Bacterial tracheitis is an infectious inflammation of the trachea that presents with croup-like symptoms such as barking cough, stridor, and fever. It is caused by common bacterial pathogens invading the trachea through injury or preceding viral infection. Patients typically range from 3 weeks to 16 years old. Clinical examination may reveal inspiratory stridor, cough, respiratory distress, and toxic appearance. Diagnosis is made through visualization of purulent secretions in the trachea via laryngoscopy. Treatment involves antibiotics, maintaining the airway, and possible intubation. Complete recovery is expected once the acute phase passes.
Acute epiglottitis is an acute inflammatory condition of the epiglottis and nearby structures like the arytenoids, aryepiglottic folds, and vallecula.It is a life-threatening infection that causes profound swelling of the upper airways which can lead to asphyxia and respiratory arrest.Bacterial etiology is the most common cause of epiglottitis. Soft tissue lateral xray of neck shows thumb sign. Airway management is the main concern of epiglottitis.
Acute epiglottitis is an acute inflammatory condition of the epiglottis and nearby structures like the arytenoids, aryepiglottic folds, and vallecula.It is a life-threatening infection that causes profound swelling of the upper airways which can lead to asphyxia and respiratory arrest.Bacterial etiology is the most common cause of epiglottitis. Soft tissue lateral xray of neck shows thumb sign. Airway management is the main concern of epiglottitis.
Tonsillitis slideshare for medical students NehaNupur8
complete and detail information about tonsillits , that is the inflammation of the tonsils ,present in the oral cavity , disease of oral cavity contains introduction, definition, types, causes, risk factors,pathophysiology , treatment , medical management, nursing management, nurses role, patient teaching sign and symptoms , drug therapy, diet management,
What is bronchiolitis and its definition, the age group, signs and symptoms and clinical presentation The clinical practice guidelines, how to diagnosis, clinical criteria, what are the severity degrees and How to assess the severity, what are the investigations that may be needed, Is there any diagnostic test, what is the prognosis
What is the management,
Airway diseases presenting with behavior of Reaction to any trigger have been in increase. We intend to visit available resources for better understanding of RAD - in Children and adults
Tonsillitis slideshare for medical students NehaNupur8
complete and detail information about tonsillits , that is the inflammation of the tonsils ,present in the oral cavity , disease of oral cavity contains introduction, definition, types, causes, risk factors,pathophysiology , treatment , medical management, nursing management, nurses role, patient teaching sign and symptoms , drug therapy, diet management,
What is bronchiolitis and its definition, the age group, signs and symptoms and clinical presentation The clinical practice guidelines, how to diagnosis, clinical criteria, what are the severity degrees and How to assess the severity, what are the investigations that may be needed, Is there any diagnostic test, what is the prognosis
What is the management,
Airway diseases presenting with behavior of Reaction to any trigger have been in increase. We intend to visit available resources for better understanding of RAD - in Children and adults
Pertussis : Highly contagious respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis
Outbreaks first described in 16th century
Bordetella pertussis isolated in 1906
Estimated >300,000 deaths annually worldwide
Before the availability of pertussis vaccine in the 1940s, public health experts reported more than 200,000 cases of pertussis annually.
Since widespread use of the vaccine began, incidence has decreased more than 75% compared with the pre-vaccine era.
In 2012, the last peak year, CDC reported 48,277 cases of pertussis.
Extremely contagious-attack rate 100%
Immunity is never complete
Protection begins to wane in 3-5 yrs after vaccination
Fever, common cold and cough in pediatric age groups are common. Acute bronchiolitis is a diagnostic term used to describe the clinical picture produced by several different lower respiratory tract infections in infants and very young children (younger than 1yr ,some clinicians extend it to the age of 2 yr). Pneumonia defined as inflammation of lung parenchyma.
It is the leading infectious cause of death globally among children younger than 5 yr.
The introduction of antibiotics and vaccine against measles , pertussis ,haemophilus influenzae type b and PCV vaccine reduces the pneumonia related mortality over past 15 yr.
prdiatrics notes, croup, upper respiratoty track infection
to download this presentation from this link
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/11/pediatrics-notes-croup.html
Se mencionan los mecanismos que favorecen el desarrollo de Infecciones respiratorias bajas (IRB), identificando los factores de riesgo para cada uno de los principales cuadros clínicos, se identifican los principales patógenos asociados a las IRB y los principales aspectos en el enfoque diagnóstico y terapéutico inicial de las IRB
Ludwig’s angina is a life-threatening infection with associated compromised airway and is an emergency in OMFS. Airway management is the primary concern in this situation
Pulmonary TB is a bacterial infection of the lungs that can cause a range of symptoms, including chest pain, breathlessness, and severe coughing. Pulmonary TB can be life-threatening if a person does not receive treatment. People with active TB can spread the bacteria through the air.
definition of malnutrition, the definition of protein-energy malnutrition , the etiology 0f protein-energy malnutrition, the pathophysiology of malnutrition, features of marasmus, features of kwashiorkor, vitamins and micronutrient deficiencies, signs of micronutrients deficiency, diagnosis, management of malnutrition,prognosis of malnutrition ,prevention of malnutrition
Definition of erythema infectiosum, the causative factor, clinical presentation, the three stages of rash, the slipped cheek, the sequences of the rash, the diagnosis of the fifth disease, the differential diagnosis of fifth disease, the treatment of erythema infectiosum, the prognosis of fifth disease , congenital erythema infectiosum, the complications of fifth disease , Human parvovirus B19
What is kingella kingae bacterium,features of K. kingae,Species of Kingella,epidemiology of k. kingae,Proposed pathogenesis of K. kingae infections,Transmission of k. kingae ,Pathegenesis of k. kingae,diagnosis ,NAAT for k.kingae ,treatment of k.kingae,prevension ,osteomyelitis due to k,kingae.endocarditis due to k.kingae,Septic Arthritis due to k. kingae,Spondylodiscitis due to k. kingae, prevention of k. kingae infection
What is congenital nephrotic syndrome ,what is the definition of congenital nephrotic syndrome,what is the inheritance,what are the responsible genes ,what are the types of congenital nephrotic syndrome,what is the presentation ,diagnosis ,and treatment of congenital nephrotic syndrome, primary type and secondary type of congenital nephrotic syndrome
What is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, what is the prevalence among children ,the definition of NAFLD,What are the relationship between obesity and over weight with the development of NAFLD,what are the sequences ,what is NASH,Who are at risk , How to diagnosis NAFLD what is the differential diagnosis ,what is the treatment
#what is listeriosis #,listeria monocytoges ,#what is the mode of transmission,#food-born infection ,#vertical infection ,#early and late onset ,#meningitis و#Sepsis ;#Early vs.Late onset neonatal listeriosis ,diagnosis of neonatal listeriosis ,treatment of neonatal listeriosis ,prevention of neonatal listeriosis
What is achondroplasia, definition , etiology ,types of dwarfism , genetic background,clinical presentations ,history and clinical examination , differential diagnosis ,diagnostic tests ,radiological findings ,CT scan and MRI , Medical care and role of growth hormone ,Surgical care and consultation,
Definition of neonatal sepsis,type of neonatal sepsis ,early onset neonatal sepsis,late onset neonatal sepsis,Pathophysiology of neonatal sepsis,,sign and symptoms of neonatal sepsis, diagnosis of neonatal sepsis,management of neonatal sepsis, antibiotic used for neonatal sepsis,prevention of neonatal sepsis, prognosis of neonatal sepsis ,and A summary
What is your knowledge regarding electrical burn in children,types of electrical burns in children.,characteristic features of each type ,minor electrical burn , high -voltage electrical burn ,lightning electrical burn what are the clinical presentations and management ,cardiac complication of electrical burn,neurological complication of electrical burn , cutaneous and oral complication ,masculoskeletal complication and ocular and renal complications
what is community acquired pneumonia(CAP),what is the prevalence of (CAP) ,what are the risk factors and what are the causative agents ,what are the clinical presentations ,how to diagnose it,what are the needed investigations ,what is the management ,what are the procedures to decrease the incidence,
definition what is FPIES, what it defers from other food allergy, what are the signs and symptoms ,what are the different types of food allergy ,how to diagnose FPIES ,what are the oral food challenge (OFC) ,what is the treatment , the prognosis of FPIES
What is influenza ,ethology ,types ,presentations signs and symptoms ,epidemic influenza ,laboratory investigations , management , the WHO guidelines in dealing with cases and contact
What is Fifth disease, what is erythema infectiosum What is the causative factor, pathophysiology ,clinical presentation ,diagnosis ,laboratory investigations ,treatment , precautions and prognosis ,
حساسية الجلد ماهي فوائد الجلد ماهي الحساسية ماهي انواع حساسية الجلد ماهي العوامل التي تؤدي لحدوث الحساسية ماهي انواع الحساسية ماهي اعراض الحساسية ماهي طرق الوقاية من الحساسية ماهو علاج الحساسية
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
1. Bacterial
TracheitisProf. Dr. Saad S Al Ani
Senior Pediatric Consultant
Head of Pediatric Department
Khorfakkan Hospital
Sharjah ,UAE
Saadsalani@yahoo.com
2. Introduction
Bacterial tracheitis is an uncommon
infectious cause of acute upper airway
obstruction, BUT it is more prevalent
than acute epiglottitis
Huang YL, Peng CC, Chiu NC, et al. Bacterial tracheitis in pediatrics: 12 year
experience at a medical center in Taiwan. Pediatr Int. 2009 Feb. 51(1):110-3
08/10/2017Bacterial Tracheitis Prof.Dr. Saad S Al Ani
2
3. Introduction (Cont.)
Patients may present with croup-like
symptoms, such as barking cough,
stridor, and fever
Holmes A. Croup: What It Is and How to Treat It. US Pharm. 2013. 38(7):47-50.
08/10/2017Bacterial Tracheitis Prof.Dr. Saad S Al Ani
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4. Pathophysiology
Bacterial tracheitis
Is a diffuse inflammatory process of the
larynx, trachea, and bronchi with
adherent or semi-adherent mucopurulent
membranes within the trachea.
Miranda AD, Valdez TA, Pereira KD. Bacterial tracheitis: a varied entity. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011 Oct.
27(10):950-3
08/10/2017Bacterial Tracheitis Prof.Dr. Saad S Al Ani
4
5. Pathophysiology (Cont.)
Acute airway obstruction may develop
secondary to:
• Subglottic edema and sloughing of
epithelial lining
or
• Accumulation of mucopurulent membrane
within the trachea
Miranda AD, Valdez TA, Pereira KD. Bacterial tracheitis: a varied entity. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011 Oct.
27(10):950-3
08/10/2017Bacterial Tracheitis Prof.Dr. Saad S Al Ani
5
6. Pathogenesis
• The pathogenesis??
• The factors that predispose the airway
to invasive infection with common
pyogenic organisms, include preceded:
Viral infection
Injury to the trachea from recent intubation
Trauma
Zoorob R, Sidani M, Murray J. Croup: an overview. Am Fam Physician. 2011 May 1. 83(9):1067-73
08/10/2017Bacterial Tracheitis Prof.Dr. Saad S Al Ani
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7. Epidemiology
Bacterial tracheitis
Remains a rare condition, with an estimated
incidence of approximately 0.1 cases per
100,000 children per year
Tebruegge M, Pantazidou A, Thorburn K, et al. Bacterial tracheitis: a multi-centre perspective. Scand J
Infect Dis. 2009 Apr 28. 1-10.
08/10/2017Bacterial Tracheitis Prof.Dr. Saad S Al Ani
7
8. Clinical Presentation
• The age: range was from 3 weeks to 16
years, with a mean age of 4 years
• The prodrome is usually an upper
respiratory infection, followed by
progression to:
- Higher fever
- Cough
- Inspiratory stridor
- Variable degree of respiratory distress
Salamone FN, Bobbitt DB, Myer CM, Rutter MJ, Greinwald JH Jr. Bacterial tracheitis reexamined: is there a less severe
manifestation?. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004 Dec. 131(6):871-6
08/10/2017Bacterial Tracheitis Prof.Dr. Saad S Al Ani
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9. Clinical Presentation (cont.)
• The classic presentation :
-Fevers
-Toxic appearance
-Stridor
-Tachypnea
-Respiratory distress
-Cough is frequent and not painful.
Salamone FN, Bobbitt DB, Myer CM, Rutter MJ, Greinwald JH Jr. Bacterial tracheitis reexamined: is there a less severe
manifestation?. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004 Dec. 131(6):871-6
08/10/2017Bacterial Tracheitis Prof.Dr. Saad S Al Ani
9
10. Clinical Presentation (cont.)
• A high index of suspicion for
bacterial tracheitis is needed in
children with viral croup–like
symptoms who do not respond to
standard croup treatment or
clinically worsen.
Salamone FN, Bobbitt DB, Myer CM, Rutter MJ, Greinwald JH Jr. Bacterial tracheitis reexamined: is there a less severe
manifestation?. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004 Dec. 131(6):871-6
08/10/2017Bacterial Tracheitis Prof.Dr. Saad S Al Ani
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11. Clinical Presentation (cont.)
Clinical examination:
• Inspiratory stridor (with or without
expiratory stridor)
• Bark- like or brassy cough
• Hoarseness
• Worsening or abruptly occurring stridor
Salamone FN, Bobbitt DB, Myer CM, Rutter MJ, Greinwald JH Jr. Bacterial tracheitis reexamined: is there a less severe
manifestation?. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004 Dec. 131(6):871-6
08/10/2017Bacterial Tracheitis Prof.Dr. Saad S Al Ani
11
12. Clinical Presentation (cont.)
• Varying degrees of respiratory distress:
Retractions
Dyspnea
Nasal flaring
Cyanosis
• Sore throat, odynophagia
• Dysphonia
Salamone FN, Bobbitt DB, Myer CM, Rutter MJ, Greinwald JH Jr. Bacterial tracheitis reexamined: is there a less severe
manifestation?. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004 Dec. 131(6):871-6
08/10/2017Bacterial Tracheitis Prof.Dr. Saad S Al Ani
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13. Causative factors
• S aureus
• S pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Moraxella catarrhalis
• Haemophilus influenzae type B (less
common)
• Klebsiella species
• Pseudomonas species
• Anaerobes
08/10/2017Bacterial Tracheitis Prof.Dr. Saad S Al Ani
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14. Causative factors(Cont.)
• Peptostreptococcus species
• Bacteroides species
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae
• Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (endobronchial disease)
• H1N1 influenza
08/10/2017Bacterial Tracheitis Prof.Dr. Saad S Al Ani
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15. Differential diagnosis
• Croup
• Angioedema
• Epiglottitis
• Peritonsillar abscess
• Retropharyngeal Abscess
08/10/2017Bacterial Tracheitis Prof.Dr. Saad S Al Ani
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16. Laboratory Investigations
In patients with suspected bacterial
tracheitis:
• bacterial culture and Gram stain of
tracheal secretions
• blood cultures
08/10/2017Bacterial Tracheitis Prof.Dr. Saad S Al Ani
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17. Radiography
Radiology neither definitive nor essential
May reveal :
• Subglottic narrowing on anteroposterior
(AP) views - Steeple sign, similar to croup
• Clouding of tracheal air column or
irregular tracheal margin on lateral view
• Foreign body-like due to Concretions of
epithelium and inflammatory cells
08/10/2017Bacterial Tracheitis Prof.Dr. Saad S Al Ani
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21. Laryngotracheobronchoscopy
Indications
• Only definitive means of diagnosis
• May be therapeutic by performing
tracheal toilet and stripping purulent
membranes
• Direct visualization and culture of
purulent tracheal secretions
08/10/2017Bacterial Tracheitis Prof.Dr. Saad S Al Ani
21
22. Management
• Maintenance of an adequate airway is
of primary importance
• Avoid agitating the child
• Most patients (57-100%) require
eventual intubation.
08/10/2017Bacterial Tracheitis Prof.Dr. Saad S Al Ani
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Gross JH, Giraldez-Rodriguez LA, Klein AM. Bacterial Laryngotracheitis and Associated Upper Airway Obstruction: A Case
Series. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2015 Dec. 124 (12):1002-5
23. Management(Cont..)
• Third-generation cephalosporin (e.g.,
cefotaxime, ceftriaxone) and a penicillinase-
resistant penicillin (e.g., oxacillin, nafcillin).
• Vancomycin (45 mg/kg/d IV, divided every 8
h), with or without clindamycin, should be
started:
In patients who :
o appear toxic
o have multiorgan involvement
if MRSA is prevalent in the community.
08/10/2017Bacterial Tracheitis Prof.Dr. Saad S Al Ani
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Gross JH, Giraldez-Rodriguez LA, Klein AM. Bacterial Laryngotracheitis and Associated Upper Airway
Obstruction: A Case Series. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2015 Dec. 124 (12):1002-5
24. Tracheostomy
• Is rarely necessary unless injury or
trauma to the airway has caused
scarring and documented narrowing of
the airway.
08/10/2017Bacterial Tracheitis Prof. Dr. Saad S Al Ani
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25. Complications
• Pneumonia
• Septicemia
• Toxic shock syndrome
• Anoxic encephalopathy
• Cardiorespiratory arrest
• Endotracheal tube complications
08/10/2017Bacterial Tracheitis Prof. Dr. Saad S Al Ani
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26. Prognosis
Complete recovery is expected once the
patient is past the acute phase,
08/10/2017Bacterial Tracheitis Prof. Dr. Saad S Al Ani
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27. References
• Miranda AD, Valdez TA, Pereira KD. Bacterial tracheitis: a varied entity. Pediatr Emerg
Care. 2011 Oct. 27(10):950-3.
• Zoorob R, Sidani M, Murray J. Croup: an overview. Am Fam Physician. 2011 May 1.
83(9):1067-73.
• Tebruegge M, Pantazidou A, Thorburn K, et al. Bacterial tracheitis: a multi-centre
perspective. Scand J Infect Dis. 2009 Apr 28. 1-10
08/10/2017Bacterial Tracheitis Prof. Dr. Saad S Al Ani
27