A introduction on Viral vaccine for medical students.Although most attenuated vaccines are viral, some are bacterial in nature. Examples include the viral diseases yellow fever, measles, rubella, and mumps, and the bacterial disease typhoid.
Hybridoma technology is a method for producing large number of identical antibodies called monoclonal antibodies.
It was discovered by G.kohler and C.milstein in 1975. they were awarded nobel prize for physiology and medicine in 1975.
The hybrid cells are produced by fusing B- lumphocyte with myeloma cells or tumour cells.
The B-lymphocyte have the ability to produce large number of antibodies and tumour cells have indefinite growth.
This is why two cells are used for the production of hybrid cell
VIRAL VACCINES
Since viruses are intracellular parasites they will grow only within other living cells.
Methods of viral vaccine production:
Cultivation of virus using free living animals
Fertile eggs
Tissue cultures
A introduction on Viral vaccine for medical students.Although most attenuated vaccines are viral, some are bacterial in nature. Examples include the viral diseases yellow fever, measles, rubella, and mumps, and the bacterial disease typhoid.
Hybridoma technology is a method for producing large number of identical antibodies called monoclonal antibodies.
It was discovered by G.kohler and C.milstein in 1975. they were awarded nobel prize for physiology and medicine in 1975.
The hybrid cells are produced by fusing B- lumphocyte with myeloma cells or tumour cells.
The B-lymphocyte have the ability to produce large number of antibodies and tumour cells have indefinite growth.
This is why two cells are used for the production of hybrid cell
VIRAL VACCINES
Since viruses are intracellular parasites they will grow only within other living cells.
Methods of viral vaccine production:
Cultivation of virus using free living animals
Fertile eggs
Tissue cultures
Objectives:
After the end of the presentation we’ll know -
What is cloning vector?
Why cloning vector?
History
Features of a cloning vector
Types of cloning vector
Plasmid
Bacteriophage
Cosmid
Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC)
Yeast Artificial Chromosome (BAC)
Human Artificial Chromosome (HAC)
Retroviral Vectors
What determines choice of vector?
Vector in molecular gene cloning
Cloning vector - The molecular analysis of DNA has been made possible by the cloning of DNA. The two molecules that are required for cloning are the DNA to be cloned and a cloning vector.
A cloning vector is a small piece of DNA taken from a virus, a plasmid or the cell of a higher organism, that can be stably maintained in an organism and into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for cloning purposes.
Most vectors are genetically engineered.
The cloning vector is chosen according to the size and type of DNA to be cloned.
The vector therefore contains features that allow for the convenient insertion or removal of DNA fragment in or out of the vector, for example by treating the vector and the foreign DNA with a restriction enzyme and then ligating the fragments together.
After a DNA fragment has been cloned into a cloning vector, it may be further subcloned into another vector designed for more specific use.
Objectives:
After the end of the presentation we’ll know -
What is cloning vector?
Why cloning vector?
History
Features of a cloning vector
Types of cloning vector
Plasmid
Bacteriophage
Cosmid
Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC)
Yeast Artificial Chromosome (BAC)
Human Artificial Chromosome (HAC)
Retroviral Vectors
What determines choice of vector?
Vector in molecular gene cloning
Cloning vector - The molecular analysis of DNA has been made possible by the cloning of DNA. The two molecules that are required for cloning are the DNA to be cloned and a cloning vector.
A cloning vector is a small piece of DNA taken from a virus, a plasmid or the cell of a higher organism, that can be stably maintained in an organism and into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for cloning purposes.
Most vectors are genetically engineered.
The cloning vector is chosen according to the size and type of DNA to be cloned.
The vector therefore contains features that allow for the convenient insertion or removal of DNA fragment in or out of the vector, for example by treating the vector and the foreign DNA with a restriction enzyme and then ligating the fragments together.
After a DNA fragment has been cloned into a cloning vector, it may be further subcloned into another vector designed for more specific use.
Will reimbursement prove to be the biggest barrier as three gene therapies gain regulatory approval?
Datamonitor Healthcare has carried out a comprehensive analysis of gene therapy products in commercial development worldwide based on information derived from Pharmaprojects. The results have been analyzed to reveal trends in gene therapy technologies and approaches to the treatment of different diseases.
The number of gene therapy products in preclinical to Phase III and beyond stages of development doubled between 2012 and 2015. Additionally, three gene therapy products – Glybera (uniQure), Imlygic (Amgen), and Strimvelis (GlaxoSmithKline) – have now received regulatory approval in Europe. While these approvals give some validation to gene therapy as a therapeutic strategy, doubts remain around their return on investment. The high upfront costs and residual uncertainty around the long-term benefits of gene therapy products are proving to be hurdles to wider access and reimbursement, but seem to have had a minimal impact on companies’ appetite to dive into this arena, with cancer and monogenic diseases proving to be the most popular indications for the development of gene therapy products.
For more information on this report visit https://pharmastore.informa.com/product/trends-gene-therapy/
This talks about the HAV, HBV and HCV , intro, properties, epidemiology and transmission, pathogenesis , clinical findings , laboratory diagnosis, and prevention
Hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection a silent epidemicAung Zayar Paing
Myanmar is one of the countries with high HBV prevalence. Compared to other diseases like TB, HIV and malaria, HBV received less attention than it should to be educated, tested, vaccinated and treated.
Viral hepatitis is the leading cause of liver cancer and the most common reason for liver transplantation
In the United States, an estimated 1.2 million Americans are living with chronic Hepatitis B and 3.2 are living with chronic Hepatitis C
Many do not know they are infected
Each year an estimated 21,000 persons become infected with Hepatitis A; 35,000 with Hepatitis B, and 17,000 with Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A – fecal/oral, contaminated food, vaccine available
Hepatitis B – blood, semen, vertical (mother-child), vaccine available
Hepatitis C – blood (IV drug use, transfusion, organ donation, unsterile injecting equipment, sexual intercourse)
Hepatitis D – survives only in cells co-infected with hepatitis B
Hepatitis E* – contaminated food or water, fecal/oral
*causes short-term disease and is not a chronic carrier state
The hepatitis B virion (Dane particle):
outer lipid envelope with the surface antigen (HBsAg).
an electron-dense core (nucleocapsid): ds circular DNA and polymerase surrounded by the core antigen (HBcAg).
The HBsAg is produced in excess by the infected hepatocytes and is secreted in the form of spherical
and filamentous particles.
The primary treatment goals for patients with hepatitis B (HBV) infection are to prevent progression of the disease, particularly to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Risk factors for progression of chronic HBV include the following :
Persistently elevated levels of HBV DNA and, in some patients, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as the presence of core and precore mutations seen most commonly in HBV genotype C and D infections
Male sex
Older age
Family history of HCC
Alcohol use
Elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
Coinfection with hepatitis D (delta) virus (HDV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
A synergistic approach of suppressing viral load and boosting the patient’s immune response with immunotherapeutic interventions is needed for the best prognosis. The prevention of HCC often includes the use of antiviral treatment using pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) or nucleos(t)ide analogues.
HBV infection can be self-limited or chronic. No specific therapy is available for persons with acute hepatitis B; treatment is supportive.
Evaluation of Biofield Modality on Viral Load of Hepatitis B and C VirusesMahendra Kumar Trivedi
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of biofield modality on hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in terms of viral load as surrogate marker.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
1. Hepatitis B Recombinant VaccineHepatitis B Recombinant Vaccine
Prepared for:Prepared for:
Dr. Preeti Jain
Assistant Professor,
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences ,
North South University.
Prepared by:Prepared by:
Md.Mominul Islam
ID-1621405673
Section-1
2. Hepatitis B VirusHepatitis B Virus
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most
common infectious diseases known to man.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates
that there are as many as 285 million chronic
carriers of this virus worldwide.
Hepatitis B is 50 to 100 times more infectious than
AIDS.
NSU Mpharm_Summer-
2017_Advanced
Biotechnology_Mominul Islam
3. Hepatitis B VirusHepatitis B Virus
Hepatitis B is irritation and swelling
(inflammation) of the liver due to infection with
the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Other types of viral
hepatitis include: Hepatitis A,Hepatitis C;
Hepatitis D.
It produces several chronic liver disorders such
as Fulminant chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and
primary liver cancer.
NSU Mpharm_Summer-
2017_Advanced
Biotechnology_Mominul Islam
4. Hepatitis B Recombinant VaccineHepatitis B Recombinant Vaccine
It’s a novel and significant developed vaccine
which is produced from the antigenic proteins of
Hepatitis B virus by recombinant process that
duplicates the chemical messages and secreted
factors (Interleukin-2) for the communication and
activity of immune cells.
NSU Mpharm_Summer-
2017_Advanced
Biotechnology_Mominul Islam
5. A recent approach for RecombinantA recent approach for Recombinant
Hepatitis B Vaccine productionHepatitis B Vaccine production
A special type of tropical monocot banana under the
genus Musa in the Musaceae family, can be ideally
engineered by genetic mechanism process for the
production of hepatitis B vaccine--- it was suggested.
With this technology, the cost of vaccination could be
reduced.
NSU Mpharm_Summer-
2017_Advanced
Biotechnology_Mominul Islam
6. General features of nucleic acid of HepatitisGeneral features of nucleic acid of Hepatitis
B VirusB Virus
HB virus has been identified as a 42-nm particle
containing a double stranded circular DNA molecule of
about 3Kb size.
DNA genome has a relative molecular mass of
approximately 2 X 106
DNA cloning. It’s an unusual feature among other
viruses.
NSU Mpharm_Summer-
2017_Advanced
Biotechnology_Mominul Islam
7. General features of nucleic acid of Hepatitis BGeneral features of nucleic acid of Hepatitis B
VirusVirus
Plasma of human has been detected to have varying amount of HB
antigens. Three types of viral coat proteins are recognized to be
antigenic -
viral surface antigen (HBsAg)
viral core antigen (HBcAg)
the e-antigen (HBeAg)
8. General features of nucleic acid of HepatitisGeneral features of nucleic acid of Hepatitis
B VirusB Virus
Suraface antigen HBsAG is found as 18-22 nm spherical or tubular
form particles. Recently HBsAg gene or it’s subunits are used for
the production of recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine.
9. Hepatitis B Virus criteria for Hepatitis BHepatitis B Virus criteria for Hepatitis B
Vaccine productionVaccine production
After infection in human being, HBV fails to multiply
and infect a large number of cells and even does not grow
in cultured cells. Rather, HB viral antigen is obtained
from the plasma of infected persons. This property has
been explained to be due to hindrance of its molecular
characterization and expression, and thus helps in the
development of vaccines.
NSU Mpharm_Summer-
2017_Advanced
Biotechnology_Mominul Islam
10. Hepatitis B Virus criteria for Hepatitis BHepatitis B Virus criteria for Hepatitis B
Vaccine productionVaccine production
Although the whole viral genome can be cloned and
sequenced, yet there is limited information about amino
acid sequence of surface and core antigens. Recently,
HBV DNA has been successfully cloned in E. coli and
mammalian cells, and synthesis of HBsAg and HBcAg
particles has been done in the cells.
In 1981, HBcAg genes were inserted in PBR322 near β-
glactosidase gene.
NSU Mpharm_Summer-
2017_Advanced
Biotechnology_Mominul Islam
11. Benefits of Recombinant Hepatitis B VaccineBenefits of Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine
productionproduction
Traditional vaccines use a weakened or killed form of a
virus to force the body to develop antibodies that are
strong enough to combat the virus. Using recombinant
DNA technology, the vaccine uses the surface antigen of
the virus that stimulates the production of protective
antibodies which combat the HB virus.
NSU Mpharm_Summer-
2017_Advanced
Biotechnology_Mominul Islam
12. General steps for Recombinant Hepatitis BGeneral steps for Recombinant Hepatitis B
Vaccine productionVaccine production
Production of these genes is needed in order to get
production of vaccines on a large scale. A general procedure
for the production of recombinant Hepatitis B vaccines are
described here-
1. HBs antigen producing gene is isolated from the HB virus
by normal isolation process (cell lysis, protein denaturation,
precipitation, centrifugation and drying).
2. A plasmid DNA is extracted from a bacterium- E.coli and
is cut with restriction enzyme- Eco RI forming the plasmid
vector NSU Mpharm_Summer-
2017_Advanced
Biotechnology_Mominul Islam
13.
14. General steps for Recombinant Hepatitis BGeneral steps for Recombinant Hepatitis B
Vaccine productionVaccine production
3. The isolated HBs antigen producing gene is located
and inserted into the bacterial plasmid vector on forming
the recombinant DNA.
4. This recombinant DNA, containing the target gene, is
introduced into a yeast cell forming the recombinant
yeast cell.
5. The recombinant yeast cell multiplies in the
fermentation tank and produces the HBs antigens.
NSU Mpharm_Summer-
2017_Advanced
Biotechnology_Mominul Islam
15. General steps for Recombinant Hepatitis BGeneral steps for Recombinant Hepatitis B
Vaccine productionVaccine production
6. After 48 hours, yeast cells are ruptured to free
HBsAg. The mixture is processed for extraction.
7. The HBs antigens are purified.
8. HBsAg are combined with preserving agent and other
ingredients and bottled. Now it is ready for vaccination
in humans.
NSU Mpharm_Summer-
2017_Advanced
Biotechnology_Mominul Islam
