Proteoglycans are protein chains that are covalently bonded at multiple sites to a class of polysaccharides, known as glycosaminoglycans.Glycosaminoglycans constitute 95% of proteins.Proteoglycans are synthesised in RE and transported to GA where they are modified in to various forms.Proteoglycans are major component of ECM and their role is depended on the type of GAGs they associate with.
Proteoglycans are proteins that are heavily glycosylated*. The basic proteoglycan unit consists of a "core protein" with one or more covalently attached glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain(s).
What is Glycoprotein ?:
Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to polypeptide side-chains.
This process is known as glycosylation.
The carbohydrate is attached to the protein during the following modifications: Co-translational modification & Post-translational modification.
In proteins that have segments extending extracellularly, the extracellular segments are often glycosylated.
Proteoglycans are proteins that are heavily glycosylated*. The basic proteoglycan unit consists of a "core protein" with one or more covalently attached glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain(s).
What is Glycoprotein ?:
Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to polypeptide side-chains.
This process is known as glycosylation.
The carbohydrate is attached to the protein during the following modifications: Co-translational modification & Post-translational modification.
In proteins that have segments extending extracellularly, the extracellular segments are often glycosylated.
Introduction-Cell wall and functions
Gram +ve and -ve cell wall
Bacterial cell wall - structure
Peptidoglycan-Composition and Structure
Types of polysaccharidesBacterial cell wall
Functions of polysaccharides in Bacterial cell wall
This explains the complex carbohydrates and chemistry of heterpolysaccharides. composition, distribution and its function is explained for each GAGs. brief notes on blood group ag is available. difference between proteoglycan and glycoprotein is explained in a essay way to understand. clinical importance is also added.
Pentose phosphate pathway is also called Hexose monophosphate pathway/ HMP shunt/ Phosphogluconate pathway.
It is an alternative route for the metabolism of glucose.
It is more complex pathway than glycolysis.
It is more anabolic in nature.
It takesplace in cytosol.
The tissues such as liver, adipose tissue, adrenal gland, erythrocytes,testes and lactating mammary gland are highly active in HMP shunt.
It concern with the biosynthesis of NADPH and pentoses.
Glycoproteins and lectin ( Conjugated Carbohydrate)JasmineJuliet
Glycoprotein - Introduction, Structure, Significance. Lectin - Introduction, Structure, Significance. Lipid definition, Some review questions related to Glycoprotein and lectins
Introduction-Cell wall and functions
Gram +ve and -ve cell wall
Bacterial cell wall - structure
Peptidoglycan-Composition and Structure
Types of polysaccharidesBacterial cell wall
Functions of polysaccharides in Bacterial cell wall
This explains the complex carbohydrates and chemistry of heterpolysaccharides. composition, distribution and its function is explained for each GAGs. brief notes on blood group ag is available. difference between proteoglycan and glycoprotein is explained in a essay way to understand. clinical importance is also added.
Pentose phosphate pathway is also called Hexose monophosphate pathway/ HMP shunt/ Phosphogluconate pathway.
It is an alternative route for the metabolism of glucose.
It is more complex pathway than glycolysis.
It is more anabolic in nature.
It takesplace in cytosol.
The tissues such as liver, adipose tissue, adrenal gland, erythrocytes,testes and lactating mammary gland are highly active in HMP shunt.
It concern with the biosynthesis of NADPH and pentoses.
Glycoproteins and lectin ( Conjugated Carbohydrate)JasmineJuliet
Glycoprotein - Introduction, Structure, Significance. Lectin - Introduction, Structure, Significance. Lipid definition, Some review questions related to Glycoprotein and lectins
Glycoproteins are proteins which contain oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to amino acid side-chains. The carbohydrate is attached to the protein in a cotranslational or posttranslational modification. This process is known as glycosylation.
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURE
TYPES OF BONDS
N-LINKED GLYCOSYLATION
O-LINKED GLYCOSYLATION
AMOUNT OF CARBOHYDRATES PRESENT IN GLYCOPROTEIN
BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND FUNCTION
I CELL DISEASE
BIOLOGICAL ADVANTAGE OF ADDING OLIGOSACCHARIDES TO PROTEIN
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Protein glycosylation and its associated disordersSaranya Sankar
Protein glycosylation and its associate disorders. Glycosylation is one of the post translational modifications important for the normal function of the protein such as cell adhesion, signalling etc.. defect in this process leads to fatal disorder such as cancer, PNH....
Glycoprotein, lipoprotein, by kk sahu sirKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURE
TYPES OF BONDS
N-LINKED GLYCOSYLATION
O-LINKED GLYCOSYLATION
AMOUNT OF CARBOHYDRATES PRESENT IN GLYCOPROTEIN
BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND
FUNCTION
BIOLOGICAL ADVANTAGE OF ADDING OLIGOSACCHARIDES TO PROTEIN
Active transport mediated by atp powered pumps-GASTRIC HYDROGEN POTASSIUM PUMPShruthi Shree Gandhi
GASTRIC HYDROGEN POTASSIUM PUMP IS A P CLASS ATP POWERED PROTON PUMP FOUND IN THE EUKARYOTIC INTESTINAL CELLS THAT MEDIATES ACTIVE TRANSPORT BYUTILIZING ATP AND HELP IN GASTRIC ACID SECRETION BY PUMPING HYDROGEN IONS IN TO THE INTESTINAL LUMEN.
Bacteriorhodopsin is a protein used by by halo bacteria that lives in highly salt conditions , it captures light energy and uses it to ATP synthesis rather metabolizing substrates.
starch is an branched homo polysaccharide.
(contains same type of monomers)
It is the most common carbohydrate in human diet.
Starch is the storage form of glucose in plants. the plants utilize the glucose by using enzymes like amylase.
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. Proteoglycans are protein chains that are covalently bonded at multiple sites to
a class of polysaccharides, known as glycosaminoglycans.Glycosaminoglycans
constitute 95% of proteins.Proteoglycans are synthesised in RE and transported
to GA where they are modified in to various forms.Proteoglycans are major
component of ECM and their role is depended on the type of GAGs they
associate with.
Proteoglycans insight
3. PROTEOGLYCANS
● Proteoglycans are proteins that are covalently bonded at multiple
sites to heteropolysaccharides, known as glycosaminoglycans.
● Hyaluronic acid is a unique one among the GAGs as it does not
contain any sulfate group and is non-covalently linked with
proteoglycans in the ECM.
● The physiological properties of proteoglycans are determined by
the type of GAGs attached to it.
6. ● The GAG’s are attached to the protein core through a trisaccharide
bridge.
● The trisaccharide linker or bridge is couple to protein core through
an O glycosidic bond to a S residue in the core protein.
● The core protein also contains rich T residues.
● The hyaluronic backbone which is free of carbohydrates can
interact with link proteins and can involve in stabilize the
aggregate together.
7. ● Some forms of keratan sulfates in cartilage are linked to the protein
core of proteoglycans through an o glycosidic bond between N-
acetylgalactosamine and hydroxyl group of serine and threonine
residue.
● Approximately 20-30 keratan sulfate residues of about 6,000-
10,000 daltons are present per protein backbone.
8. ● Chondroitin sulfate is linked to core proteins through an O-
glycosidic bond between xylose and the hydroxyl group of serine.
● Approximately 80-100 chondroitin sulfate chains of about 20,000
daltons are present per protein backbone.
9. There are number of varying types
proteoglycans
● Proteoglycans can vary depending on tissues and cells.
And can also be differentiated by the number of glycosaminoglycan chains attached to
it.
●
Proteoglycans can be classified according to their location ,size and also the type of the
Glycosaminoglycan chains attached to them.
10. Agrecan one of the largest proteoglycan found in
cartilage is found alongside collagen as the main
components of cartilage has more than hundred GAG’s
chains.Agrecan acts as a cushion for impact retention
by absorbing and desorbing water.particularly
important in between joints that sustain high amounts
of impact in mammalian bodies, such as the knees.
11. Syndecan a class of transmembrane proteoglycans that would connect
(from the Greek syndein, “bind together”) the surface of the cells to the
underlying extracellular matrix .It is a core protein allows three to
five heparin sulfate and chondroitin sulfate GAGs chains attach to
them. syndecans are transmembrane domain proteins which act
as a co receptor for variety of signaling molecules such as
fibroblast growth factors, endothelial growth factors etc.,.
12. serglycin
It is only one intracellular proteoglycan that carries heparin side chains
Serglycin, also known as hematopoietic proteoglycan core protein,encoded by the SRGN
gene.
It is primarily expressed in hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells.
Serglycin is a proteoglycan composed of a relatively small (∼17 kDa) core
protein to which sulfated glycosaminoglycans of either heparin, heparan
sulfate or chondroitin sulfate types are attached.
13. Lumican
It belongs to a family of proteoglycans called Small Leucine-Rich
Proteoglycans. It is most well known for its importance in healing and
scar tissue formation in mammals.
14. Neurocan core protein are members of chondroitin
sulfate proteoglycans and they contain neurocan core
protein which has chondroitin sulfate GAG’S attach to
them.
They are component of the extracellular matrix and
involve in cell migration and adhesion.
15. references
1. Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Proteoglycan form and function: A comprehensive
nomenclature of proteoglycans. Matrix Biol. 2015 Mar;42:11-55. doi:
10.1016/j.matbio.2015.02.003. Epub 2015 Feb 18. PMID: 25701227; PMCID:
PMC4859157.
1. Structural Biochemistry/Carbohydrates/Proteoglycans,Wikibooks.