
0.9
2
1.7
1.7
6.8
3.06
9.86 sq m.
1.80 sq m.
Bafflewall
Out let
Section
In let
Plan
2.0m
0.4m
0.9
83. 233Paper - II Estimating and Costing
Structure of a cement concrete road : Plain cement concrete is
provided over rammed earth.
Component parts of a septic tank : Aseptic tank consists of Plain
cement concrete at its base, Walls on all the four sides in brickwork or R.R.
masonry, baffle wall, sum board for large tanks, Precast R.C.C. slabs at the
top, inlet and outlet pipes.Asoak pit is connected to the septic tank to collect
thedischargeeffluent.Asoakpitconsistsofhollowcircularbrickworkconstructed
withcement mortar. Drybrickwork is placed inthe hollow section.
Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is the structure ofa road ?
2. List out the various typesofroads.
3. Mentionthe various parts ofa gravelroad.
4. What are the various parts ofa septic tank?
Long Answer Type Questions
1. Prepare a detailed estimate for the construction of one kilometer
lengthover aformationofanembankment. The formationwidthis10.0 m. and
side slope 2:1. The metalled widthis 4.0 m. andthree coats ofmetalling are to
be provided. Soling coat of15 cm. boulders, intercoat and top coats of12 cm
loose compacted to 8 cmthick. Wearing coat ofgravel5 cmthick.
2. Prepare adetailed estimate for one kilometerlengthcement concrete
road 4.0 mwide and 15 cmthick. It is laid over rammed earth 6.0 m. wide and
20 cmthick.
3. Prepare a detailed estimate for a septic tank 2.0 m. long and 1.0 m.
wide. The height ofthe septic tank is 2.0 m.Assume suitable data for pre cast
slabs , baffle wall, inlets and oulets.
O.J.T. Questions
1. Calculate thematerials required for proposedconstruction ofgravel
road and cement concrete road over an existing formation.