Bacteriorhodopsin is a protein used by by halo bacteria that lives in highly salt conditions , it captures light energy and uses it to ATP synthesis rather metabolizing substrates.
One of the first plasmids to be used in recombinant genetics was called pBR322. It is approximately 4300 bp in length and has two antibiotic resistance genes: Ap (Ampicillin) and Tc (Tetracycline). Bacteria cells that are successfully transformed with this plasmid are able to grow in the presence of both ampicillin and tetracycline antibiotics
One of the first plasmids to be used in recombinant genetics was called pBR322. It is approximately 4300 bp in length and has two antibiotic resistance genes: Ap (Ampicillin) and Tc (Tetracycline). Bacteria cells that are successfully transformed with this plasmid are able to grow in the presence of both ampicillin and tetracycline antibiotics
Recombinant baculoviruses are widely used to
express heterologous genes in cultured insect cells
and insect larvae. For large-scale applications, the
baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is particularly
advantageous.
To modifying the structure of a specific gene.
Gene targeting vector introduced into the cell.
Vector modifies the normal chromosomal gene through homologous recombination.
Useful in treating some human genetic disorders – Hemophilia, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.
Treating human diseases by genetic approaches – Gene Therapy.
Gene Therapy – Replacing the defective gene by normal copy of the gene.
Expressed sequence tag/EST is a short partial sequence, typically 200-400 bp long, of a complimentary DNA/Cdna.
EST is a short sub-sequence of a cDNA sequence.
Used to identify gene transcripts, and are instrumental in gene discovery and in gene-sequence determination.
Approximately 74.2 million ESTs are available in public databases.
EST results from one-short sequencing of a cloned cDNA.
Low-quality fragments.
Length is approximately 500 to 800 nucleotides.
description of plasmids and types and importance of plasmids and artificial plasmids(PBR322,cosmids,phagemids) and selection of the recombinants and uses and advantages and disadvantages of the plasmids
BAC & YAC are artificially prepared chromosomes to clone DNA sequences.yeast artificial chromosome is capable of carrying upto 1000 kbp of inserted DNA sequence
The following slides contains a brief comparison of the different forms of the DNA. It includes A-DNA, B-DNA , and Z-DNA.
It also briefs about the conditions that would favor the transition from one form to the another
Recombinant baculoviruses are widely used to
express heterologous genes in cultured insect cells
and insect larvae. For large-scale applications, the
baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is particularly
advantageous.
To modifying the structure of a specific gene.
Gene targeting vector introduced into the cell.
Vector modifies the normal chromosomal gene through homologous recombination.
Useful in treating some human genetic disorders – Hemophilia, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.
Treating human diseases by genetic approaches – Gene Therapy.
Gene Therapy – Replacing the defective gene by normal copy of the gene.
Expressed sequence tag/EST is a short partial sequence, typically 200-400 bp long, of a complimentary DNA/Cdna.
EST is a short sub-sequence of a cDNA sequence.
Used to identify gene transcripts, and are instrumental in gene discovery and in gene-sequence determination.
Approximately 74.2 million ESTs are available in public databases.
EST results from one-short sequencing of a cloned cDNA.
Low-quality fragments.
Length is approximately 500 to 800 nucleotides.
description of plasmids and types and importance of plasmids and artificial plasmids(PBR322,cosmids,phagemids) and selection of the recombinants and uses and advantages and disadvantages of the plasmids
BAC & YAC are artificially prepared chromosomes to clone DNA sequences.yeast artificial chromosome is capable of carrying upto 1000 kbp of inserted DNA sequence
The following slides contains a brief comparison of the different forms of the DNA. It includes A-DNA, B-DNA , and Z-DNA.
It also briefs about the conditions that would favor the transition from one form to the another
. Introduction
2. Cell / Plasma membrane
3. Transport across membrane
Passive transport
a.Osmosis
b. Simple diffusion
c. Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
a. Primary active transport
b. Secondary active transport
Example-
1. Na+/K+ ATPase
2. Ca+ ATPase
3. Proton pump
4. Transport of large molecule by plasma membrane
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
5. Transport of nutrients by membraneprotiens
Channel protein
Carrier proteins
6. Role of membrane Transport
7. Conclusion
8. Reference
Which of the following protons would you NOT expect to find embedded .pdfSIGMATAX1
Which of the following protons would you NOT expect to find embedded in the cytoplasmic
membrane of any bacteria? Primary active transport proteins. ATP synthase. Enzyme I complex
of the Group translocation system. Basel body protein rings of flagella. Which of the following is
true? Both photosystem I and photosystem II rely on light bombarding chlorophyll. Photosystem
II donates electrons to photosystem I in a linear electron transport chain. Photosystem I only (not
photosystem II) directly produces NADPH utilized for the Calvin cycle. All of the above are
true. None of the above are true. Which one of these prokaryotic characteristics can\'t co-exist in
a single cell? Mesospheric and acidophil. Aero-tolerant and basophilic. Thermophiles and
psychrophilic. Fermentative and Anaerobic. If a population of 4 bacterial cells in log phase, how
many cells can we expect to see in an hour\'s time if the cell has a generation time of 30 minutes?
8 cells. 16 cells. 64 cells. 128 cells. The classification of ribosomes in bacteria would be:
Ribosomes are proteins and bacteria contain 70s versions. Ribosomes are proteins and bacteria
contain 80s versions. Ribosomes are membrane lipids and bacteria contain 70s versions.
Ribosomes are membrane lipids and bacteria contain 80s versions. Where do The Calvin Cycle
and Glycolysis converge? Only after the \"prep step\" once acetyl CoA is formed, leading to the
Calvin Cycle Only when NADH is utilized in the electron transport chain At Glyceraldehyde 3
Phosphate. None of the above are correct.
Solution
8.a primary active transport proteins
The basal body of a bacterial flagellum is a rod and a system of rings embedded in the cell
envelope.Gram-negative flagella usually have an L ring in the plane of the lipopolysaccharide in
the outer membrane,a periplasmic P ring in the plane of the peptidoglycan around the flagellar
rod and a M S ring that is located within and above the cytoplasmic membrane.A ,C ring extends
into the cytoplasm.
Enzyme I transfers phosphate from PEP to HPr.PEP group translocation is a distinct method
used by bacteria for sugar uptake where the source of energy is from phosphoenolpyruvate
(PEP).It is known as multicomponent system that always involves enzymes of the plasma
membrane and those in the cytoplasm.
ATP synthase is located within the thylakoid membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane
in bacteria.
9.d all are true.
In photosystem I energy is absorbed by a pair of P700 chlrophyll a molecules raise to an excited
energy level.From there they pass onto FeS4,then onto ferrodoxin,and finally onto ferrodoxin-
NADP reductase.After 2 electrons have reduced ferrodoxin-NADP reductase they are transferred
to NADP+ reducing it to NADPH and a H+.Photosystem II works with Photosystem I and two
series of enzymes imbedded in the thylakoid membrane to transfer energy from the form of light
to that stored in chemical bands and gradients which the plant can use in a process called
noncyclic photophosph.
Introduction
Protein synthesis
Synthesis of secretory proteins on membrane-bound ribosomes
Processing of newly synthesized proteins in the ER
Synthesis of integral membrane protein on membrane bound ribosomes
Maintenance of membrane asymmetry
Conclusion
Reference
Proteins destined for secretion, integration in the plasma membrane, or inclusion in lysosomes generally share pathway that begins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins destined for mitochondria, chloroplasts, or the nucleus use three separate mechanisms. And proteins destined for the cytosol simply remain where they are synthesized.
Proteins destined for secretion, integration in the plasma membrane, or inclusion in lysosomes generally share pathway that begins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins destined for mitochondria, chloroplasts, or the nucleus use three separate mechanisms. And proteins destined for the cytosol simply remain where they are synthesized.
The term Chloroplast was first described by Nehemiah Grew and Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek.
“Chloro” means green while“ Plast” means living.
Chlorophyll pigments present in the chloroplast imparts the green colour to plants.
Chloroplasts are present in plants and other eukaryotic organisms that conducts photosynthesis
Responsible for photosynthesis, are in many respects similar to mitochondria.
Chloroplasts are larger and more complex than mitochondria, and they perform several critical tasks in addition to the generation of ATP.
Chloroplasts synthesize amino acids, fatty acids, and the lipid components of their own membranes.
The reduction of nitrite (NO2-) to ammonia (NH3), an essential step in the incorporation of nitrogen into organic compounds, also occurs in chloroplasts.
Similar to Bacteriorhodopsin-Transport process driven by light (20)
Active transport mediated by atp powered pumps-GASTRIC HYDROGEN POTASSIUM PUMPShruthi Shree Gandhi
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starch is an branched homo polysaccharide.
(contains same type of monomers)
It is the most common carbohydrate in human diet.
Starch is the storage form of glucose in plants. the plants utilize the glucose by using enzymes like amylase.
Proteoglycans are protein chains that are covalently bonded at multiple sites to a class of polysaccharides, known as glycosaminoglycans.Glycosaminoglycans constitute 95% of proteins.Proteoglycans are synthesised in RE and transported to GA where they are modified in to various forms.Proteoglycans are major component of ECM and their role is depended on the type of GAGs they associate with.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
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Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
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Bacteriorhodopsin-Transport process driven by light
1. SHRUTHI SHREE GANDHI.S
I MSC BIOCHEMISTRY
SRI RAMAKRISHNA COLLEGE OF ARTS AND
SCIENCE FOR WOMEN.
TRANSPORT PROCESS DRIVEN BY LIGHT
BACTERIORHODOPSIN
2. TRANSPORT PROCESS DRIVEN BY
LIGHT
● Light energy can be used by micro organisms like halobacterium salinarium
, To synthesize ATP without metabolizing any substrates.
● halobacterium salinarium lives in highly salt conditions. hence they are
totaly dependant on ATP production without utilizing any substrates with
the help of protein called bacteriorhodopsin on their cell membrane.
● The light energy can be utilized by driving an uphill transport process
across the cell membrane.
3. drawing
Appearance of lake or ocean in purple color
containing halobacterium salenarium due to
absorption of uv light
Halobacterium salinarum
4. Bacteriorhodopsin
● Bacteriorhodopsin is a light driven photon pump present in cell
membrane of certain species of photosynthetic bacteria like
halobacterium salinarum.
● Bacteriorhodopsin a protein made of 7 membrane spanning alpha
helices of single polypeptide chain .
● with retinal molecule present in the center or buried inside and are
connected through the lysine residue.
5. Structure of bacteriorhodopsin
The author of the work,the original authors of the Protein Data Bank
(PDB) structural dataand the molecular graphics program used [CC
BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)]
6. MECHANISM OF ATP
PRODUCTION
● When light falls on bacteriorhodopsin protein, protons are pumped out.
● It is caused due to the retinal chromophore which photo isomerizes from
trans retinal to cis-retinal resulting in the release of proton.
● Thus a photo cycle of conformational changes occur from cis to trans ,
resulting in the release of gradient of protons across the cell membrane.
● and the released protons from retinal molecule are compensated by
protons from cytoplasm.
7. Cont…
● The resultant proton gradient present on the extracellular surface
enters cytoplasm through ATPase present on the cell membrane.
● where they are utilized by the enzyme ATPase to synthesize ATP.Thus
the bacteria synthesizes ATP without metabolizing any substrates.
● When light fall on halo rhodopsin , another pigment protein present
on the bacterial membrane, it facilitate the diffusion of chloride ions
present on extracellular surface to move from region of higher
concentration in to the ( cytoplasm)region of lower concentration
through halo rhodopsin.
8. Cont…
● The chloride ions after entering the cytoplasm now involve in
the electrostatic attraction of positively charged hydrogen ions
on the extracellular surface, thus pulling hydrogen ions in to
the cytoplasm via ATPase.
10. MECHANISM OF RELEASE OF H+
● When light falls on bacteriorhodopsin protein, the retinal chromophore photo
isomerizes by changing its conformation from trans- retinal to cis-retinal.
11. The release of protons
1) due to photoisomerisation,
the position of positively charged
cis-retinal molecule is now near
the negatively charged aspartate
85 which is found closer to
extracellular surface.
1) cis retinal molecule on excited state
now releases an proton from the
nitrogen atom of the amide group
1) due to the electrostatic attraction
between the negatively charged
oxygen on the aspartate 85.
12. Cont…
4) now cis retinal becomes
negatively charged
molecule.
While the aspartate 85
becomes positively
Charged by acquiring a
proton.
13. Cont…
5) The aspartate 85 molecule
tranfers the proton
To the extra cellular space via a
water molecule and again becomes
negatively charged.
Which induces the aspartate85
molecule to gain proton again from
the cis retinal molecule.
14. Cont…
6)The cis retinal molecule after
losing a proton and becomes
negatively charged,acquires a
proton from aspartate 96
present on the other side and
near cytoplasm .
The cis retinal molecule enters
ground state after acquiring a
proton from aspartate 96.
15. Cont..
7)The aspartate 96
molecule gains its lost
proton by acquiring a
proton from the
cytoplasm.
Thus,the cycle continues
When the retinal protein
absorbs light
And isomerises resulting
in pumping of protons..