The document discusses water microbiology and indicators of water quality. It describes various pathogens that can be spread through water like bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasites. Common waterborne diseases caused by these pathogens are also mentioned. The document then focuses on indicator organisms like coliform bacteria, fecal coliforms and enterococcus that are used to test for fecal contamination in water. It provides characteristics and significance of different indicator organisms. Finally, it discusses various methods used for detection of indicator bacteria in water samples.
This document discusses microbial pathogens and indicators in water. It describes common waterborne pathogens like Salmonella, E. coli, Vibrio cholerae, and parasites Cryptosporidium and Giardia lamblia. Indicator bacteria like coliforms and E. coli are used to indicate fecal contamination in drinking water. Total coliforms are ubiquitous and can proliferate in distribution systems, while fecal coliforms and E. coli are more specific indicators of recent fecal contamination but are less resistant to disinfection. The document also discusses microbial indicators for recreational waters.
Microbiological quality of drinking water Mirko Rossi
Lecture on microbiological quality methods for drinking water for the faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki; Course in Environmental Health
This document discusses indicator organisms that are used to assess water quality. It explains that testing directly for all possible pathogens is impractical, so indicator organisms like coliform bacteria and E. coli are used instead. These indicators come from the same sources as pathogens and can alert managers to potential issues. The document describes various indicator tests, including total coliforms, fecal coliforms, E. coli, fecal streptococci, and enterococci. It provides details on each indicator and how they relate to determining water safety.
This document discusses microbiology in water. It describes common waterborne pathogens like E. coli, Salmonella, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia lamblia. It also discusses indicator bacteria used to test drinking water quality, including coliform bacteria. Total coliforms are often found naturally but fecal coliforms and E. coli specifically indicate fecal contamination. Tests are used to isolate and enumerate coliforms to determine compliance with EPA guidelines of less than 1 CFU per 100 ml. The document also discusses limitations of different indicators and notes alternatives used for recreational waters.
Isolation and Identification of Coliform Bacteria's from Drinking Water Sourc...iosrphr_editor
This document summarizes a study that analyzed drinking water samples from three cities (Mansehra, Abbottabad, and Haripur) in Hazara Division, Pakistan to identify coliform bacteria. A total of 90 water samples were collected and tested for the presence of four bacterial species: E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella, and H. pylori. The study found that 26.66% of samples contained E. coli, the most prevalent bacteria identified. Abbottabad had the highest number of samples containing coliform bacteria at 20%. The results indicate unsafe drinking water in the region and a need for improved water treatment and sanitation practices to reduce waterborne diseases.
Water microbiology is the study of microorganisms in water environments. Various types of water contain diverse microbes including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi and helminths. Many microbes can cause water-associated diseases classified as water-borne, water-washed, water-based or water-related depending on the transmission route which may involve ingesting contaminated water, poor hygiene, an aquatic host or an insect vector. Common pathogenic microbes found in water are various bacteria and viruses that can cause diarrhea, hepatitis, polio and typhoid as well as parasitic protozoa like Giardia and Plasmodium which causes malaria.
The document discusses water microbiology and indicators of water quality. It describes various pathogens that can be spread through water like bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasites. Common waterborne diseases caused by these pathogens are also mentioned. The document then focuses on indicator organisms like coliform bacteria, fecal coliforms and enterococcus that are used to test for fecal contamination in water. It provides characteristics and significance of different indicator organisms. Finally, it discusses various methods used for detection of indicator bacteria in water samples.
This document discusses microbial pathogens and indicators in water. It describes common waterborne pathogens like Salmonella, E. coli, Vibrio cholerae, and parasites Cryptosporidium and Giardia lamblia. Indicator bacteria like coliforms and E. coli are used to indicate fecal contamination in drinking water. Total coliforms are ubiquitous and can proliferate in distribution systems, while fecal coliforms and E. coli are more specific indicators of recent fecal contamination but are less resistant to disinfection. The document also discusses microbial indicators for recreational waters.
Microbiological quality of drinking water Mirko Rossi
Lecture on microbiological quality methods for drinking water for the faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki; Course in Environmental Health
This document discusses indicator organisms that are used to assess water quality. It explains that testing directly for all possible pathogens is impractical, so indicator organisms like coliform bacteria and E. coli are used instead. These indicators come from the same sources as pathogens and can alert managers to potential issues. The document describes various indicator tests, including total coliforms, fecal coliforms, E. coli, fecal streptococci, and enterococci. It provides details on each indicator and how they relate to determining water safety.
This document discusses microbiology in water. It describes common waterborne pathogens like E. coli, Salmonella, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia lamblia. It also discusses indicator bacteria used to test drinking water quality, including coliform bacteria. Total coliforms are often found naturally but fecal coliforms and E. coli specifically indicate fecal contamination. Tests are used to isolate and enumerate coliforms to determine compliance with EPA guidelines of less than 1 CFU per 100 ml. The document also discusses limitations of different indicators and notes alternatives used for recreational waters.
Isolation and Identification of Coliform Bacteria's from Drinking Water Sourc...iosrphr_editor
This document summarizes a study that analyzed drinking water samples from three cities (Mansehra, Abbottabad, and Haripur) in Hazara Division, Pakistan to identify coliform bacteria. A total of 90 water samples were collected and tested for the presence of four bacterial species: E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella, and H. pylori. The study found that 26.66% of samples contained E. coli, the most prevalent bacteria identified. Abbottabad had the highest number of samples containing coliform bacteria at 20%. The results indicate unsafe drinking water in the region and a need for improved water treatment and sanitation practices to reduce waterborne diseases.
Water microbiology is the study of microorganisms in water environments. Various types of water contain diverse microbes including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi and helminths. Many microbes can cause water-associated diseases classified as water-borne, water-washed, water-based or water-related depending on the transmission route which may involve ingesting contaminated water, poor hygiene, an aquatic host or an insect vector. Common pathogenic microbes found in water are various bacteria and viruses that can cause diarrhea, hepatitis, polio and typhoid as well as parasitic protozoa like Giardia and Plasmodium which causes malaria.
Waterborne diseases pose major public health challenges that are exacerbated by climate change. Flooding, drought, and rising temperatures can all spread infectious agents and contaminate water sources. Various pathogens spread through water can cause diseases like typhoid, cholera, and cryptosporidiosis. Effective controls include improving water treatment, sanitation infrastructure, hygiene practices, and surveillance systems to limit transmission and outbreaks of water-related infections.
A study on the presence of fecal pollution indicatoriaemedu
This document summarizes a study on the presence of fecal indicator bacteria in Muttukadu back waters in Tamil Nadu, India. Water samples were collected during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons and tested for fecal coliforms using multiple tube fermentation and membrane filtration techniques. Analysis found higher numbers of fecal coliforms during the monsoon season, followed by post-monsoon, and lower numbers in pre-monsoon. Escherichia coli was identified as the dominant fecal indicator present throughout the year, indicating sewage contamination of the water body poses a health risk especially during monsoons.
Indicator role and monitoring of microorganisms in life [autosaved]Maryam Idris
an overview of the role of microbes in determining the health and safety of life support systems including the crew members, rapid diagnostic methods and real time monitoring of enclosed ecosystems using microbes as indicators of the health statues of such systems
This study analyzed 846 E. coli isolates from 113 surface water samples and 313 E. coli isolates from 33 wastewater samples in the Netherlands. The researchers found that 26% of surface water E. coli isolates and much higher percentages of wastewater E. coli isolates (31-76%) were resistant to at least one of 8 classes of antimicrobials tested. Multidrug resistance was found in 11% of surface water isolates and significantly higher percentages (19-62%) of wastewater isolates. Median concentrations of multidrug resistant E. coli were highest in wastewater from health care institutions and lowest in surface water. The study indicates that municipal wastewater contributes significantly to the occurrence of antimicrobial resistant E
This document discusses microorganisms found in water bodies. It describes that water habitats macroorganisms like fish and microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Several pathogens that can be transported through water and infect humans are discussed, including bacteria like E. coli and Legionella, parasites like Giardia and Cryptosporidium, and the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. The document also covers viruses, fungi, algae and other microbes found in water.
This slide contains all information you need on Microbiology of water and wastewater. Methods of water purification and water borne diseases have also been discussed in this slide
This document discusses using coliform bacteria as indicators of faecal pollution in water samples. It describes how coliform bacteria are commonly used as indicators because they are abundant in faeces and easy to detect, though they are not a perfect indicator. The document outlines the different groups of coliform bacteria and how the multiple tube technique is used to test for total and faecal coliforms. It also provides examples of how the Most Probable Number of coliforms is estimated from the number of positive test tubes using tables or a calculation formula.
Detection Of Escherichia Coli, An Indicator Of Feacal Contamination, In Drink...IOSR Journals
The detection of Escherichia coli as an indicator of faucal contamination in drinking water sources in Amassoma town, a host Community of the Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, was carried out to determine their suitability for drinking. Result obtained showed mean total coliform bacterial counts of 2.05 x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 1.25x103 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x103 for pipe borne water. The mean count of faecal coliform was 2.1x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 4.5x10 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x10 cfu/ml for pipe borne water. The faecal coliform identified was Escherichia coli. Sources of contamination were found to be septic tanks, waste dump sites and periodic flooding of the area, being a typical wetland environment. It was concluded that water from the different sources studied in Amassoma did not meet the world health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. This study has therefore shown the need for continuous monitoring of our water supply systems.
The document discusses various microorganisms found in water and their roles. It describes that water is essential for life and acts as a medium for cellular reactions. It discusses different types of water bodies and habitats that contain diverse microbes like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, algae, and helminths. Many of these microorganisms can cause water-borne diseases if the water is contaminated. Proper treatment is needed to ensure water is safe for drinking and other uses. Maintaining good hygiene is important for preventing water-washed and water-related illnesses.
The objective of the study was determining the pot ability of water from some part of Visnupuri area Nanded. The total coliform count in drinking water samples was in the ranges of 140-920 MPN index/100 ml. The data suggested that the quality of drinking water deterioration in rural habitations of this region was due to poor sanitation & contaminated water supply. The occurrence of some pathogenic bacteria in drinking water may increase the risk of water related diseases & health
problem in local residents.
E. coli was chosen as the biological indicator of water treatment safety in the 1890s because it is found in all mammal feces at high concentrations but does not multiply in the environment. E. coli survives in drinking water for 4 to 12 weeks depending on environmental conditions like water temperature, presence of other microflora, and exposure to sunlight. Studies have found that E. coli can survive in groundwater for up to 100 days and in a recharged well for 63 days, with some evidence that it may survive in a viable, non-culturable state for at least 3 months under certain laboratory conditions.
This study examined bacterial pathogens within persistent algal blooms in southern Lake Michigan. Testing found significantly higher levels of E. coli and enterococci indicators within algal mats compared to outside areas. A gradient of increasing indicators was also observed moving from outside to within mats over time. Various pathogens including Campylobacter coli, Salmonella arizonae, and Plesiomonas shigelloides were isolated from both water and algae samples within mats. The presence of these pathogens poses a public health risk for water contact and recreation. Further research is recommended on pathogen risks from algal blooms and reducing nutrient inputs that contribute to excessive algal growth.
This document summarizes emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It lists the top causes of mortality from infectious diseases according to WHO, including respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. An emerging disease is defined as one that is newly appearing or increasing in incidence or range. Examples of recent emerging diseases mentioned include hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and SARS. Factors that can contribute to disease emergence include properties of the agent, host, and environment. Several current and historical emerging diseases are described in more detail such as dengue fever, leptospirosis, AIDS, tuberculosis, avian influenza, Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Marburg virus, and Middle East respiratory syndrome
Microbiology of domestic and sewage waterIram Qaiser
This document discusses the microbiology of domestic and sewage water. It begins by explaining that domestic water sources are often contaminated with industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste. It then discusses various water purification methods like sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination used in municipal water treatment plants. It also discusses biological contaminants in water and describes Escherichia coli and other coliform bacteria as indicators of water quality. The document provides details on standard testing methods and concludes by discussing wastewater treatment methods like primary and secondary treatment to remove pathogens before water is safely discharged or reused.
Coliform bacteria are commonly found in the digestive tracts of humans and animals. While most coliform bacteria do not cause disease, they are used as indicators of fecal contamination in drinking water supplies since testing for all possible pathogens is impractical. Total coliforms include bacteria from soil and plants as well as feces, while fecal coliforms and E. coli are more specific indicators of animal or human waste. Testing water supplies for coliform bacteria provides a reasonable indication of whether pathogenic bacteria may be present. If coliform bacteria are detected, the water system should be inspected for defects and disinfection or other remedial actions taken until retesting confirms contamination has been eliminated.
This document outlines guidelines for preventing waterborne diseases through safe drinking water. It discusses how contaminated water can spread pathogens and cause over 2 million deaths annually, mostly in children in developing countries. Various waterborne diseases are classified based on their transmission route. The document then details conventional water treatment methods, including screening, aeration, coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection and pH adjustment to remove contaminants and make water potable.
This document summarizes presentations from a conference on water safety and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. It discusses:
1) How guidance published in 2013 changed perceptions of the role of water in transmitting P. aeruginosa infections, especially after an outbreak linked to neonatal units.
2) New research presented at the conference showing persistent contamination of water outlets and medical equipment by P. aeruginosa, despite efforts to improve hygiene.
3) The challenges of implementing the detailed guidance in real-world clinical settings, due to issues like unclear definitions, problematic tap designs, staff shortages, and persistent contamination of outlets.
This document discusses waterborne diseases and water pollution. It notes that water is essential for life but only 0.2% of the world's water is fresh. Poor water quality can cause diseases, and over 5 million people die each year due to unclean water according to the WHO. Water is used domestically, publicly, industrially, and agriculturally. Sources include rainwater, surface water, and groundwater. Water can become polluted through dissolved gases, suspended impurities, and contamination from human and animal waste. This leads to waterborne, water-washed, water-based, water-insect vector, and water-dispersed diseases. Prevention methods are discussed at the individual, community, and
this presentation is only about water borne diseases and incomplete now.. contains 12 slides..
its second part will be published soon..
then it will be full fledged..
This document summarizes research into the prevalence and concentration of human norovirus (NoV) in untreated sewage and treated effluent. Samples were taken from different stages of treatment - screening, primary settlement, activated sludge, and UV disinfection - at a sewage treatment plant from 2012-2015. NoV was frequently detected in screened influent and concentrations were highest during typical outbreak seasons from October to March. The activated sludge process was more effective at removing NoV than primary settlement alone. Higher NoV concentrations in influent corresponded to greater removal, but levels still varied significantly depending on conditions. Storm overflows posed the highest risk to public health due to potential for untreated discharge.
- Globally over 1 billion people lack access to safe drinking water and 2.5 billion lack access to adequate sanitation. The lack of sanitation in India is responsible for 100,000 child deaths annually and stunting in 48% of children.
- Climate change, through heavy rainfall, sea level rise, flooding, higher temperatures and drought, increases exposure to waterborne infectious diseases by transporting pathogens and contaminating water sources.
- There are four categories of water-related infections: water-borne, water-washed, water-based, and water-related. Many diseases are caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses or fungi transmitted through contaminated water.
- Prevention and control methods include improving water quality,
BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SACHET WATER SOLD WITHIN KADUNA METROPOLISPAUL ALEYOMI
This document summarizes a study on the bacteriological quality of sachet water sold in Kaduna metropolis, Nigeria. The study aimed to determine the total bacterial count, identify any coliform bacteria, and test the antibiotic susceptibility of isolated bacteria. Water samples were collected from 5 different locations and tested for physicochemical and microbiological quality. The results showed that all samples had bacterial counts higher than WHO standards and contained pathogenic E. coli bacteria. The isolated bacteria also showed resistance to several common antibiotics. In conclusion, the sachet water samples did not meet required standards for drinking water in terms of bacterial content and antibiotic susceptibility, suggesting the need for improved regulation and monitoring of sachet water production.
Waterborne diseases pose major public health challenges that are exacerbated by climate change. Flooding, drought, and rising temperatures can all spread infectious agents and contaminate water sources. Various pathogens spread through water can cause diseases like typhoid, cholera, and cryptosporidiosis. Effective controls include improving water treatment, sanitation infrastructure, hygiene practices, and surveillance systems to limit transmission and outbreaks of water-related infections.
A study on the presence of fecal pollution indicatoriaemedu
This document summarizes a study on the presence of fecal indicator bacteria in Muttukadu back waters in Tamil Nadu, India. Water samples were collected during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons and tested for fecal coliforms using multiple tube fermentation and membrane filtration techniques. Analysis found higher numbers of fecal coliforms during the monsoon season, followed by post-monsoon, and lower numbers in pre-monsoon. Escherichia coli was identified as the dominant fecal indicator present throughout the year, indicating sewage contamination of the water body poses a health risk especially during monsoons.
Indicator role and monitoring of microorganisms in life [autosaved]Maryam Idris
an overview of the role of microbes in determining the health and safety of life support systems including the crew members, rapid diagnostic methods and real time monitoring of enclosed ecosystems using microbes as indicators of the health statues of such systems
This study analyzed 846 E. coli isolates from 113 surface water samples and 313 E. coli isolates from 33 wastewater samples in the Netherlands. The researchers found that 26% of surface water E. coli isolates and much higher percentages of wastewater E. coli isolates (31-76%) were resistant to at least one of 8 classes of antimicrobials tested. Multidrug resistance was found in 11% of surface water isolates and significantly higher percentages (19-62%) of wastewater isolates. Median concentrations of multidrug resistant E. coli were highest in wastewater from health care institutions and lowest in surface water. The study indicates that municipal wastewater contributes significantly to the occurrence of antimicrobial resistant E
This document discusses microorganisms found in water bodies. It describes that water habitats macroorganisms like fish and microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Several pathogens that can be transported through water and infect humans are discussed, including bacteria like E. coli and Legionella, parasites like Giardia and Cryptosporidium, and the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. The document also covers viruses, fungi, algae and other microbes found in water.
This slide contains all information you need on Microbiology of water and wastewater. Methods of water purification and water borne diseases have also been discussed in this slide
This document discusses using coliform bacteria as indicators of faecal pollution in water samples. It describes how coliform bacteria are commonly used as indicators because they are abundant in faeces and easy to detect, though they are not a perfect indicator. The document outlines the different groups of coliform bacteria and how the multiple tube technique is used to test for total and faecal coliforms. It also provides examples of how the Most Probable Number of coliforms is estimated from the number of positive test tubes using tables or a calculation formula.
Detection Of Escherichia Coli, An Indicator Of Feacal Contamination, In Drink...IOSR Journals
The detection of Escherichia coli as an indicator of faucal contamination in drinking water sources in Amassoma town, a host Community of the Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, was carried out to determine their suitability for drinking. Result obtained showed mean total coliform bacterial counts of 2.05 x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 1.25x103 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x103 for pipe borne water. The mean count of faecal coliform was 2.1x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 4.5x10 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x10 cfu/ml for pipe borne water. The faecal coliform identified was Escherichia coli. Sources of contamination were found to be septic tanks, waste dump sites and periodic flooding of the area, being a typical wetland environment. It was concluded that water from the different sources studied in Amassoma did not meet the world health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. This study has therefore shown the need for continuous monitoring of our water supply systems.
The document discusses various microorganisms found in water and their roles. It describes that water is essential for life and acts as a medium for cellular reactions. It discusses different types of water bodies and habitats that contain diverse microbes like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, algae, and helminths. Many of these microorganisms can cause water-borne diseases if the water is contaminated. Proper treatment is needed to ensure water is safe for drinking and other uses. Maintaining good hygiene is important for preventing water-washed and water-related illnesses.
The objective of the study was determining the pot ability of water from some part of Visnupuri area Nanded. The total coliform count in drinking water samples was in the ranges of 140-920 MPN index/100 ml. The data suggested that the quality of drinking water deterioration in rural habitations of this region was due to poor sanitation & contaminated water supply. The occurrence of some pathogenic bacteria in drinking water may increase the risk of water related diseases & health
problem in local residents.
E. coli was chosen as the biological indicator of water treatment safety in the 1890s because it is found in all mammal feces at high concentrations but does not multiply in the environment. E. coli survives in drinking water for 4 to 12 weeks depending on environmental conditions like water temperature, presence of other microflora, and exposure to sunlight. Studies have found that E. coli can survive in groundwater for up to 100 days and in a recharged well for 63 days, with some evidence that it may survive in a viable, non-culturable state for at least 3 months under certain laboratory conditions.
This study examined bacterial pathogens within persistent algal blooms in southern Lake Michigan. Testing found significantly higher levels of E. coli and enterococci indicators within algal mats compared to outside areas. A gradient of increasing indicators was also observed moving from outside to within mats over time. Various pathogens including Campylobacter coli, Salmonella arizonae, and Plesiomonas shigelloides were isolated from both water and algae samples within mats. The presence of these pathogens poses a public health risk for water contact and recreation. Further research is recommended on pathogen risks from algal blooms and reducing nutrient inputs that contribute to excessive algal growth.
This document summarizes emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It lists the top causes of mortality from infectious diseases according to WHO, including respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. An emerging disease is defined as one that is newly appearing or increasing in incidence or range. Examples of recent emerging diseases mentioned include hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and SARS. Factors that can contribute to disease emergence include properties of the agent, host, and environment. Several current and historical emerging diseases are described in more detail such as dengue fever, leptospirosis, AIDS, tuberculosis, avian influenza, Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Marburg virus, and Middle East respiratory syndrome
Microbiology of domestic and sewage waterIram Qaiser
This document discusses the microbiology of domestic and sewage water. It begins by explaining that domestic water sources are often contaminated with industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste. It then discusses various water purification methods like sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination used in municipal water treatment plants. It also discusses biological contaminants in water and describes Escherichia coli and other coliform bacteria as indicators of water quality. The document provides details on standard testing methods and concludes by discussing wastewater treatment methods like primary and secondary treatment to remove pathogens before water is safely discharged or reused.
Coliform bacteria are commonly found in the digestive tracts of humans and animals. While most coliform bacteria do not cause disease, they are used as indicators of fecal contamination in drinking water supplies since testing for all possible pathogens is impractical. Total coliforms include bacteria from soil and plants as well as feces, while fecal coliforms and E. coli are more specific indicators of animal or human waste. Testing water supplies for coliform bacteria provides a reasonable indication of whether pathogenic bacteria may be present. If coliform bacteria are detected, the water system should be inspected for defects and disinfection or other remedial actions taken until retesting confirms contamination has been eliminated.
This document outlines guidelines for preventing waterborne diseases through safe drinking water. It discusses how contaminated water can spread pathogens and cause over 2 million deaths annually, mostly in children in developing countries. Various waterborne diseases are classified based on their transmission route. The document then details conventional water treatment methods, including screening, aeration, coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection and pH adjustment to remove contaminants and make water potable.
This document summarizes presentations from a conference on water safety and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. It discusses:
1) How guidance published in 2013 changed perceptions of the role of water in transmitting P. aeruginosa infections, especially after an outbreak linked to neonatal units.
2) New research presented at the conference showing persistent contamination of water outlets and medical equipment by P. aeruginosa, despite efforts to improve hygiene.
3) The challenges of implementing the detailed guidance in real-world clinical settings, due to issues like unclear definitions, problematic tap designs, staff shortages, and persistent contamination of outlets.
This document discusses waterborne diseases and water pollution. It notes that water is essential for life but only 0.2% of the world's water is fresh. Poor water quality can cause diseases, and over 5 million people die each year due to unclean water according to the WHO. Water is used domestically, publicly, industrially, and agriculturally. Sources include rainwater, surface water, and groundwater. Water can become polluted through dissolved gases, suspended impurities, and contamination from human and animal waste. This leads to waterborne, water-washed, water-based, water-insect vector, and water-dispersed diseases. Prevention methods are discussed at the individual, community, and
this presentation is only about water borne diseases and incomplete now.. contains 12 slides..
its second part will be published soon..
then it will be full fledged..
This document summarizes research into the prevalence and concentration of human norovirus (NoV) in untreated sewage and treated effluent. Samples were taken from different stages of treatment - screening, primary settlement, activated sludge, and UV disinfection - at a sewage treatment plant from 2012-2015. NoV was frequently detected in screened influent and concentrations were highest during typical outbreak seasons from October to March. The activated sludge process was more effective at removing NoV than primary settlement alone. Higher NoV concentrations in influent corresponded to greater removal, but levels still varied significantly depending on conditions. Storm overflows posed the highest risk to public health due to potential for untreated discharge.
- Globally over 1 billion people lack access to safe drinking water and 2.5 billion lack access to adequate sanitation. The lack of sanitation in India is responsible for 100,000 child deaths annually and stunting in 48% of children.
- Climate change, through heavy rainfall, sea level rise, flooding, higher temperatures and drought, increases exposure to waterborne infectious diseases by transporting pathogens and contaminating water sources.
- There are four categories of water-related infections: water-borne, water-washed, water-based, and water-related. Many diseases are caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses or fungi transmitted through contaminated water.
- Prevention and control methods include improving water quality,
BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SACHET WATER SOLD WITHIN KADUNA METROPOLISPAUL ALEYOMI
This document summarizes a study on the bacteriological quality of sachet water sold in Kaduna metropolis, Nigeria. The study aimed to determine the total bacterial count, identify any coliform bacteria, and test the antibiotic susceptibility of isolated bacteria. Water samples were collected from 5 different locations and tested for physicochemical and microbiological quality. The results showed that all samples had bacterial counts higher than WHO standards and contained pathogenic E. coli bacteria. The isolated bacteria also showed resistance to several common antibiotics. In conclusion, the sachet water samples did not meet required standards for drinking water in terms of bacterial content and antibiotic susceptibility, suggesting the need for improved regulation and monitoring of sachet water production.
Health talk on prevention from water borne diseases 2DEBJYOTIADHIKARI1
This document discusses water-borne diseases caused by contaminated drinking water. It outlines several diseases transmitted through water, such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis A, and diarrheal diseases. Common pathogens that cause these diseases, including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, are also identified. The document emphasizes the importance of access to safe drinking water and discusses water treatment processes. It concludes that public education is needed along with providing access to pure drinking water in order to improve community health and prevent water-borne diseases.
This document discusses bacteriology of water. It begins by introducing that drinking water should be visually acceptable, clear, and free of pathogens and chemical toxins. Many diseases are waterborne, spread through fecal contamination of water sources. The document then discusses the different types of bacteria found in water based on the source of contamination - natural water bacteria, soil bacteria washed in from rains, and sewage bacteria from fecal contamination. It also discusses factors affecting bacterial levels in water and various indicator organisms used to test for fecal contamination. Methods for collecting, transporting, and testing water samples are also summarized.
The document discusses aquatic microbiology and water microbiology. Aquatic microbiology is the study of microorganisms in aquatic environments like lakes, rivers, and oceans, while water microbiology relates specifically to microorganisms in drinking water. The scope of aquatic microbiology is wide and includes plankton, benthic organisms, microbial mats, and biofilms found across various aquatic habitats.
Water-borne diseases are illnesses caused by ingesting water contaminated with human or animal waste containing pathogens. They are a major global public health issue, causing over 2 million deaths annually, especially among children in developing countries. Improving access to clean water and sanitation could reduce the global disease burden by an estimated 4%. Common water-borne diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasites transmitted via contaminated water sources.
Microbiological dynamics of potable water under storage durationsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the microbiological quality of potable water (tap water and sachet water) from Elele, Nigeria under different storage durations. Samples were collected weekly for 10 weeks and tested for total bacterial count, coliforms, E. coli, Salmonella-Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, and fungi. Testing found that total bacterial counts, E. coli counts, and coliform counts generally increased over the 10 week storage period for tap water samples. Sachet water samples had lower initial counts that also increased during storage. Isolated bacteria included E. coli, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and Bac
The document discusses various microorganisms found in water and their roles. It describes that water is essential for life and acts as a medium for cellular reactions. It then covers different types of water sources and habitats for microbes. Various microbes that can be found in water are discussed in detail including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, and helminths. The roles of these microorganisms in water-borne diseases and their transmission are also summarized.
what is waterborne diseases? example,types of water borne diseases,disease pathway,route of infection,how climate control water borne disease trends,case study of cholera in south asia,application of remote sensing on study of waterborne diseases
water.born disease and environmental healthimjanaa42
The document discusses environmental health and water purification. It defines environmental health as addressing physical, chemical, and biological factors impacting health. It discusses various water sources like rain, surface water, and ground water. It then describes processes for water purification like storage, filtration, chlorination, boiling, and using filters. It provides details on slow sand filtration and rapid sand filtration. The document summarizes methods for water treatment including rapid mixing, flocculation, and sedimentation.
This document outlines water quality standards and guidelines. It discusses parameters for acceptability including turbidity, color, and taste/odor. It also covers microbiological aspects such as bacteriological indicators like coliform, guidelines for disinfection of viruses, and biological aspects involving protozoa and helminths. Chemical constituents of health concern like arsenic and lead are also mentioned. Radiological guidelines for alpha and beta activity are provided. The document concludes with discussing surveillance of drinking water, swimming pool sanitation, health education, and a UNICEF quote on the importance of educating people.
Water is a fundamental component for supporting life, assuming a basic part in different physical processes. Notwithstanding, regardless of its indispensable significance, it can likewise hold onto possible dangers to human well-being. Waterborne diseases, brought about by microorganisms debasing water sources, present critical dangers to networks around the world. These contaminations can prompt different illnesses, going from gentle gastrointestinal uneasiness to serious and hazardous illnesses.
In this investigation of waterborne diseases, we dig into the different exhibits of well-being chances related to debased water. By examining the types, sources, and effects of pathogens on human health, we want to highlight the critical need for awareness, prevention, and effective management of water-related health hazards.
Since forever ago, waterborne sicknesses have tormented social orders, causing far-and-wide episodes and influencing general well-being for an enormous scope.While progressions in sterilization and water treatment have essentially diminished the occurrence of these contaminations in created areas, many regions of the planet wrestle with a lack of admittance to spotless and safe water.
Therefore, populaces here remain profoundly defenseless to waterborne diseases, sustaining a pattern of well-being challenges and financial weights. Waterborne microorganisms integrate a large number of microorganisms, including minute living beings, contaminations, parasites, and protozoa. These minuscule specialists can invade water sources through different means, like insufficient disinfection, sewage pollution, modern overflows, or normal sources like streams and lakes.
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Bacteria in Drinking water
1. BACTERIA IN DRINKING WATER Talousvesi
Talousvesi (763/1994) 16 §
…
1) kaikkea vettä, joka on tarkoitettu juomavedeksi, ruoan
valmistukseen tai muihin kotitaloustarkoituksiin riippumatta
siitä, toimitetaanko vesi jakeluverkon kautta, tankeissa,
pulloissa tai säiliöissä; sekä
2) kaikkea vettä, jota elintarvikealan yrityksessä käytetään
elintarvikkeiden valmistukseen, jalostukseen, säilytykseen ja
markkinoille saattamiseen
2. LEARNING OUTCOMES
Outline factors affecting the composition of (normal) DW microbioma
List and categorize bacterial waterborne pathogens transmitted through DW
Classify risk factors for the presence of bacterial pathogens in DW and the
transmission to human
Review possible epidemiological scenarios of waterborne bacterial infections
transmitted through DW
3. THE ”NORMAL” FLORA In drinking water
Which bacteria are present in the tap water?
Are they dangerous?
From where they come?
4. WHAT DO WE DRINK FROM THE TAP?
Processes used for producing potable water are not intend to
produce bacteria-free water
Rather they are concerned with removing hazardous bacterial
species and making water aesthetically pleasing
Little is known about bacterial composition that is dispensed from
point-of-use taps in water distribution systems
5. WHAT DO WE DRINK FROM THE TAP?
Bacterial concentrations in public drinking water distribution systems
are estimated ~ 106 - 108 cells/L (planktonic phase)*
~ 250 000 – 25 000 000
~ 25 – 2 500
*representing less than 2% of bacteria in a distribution network
Lautenschlager et al. Water. Res. 2013; Liu et al. Biomed. Res. Int. 2013; Nescerecka et al. PLOS ONE. 2014; Liu et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014
6. THE CULTIVABLE FRACTION OF PLANKTONIC
PHASE
Only a small fraction (~0,01%) is cultivable heterotrophic bacteria$:
Acinetobacter spp. *, Aeromonas spp.*, Alcaligenes spp., Comamonas spp., Enterobacter spp.,
Flavobacterium spp., Klebsiella spp.*, Moraxella spp. *, Pseudomonas spp.*, Legionella spp.*,
Sphingomonas spp., Stenotrophomonas spp., nontuberculous mycobacteria*, Bacillus spp.,
Nocardia spp.
*Specific strains of species detected in potable water can cause infection in certain vulnerable
people and, in favorable conditions, be responsible of community or nosocomial outbreaks
The cultivable species predominant in households, particularly in warm-water
distribution systems are Legionella spp. and Pseudomonas spp.
$Heterotrophic are bacteria that required organic carbon to growth
7. PLANKTONIC PHASE AT POINT-OF-USE IS
DOMINATED BY PROTEOBACTERIA*
Prest et al. Water Res. 2014
Proteobacteria
*similar results by: Pinto et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012; Lautenschlager et al. Water Res. 2014;
8. DRINKING WATER MICROBIOME IS DYNAMIC
Shift in concentration, pattern and community structure between water treatment plan
and distribution network, and during retention time in the network
Prest et al. Water Res. 2014 Lautenschlager et al. Water. Res. 2013
”regrowth”
9. BIOFILM IN DRINKING WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS
From: Proctor and Hammes. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 2015
10. MICROBIOME CONTINUUM:
FROM SOURCE TO HOUSEHOLDS
From Proctor and Hammes. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 2015
Major effects
on microbial
quantity and
composition
11. DRINKING WATER MICROBIOME
Highly diverse drinking water
microbiomes comprise up to 40 phyla
Differs across phases (planktonic,
biofilms, and loose deposits),
geographical location, type of source
Dynamically changes through stages
of treatment and distribution
Comprehensive definition of the
‘core’ microbiome is missing
From Proctor and Hammes. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 2015
12. WATERBORNE INFECTIONS bacteria
Which bacterial pathogens are transmitted to human
through drinking water? Which diseases do they cause?
In which epidemiological contest?
13. WATERBORNE INFECTIONS: WHEN DO THEY
HAPPEN?
The introduction in the water
system of hazardous bacterial
species (usually fecal-associates)
as contaminants
Regrowth in the network (premise
water pipes) of opportunistic
bacteria
Increased host susceptibility - HIV
patients, ICU (nosocomial
outbreaks) – to normal water flora
Disease
Infection agent
Host susceptibilityEnvironment
• Dispersion
• Infection dose
• Survival/Duplication
• Virulence
• Route of transmission
• Immunological status
• Genetics
• Predisposing clinical conditions
• Risk status (pregnant, children,
elderly)
• Climate and weather
conditions
• Human and animal
density
16. FECAL-ASSOCIATED WATERBORNE BACTERIAL
PATHOGENS
Are bacteria in human or animal waste that entered water as
contaminants
Ingestion of drinking water as main route of infection – fecal-oral
route
Are not normal “inhabitants” of water:
- Highly virulent species or strains
- Low infection dose
- Healthy people are usually susceptible to the infection
Generally are not capable of growing in the water supply
17. HOW FECAL-ASSOCIATED BACTERIA ENTER THE
SYSTEM
Fecal contamination of ground
water by surface water, without
subsequent appropriate
disinfection
Contamination of distribution
systems through:
- Cross-connections
- Back siphonage
- Main breaks or repairs
- Inadequately protected storage
tanks/towers
- Natural disasters
Surface waterWastewater
Floods, landslip, …Main repair Main breaks
Surface water
18. DISPERSION AND PERSISTENCE IN THE WATER
ENVIRONMENT
Human or animal population density
Pathogen prevalence in the host populations
Shedding patterns – number of bacteria excreted and time of
shedding
Resistance to stress - pH, temperature, desiccation, ionization,
radiation (UV), antimicrobial agents, starvation
Resistance to biological predation - Phage, Protozoa
Stable environmental status - biofilm, spore, persister, filamentous
cell, dormancy
High Dispersion
Good Survival
or Adaptation
19. FECAL-ASSOCIATED WATERBORNE BACTERIAL
PATHOGENS AND DW-BORNE OUTBREAKS
Fecal waterborne bacterial pathogens are frequently associated with DW
outbreaks
A large proportion of the outbreaks affected a low number of peoples and is
linked to single-household water supplies à well-water is not chlorinated
Most outbreaks in Nordic countries are linked to private groundwater
- cross-connection with wastewater network
- contamination of well water by surface water
20. WATERBORNE OUTBREAKS IN FINLAND
59 waterborne outbreaks from 1998 – 2012
(3,9/y)
- Total of 22 594 people involved
Largest proportion of the outbreaks exposed
and infected people were 10 to 50
The biggest outbreak reported was Nokia
2007
- 1222 subjects (C. jejuni, norovirus, Giardia, Salmonella) à
cross-connection between the waste water system and
drinking water network
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
< 10 10-50 50-100 100-500 500-1000 1000-5000 >5000
Exsposed Infected
N.outbreaks
Norovirus
Campylobacter
Unknown cause
Chemical
Salmonella
Rotavirus
Giardia/Crypto.
Adenovirus
Astrovirus
Enterovirus
Norovirus 37%
Unknown 30%
Campy 19%
21. SEASONALITY WATERBORNE OUTBREAKS IN
FINLAND
1998 – 2012 Guzman-Herrador et al., 2015
It is particularly evident for Campylobacter
22. FECAL-ASSOCIATED BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
TRANSMISSIBLE THROUGH DW
-Campylobacter jejuni (coli)
-Pathogenic E. coli
-Yersinia enterocolitica
-Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
-Salmonella enterica
-Shigella spp.
THL surveillance information
23. CAMPYLOBACTER IS THE NUMBER ONE BACTERIAL
WATERBORNE PATHOGEN IN FINLAND
The most commonly reported gastrointestinal zoonotic bacterial
pathogen in humans in EU – estimated true incidence 2-5 mil
infections /year; C. jejuni – 90-95% infections
The estimated cost (public health systems and lost productivity) in
EU is EUR 2 400 million/year
Acute self-limiting enteritis and severe post-infections sequelae
Infections are generally sporadic. When outbreaks occurs they are
usually associated to consumption of contaminated water or raw
milk
24. SEASONALITY OF CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS
- The transmission of Campylobacter
to human is a complex ecological
process with multiple hosts and
routes
- Short-term increase in temperature
is not associated with increased
transmission (unlike Salmonella)
- Intra-annual changes in the animal
host reservoir may be an important
explanation for the seasonal
patterns
August
Water
Decrease
detection of
Campylobacter in
water during (hot)
summer times
July
25. CAMPYLOBACTER IS (GENERALLY) MORE SENSITIVE
THAN E. COLI AND SALMONELLA TO PHYSICAL STRESS
Inactivation of C. jejuni in river water (dark): inoculum 107
Inactivation of C. jejuni in well water (dark): inoculum 105
Rodriguez and Araujo, J. Water. Health. 2012
González and Hänninen, J. Appl. Microb. 2012
4°C
4°C25°C
25°C
Natural inactivation of C. jejuni in in situ experiment in
river water: inoculum 107
Rodriguez and Araujo, J. Water. Health. 2012
---- Sun light experiments
Shade experiments
26. BIOFILM FORMATION AND INTERACTION WITH
FREE-LIVING PROTOZOA
C. jejuni in monoculture have been shown to
attach to an abiotic surface and form
biofilms to various degrees enhancing its
survivability in the environment
Protozoa in drinking water systems can delay the
decline of C. jejuni viability and increase C. jejuni
disinfection resistance
Martin Kalmokoff et al. J.
Bacteriol. 2006
C. jejuni 11168 attached to
various surfaces. (A) Stainless
steel, (B - C) nitrocellulose. (D
- E) glass fiber filters. (F) flhA
mutant demonstrating a loss in
the ability to attach to the glass
fiber filter, in comparison to the
image in panel E. Bars, 10 μm Snelling et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2005
(A and B) Microscopy of A. castellanii (CCAP 1501/10) after 3 days of
coculture with C. jejuni NCTC 11351 in PAS at 25°C. C. jejuni was stained
with Baclight viability dye before coculture (1:1) with A. castellanii.
magnification, ×40. The arrows indicate A. castellanii vacuoles containing
dead C. jejuni
27. STABLE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF C. JEJUNI:
FILAMENTOUS CELL
37°C 4°C
--- filamentous forms Ghaffar et al. Front. Microbiol. 2015
• Filamentation has been identified in many
different bacteria and is thought to occur
through inhibition of cell division, metabolic
changes, or DNA damage
• Filamentation occurred spontaneously on entry
in to stationary phase
• It has been associated with stress and
starvation conditions during which it may
confer survival advantages à higher
survival in water
28. HOW CAN CAMPYLOBACTER BE SUCH A
SUCCESSFUL AS WATERBORNE PATHOGEN?
C. jejuni is tremendously successful in competing with the human
intestinal microbiota
Low infectious dose: few hundreds bacteria is sufficient to
overcome the colonization resistance of humans and can lead to
campylobacteriosis
C. jejuni has an enormous population size due to the colonization
of several animal hosts (many of them being livestock species)
30. IMPACT OF LIVESTOCK ON ENVIRONMENT DISPERTION
1010 cfu/g feces
140
3500
0
5 Mil ~20 kT feces/month
5% Campylobacter positive flocks in summer time
= 1 kTons of feces/month à 10 000 000 000 000 000 000 of Campylobacter cells/month
= 2,5 X
How much fecal material do broiler chickens
produce for every cycle (~30 days) in Finland?
Campylobacter
Lowest known infectious dose is 800 cells
31. SOURCE OF WATER CONTAMINATION
BY C. JEJUNI
Example from Luxemburg and The Netherland
(Mughini-Gras 2016)
Water contamination mainly by one type (ST-45cc)
Luxemburg à Wild birds (chicken quite relevant)
The Netherlands à Chicken
ST-45 ST-45
33. OPPORTUNISTIC PREMISE PLUMBING PATHOGENS
(OPPPS)
Specific strains of species detected in potable water can cause infection in certain vulnerable
people and, in favorable conditions, be responsible of community or nosocomial outbreaks
-Legionella spp.
-Atypical mycobacterium
(Mycobacterium avium complex)
-Pseudomonas aeruginosa
-Aeromonas hydrophila
34. COMMON FEATURES OF OPPPS
Disinfectant resistance
- Chlorine or chloramine concentration required to kill 99.9% of the bacterial
OPPPs is much higher than usually applied
- The presence of residual disinfectant provides these resistant OPPPs with a
competitive advantage
Biofilm formation
- Increased resistance to disinfections
- Growth in biofilm in water pipes
- Makes bacterial more accessible to free-living, phagocytic amoebae
(enhance the proliferation in water)
35. COMMON FEATURES OF OPPPS
Survival at high temperatures
- High temperatures that are encountered in hot water pipes (35-45°C)
stimulate growth
Growth in free-living phagocytic amoebae
- OPPPs are not necessarily killed by amoebae following phagocytosis but can
actually survive and grow
36. COMMON FEATURES OF OPPPS
Virulence vary between strains with different infectious doses
Infectious dose usually high for healthy people but decrease
significantly in case of presence of predisposing diseases
Higher risk for immunocompromised persons (HIV, ICU, etc.)
Several clinical presentations à the most frequent is acute febrile
respiratory illness (dermatitis, lymphadenopathies)
Inhalation and contact as preliminary infection routes
37. POSSIBLE MEASURES TO REDUCE OPPP NUMBERS
IN PREMISE PLUMBING
Falkinham et al., Environ. Health Prot. 2015
39. LEGIONELLA
A thin and flagellated gram-negative non-capsulated rod-like bacteria
The genus comprises 50 species and 70 distinct serogroups
20-30% of cases: other Lpn serogroups
L. pneumophila (Lpn) serogroup 1 most common agents of Legionnaires’ Disease (70%
of identified cases)
5-10% of cases: other non-pneumophila (L. micdadei – 60%; L. bozemanii – 15%;
others – 25%)
Pathogenesis is mainly due to the ability of L. pneumophila to invade and multiply
within human macrophages
https://legionnaires.ecdc.europa.eu/
40. CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS
Legionnaires’ disease is an atypical
pneumonia that might clinically
resemble pneumococcal or other
bacterial pneumonias
Symptoms range from mild disease
to severe pneumonia requiring
hospital admission
41. BULK AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENTS
The main reservoir is tap water system
Temperature
- Legionella multiply at temperatures in the range 25 - 42ºC, with an optimal temperature for
growth of 35ºC
- Legionella are killed when exposed to higher temperatures, in the range 55 to 65ºC
pH
- Good survival in lower pH values in the range 4 – 7 (2 log drop in viable count over a
month in tap water)
- Reduced survival at higher pH values (pH 8; 6 log drop in viable count over a month in tap
water)
42. AIRBORNE INFECTIONS
Main route à the inhalation aerosolised Legionella bacteria
The viability of aerosolised organisms decreases over time
Desiccation, increasing concentrations of solutes originating from the bulk liquid
Humidity, survival improved relative humidity reached 60%; positive association with
increased rainfall and the number of monthly cases
Exposure to harmful UV irradiation (240 - 380 μW/cm2 UV; <10% of bacterial cells
are viable after 10sec)
Centre Testing International (CTI)
43. ENVIRONMENTAL SURVIVAL
Legionella cells live intracellularly as
protozoan parasite and nematodes:
- Increase environmental survival and water
disinfection resistance
- (protozoa) Vehicle of transmission
Cells are able to grow and participate
in multispecies biofilm
The presence of sediment, sludge, scale,
rust also play an role in harbouring and
providing favourable conditions in which
Legionella may grow
Hilbi, H et al. Mol. Microbiol. 2010
Animal model
44. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Legionnaires’ disease is a relative uncommon, mainly sporadic respiratory infection
with low notification rates in EU/EEA countries
- overall 1.4 per 100 000 inhabitants in 2014
- True incidence estimated 20x; many community acquired infection undreported
Five countries (France, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain) accounted for 74% of
notified cases
In 2014 one of the largest outbreak involving more than 400 cases occurred in Vila
Franca de Xira near Lisbon, Portugal, have been reported
Regular checks for Legionella and appropriate control measures in man-made water
systems may prevent a significant proportion of Legionnaires’ disease cases.
45. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Seasonality – summer/fall
The peak months in Europe for the onset of
Legionnaires’ disease occur during the summer,
the period when most people take their main
holiday
Most elderly age group experiencing the
highest incidence of Legionnaires’ disease
Accommodation sites during holidays
Cases associated with travel are known to comprise up to 50% of national
reports of the disease
Sex distribution
46. RISK-FACTORS
Man over 40 with underline health issues à the most susceptible
population for community acquired and travel-associated infections
-Smoking
-Alcohol abuse
-Diabetes
-Heart diseases
-Reduced immune competence
Nosocomial legionnaires’ disease
-Reduced immune competence, cancer, lung diseases, treatment with
respiratory devises
47. OUTBREAKS
The two largest registered Legionella community-associated outbreaks
(Mursia, Spain, 2001 – 800 cases; Portugal, 2014 – 400 cases) were related
to cooling towers
DW-borne outbreaks usually occurred in large buildings or institutional
settings and were related to multiplication of Legionella in the respective
distribution system
DW-borne (not outbreaks) of legionellosis à community acquired or sporadic
depending on the risk status
48. THE INFECTIVE DOSE PARADOX
Limited data regarding human dose response for L. pneumophila in human
The concentration of Legionella required to result in an outbreak is unknown
Organism is ubiquitous to many natural and artificial environments which
suggest people are frequently exposed to low concentration
Low concentrations of legionellae seem to be emitted from water systems,
and epidemiological evidence indicates that infection can occur at some
distance from the source of aerosol
Legionella spp. represent a health risk to humans when a concentration of
104 to 105 CFU per liter potable water is exceeded
Whiley et al. Front Microbiol. 2014; Delgado-Viscogliosi et al. 2005; O’Brien and Bhopal. Lancet 1993
49. CONTROL IN WATER SYSTEM
Difficult to achieve sustainable long-term elimination from aquatic environments
- Different cases of Legionella re-emergence after (hyper-)chlorination
- Amoebae are suspected to be involved in the resuscitation of Legionella that have entered a VBNC
state after disinfection
Maintaining the water temperatures above at least 50°C in hot water systems with
occasionally increases to 65°C might be considered an effective control measure
- Increase heat tolerance of Legionella inside thermotolerant free-living amoebae
- Biofilm increase heat tolerance
Removal or reduction of biofilms and protozoa is essential when trying to
reduce Legionella levels